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Information on EC 2.4.1.46 - monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession O82730

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EC Tree
     2 Transferases
         2.4 Glycosyltransferases
             2.4.1 Hexosyltransferases
                2.4.1.46 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
IUBMB Comments
This enzyme adds only one galactosyl group to the diacylglycerol; EC 2.4.1.241, digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, adds a galactosyl group to the product of the above reaction. There are three isoforms in Arabidopsis that can be divided into two types, A-type (MGD1) and B-type (MGD2 and MGD3). MGD1 is the isoform responsible for the bulk of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthesis in Arabidopsis .
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Arabidopsis thaliana
UNIPROT: O82730
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
mgdg synthase, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, sll1377, atmgd1, atmgd2, atmgd3, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, mgdg synthase 1, 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
-
type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
-
1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-1,2-diacylglycerol
-
-
-
-
MGDG synthase
MGDG synthase 1
-
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
-
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1
-
-
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1
-
-
type A monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
-
-
type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
UDP galactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose-diacylglyceride galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-1,2-diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase
This enzyme adds only one galactosyl group to the diacylglycerol; EC 2.4.1.241, digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, adds a galactosyl group to the product of the above reaction. There are three isoforms in Arabidopsis that can be divided into two types, A-type (MGD1) and B-type (MGD2 and MGD3). MGD1 is the isoform responsible for the bulk of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthesis in Arabidopsis [4].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
37277-55-7
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
preferred substrate
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
show the reaction diagram
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
show the reaction diagram
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
dexamethasone
-
-
galvestine-1
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competitive to diacylglycerol
galvestine-2
-
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
phosphatidic acid
-
allosterically activates MGD1, half-maximal activation at about 0.2 mol%. With 0.15 mol% of phosphatidic acid, the enzyme velocity versus substrate curve is sigmoid, whereas with 1.5 mol% of phosphatidic acid, the curve is hyperbolic. MGDG synthase activity of leaf homogenates is dependent on the constant presence of phosphatidic acid, decrease of phosphatidic acid production leads to a decrease of the MGDG synthase activity. Molecular discrimination of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol binding sites, overview
IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.01
galvestine-1
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
pH 7.8, temperature not specified in the publication
0.012
galvestine-2
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
pH 7.8, temperature not specified in the publication
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7.8
-
assay at
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
import of pMGD1 is reduced by thermolysin pretreatment of chloroplasts
-
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the final step of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in plants, regulation of MGDG synthesis during chloroplast development, overview
physiological function
type B isozyme MGD2 is localized in the outer envelopes and has no important role in chloroplast biogenesis or plant development under nutrient-sufficient conditions, but type B MGD genes are essential for alternative galactolipid biosynthesis during phosphate starvation, overview
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
MGDG2_ARATH
468
0
52727
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 3)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
47000
x * 47000, SDS-PAGE
52730
x * 52730, mature isoenzyme mgd B, deduced from nucleotide sequence
46870
x * 46870, mature isoenzyme mgd A, deduced from nucleotide sequence
47000
x * 47000, SDS-PAGE
50000
-
x * 50000, green fluorescent protein-tagged enzyme, SDS-PAGE
52860
x * 52860, mature isoenzyme mgd C, deduced from nucleotide sequence
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
the structure model for an MGD monomer comprises 2 Rossman domains, C- and N-domains
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
unliganded enzyme and enzyme complexed with UDP, hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using 200 mM MgCl2 and 22% (w/v) PEG 3350 as precipitant solution
-
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
D150N
-
the mutant shows enhanced activation by phosphatidylglycerol binding, but unaltered activation by phosphatidic acid compared to the wild-type enzyme
H115A
residue H115 is involved in phosphatidylglycerol binding. Mutant is totally inactive in the presence or absence of anionic lipids
P189A
R260A
-
the mutant shows enhanced activation by phosphatidylglycerol binding, but unaltered activation by phosphatidic acid compared to the wild-type enzyme
W287A
-
the mutant shows wild-type catalytic capability, but modified phosphatidylglycerol binding capability compared to the wild-type enzyme
additional information
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
native isozyme from chloroplast envelope membranes from leaf samples
native isozyme from chloroplast envelope membranes from leaf samples
nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration
-
recombinant wild-type and mutant C-terminally His6-tagged MGD1 from Escherichia coli by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration
-
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression in Escherichia coli
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21
-
expressed in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803
-
expression in Escherichia coli
expression of wild-type and mutant C-terminally His6-tagged MGD1 in Escherichia coli
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cytokinins strongly suppress MGD2 expression in the root, regulation, overview
expression of MGD2 is induced by phosphate starvation and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Auxin is required for the Pi starvation-induced expression of MGD2, regulation, overview
cytokinins strongly suppress MGD3 expression in the root, regulation, overview
expression of MGD3 is induced by phosphate starvation and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Auxin is required for the Pi starvation-induced expression of MGD3, regulation, overview
MGD1 expression is induced by light and cytokinin treatment
mgd1-1 knockdown does not affect targeting of chloroplast proteins, but increases the photoactive to photoinactive protochlorophyllide ratio, and photoprotective responses are induced. Mutant mgd1-1 cannot withstand high light intensities, apparently due to impairment of another photoprotective mechanism, the xanthophyll cycle, mediated by increased conductivity of the thylakoid membrane leading to a higher pH in the thylakoid interior, which impairs the pH-dependent activation of violaxanthin de-epoxidase and PsbS, phenotype, overview
-
the abundance of isoform MGD3 mRNA increases when 1% (w/v) sucrose is exogenously supplied to the growth medium
-
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Marechal, E.; Awai, K.; Block, M.A.; Brun, D.; Masuda, T.; Shimada, H.; Takamiya, K.I.; Ohta, H.; Joyard, J.
The multigenic family of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthases
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
28
732-738
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770), Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SI93), Cucumis sativus, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Jarvis, P.; Dormann, P.; Peto, C.A.; Lutes, J.; Benning, C.; Chory, J.
Galactolipid deficiency and abnormal chloroplast development in the Arabidopsis MGD synthase 1 mutant
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97
8175-8179
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Takamiya, K.; Ohta, H.
Arabidopsis type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes are expressed during pollen tube growth and induced by phosphate starvation
Plant Physiol.
134
640-648
2004
Arabidopsis sp., Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Vojta, L.; Soll, J.; Boelter, B.
Protein transport in chloroplasts - targeting to the intermembrane space
FEBS J.
274
5043-5054
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Nakamura, M.; Nagatani, A.; Masuda, T.; Ohta, H.
Type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are involved in phosphate starvation-induced lipid remodeling and are crucial for low-phosphate adaptation
Plant J.
57
322-331
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, K.; Kondo, M.; Fukuda, H.; Nishimura, M.; Ohta, H.
Galactolipid synthesis in chloroplast inner envelope is essential for proper thylakoid biogenesis, photosynthesis, and embryogenesis
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
104
17216-17221
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Dubots, E.; Audry, M.; Yamaryo, Y.; Bastien, O.; Ohta, H.; Breton, C.; Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.
Activation of the chloroplast monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, MGD1, by phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol
J. Biol. Chem.
285
6003-6011
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kobayashi, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Ohta, H.
Type A and type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are spatially and functionally separated in the plastids of higher plants
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
47
518-525
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SI93), Cucumis sp.
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Aronsson, H.
The galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) contributes to photosynthesis-related processes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Signal. Behav.
3
1093-1095
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Botte, C.Y.; Deligny, M.; Roccia, A.; Bonneau, A.L.; Saidani, N.; Hardre, H.; Aci, S.; Yamaryo-Botte, Y.; Jouhet, J.; Dubots, E.; Loizeau, K.; Bastien, O.; Brehelin, L.; Joyard, J.; Cintrat, J.C.; Falconet, D.; Block, M.A.; Rousseau, B.; Lopez, R.; Marechal, E.
Chemical inhibitors of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases in Arabidopsis thaliana
Nat. Chem. Biol.
7
834-842
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Yuzawa, Y.; Shimojima, M.; Sato, R.; Mizusawa, N.; Ikeda, K.; Suzuki, M.; Iwai, M.; Hori, K.; Wada, H.; Masuda, S.; Ohta, H.
Cyanobacterial monogalactosyldiacylglycerol-synthesis pathway is involved in normal unsaturation of galactolipids and low-temperature adaptation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1841
475-483
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Murakawa, M.; Shimojima, M.; Shimomura, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Ohta, H.
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts is required for enhanced growth under sucrose supplementation
Front. Plant Sci.
5
280
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Rocha, J.; Sarkis, J.; Thomas, A.; Pitou, L.; Radzimanowski, J.; Audry, M.; Chazalet, V.; de Sanctis, D.; Palcic, M.M.; Block, M.A.; Girard-Egrot, A.; Marechal, E.; Breton, C.
Structural insights and membrane binding properties of MGD1, the major galactolipid synthase in plants
Plant J.
85
622-633
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Fujii, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Wada, H.
Inducible knockdown of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1 reveals roles of galactolipids in organelle differentiation in Arabidopsis cotyledons
Plant Physiol.
166
1436-1449
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nitenberg, M.; Makshakova, O.; Rocha, J.; Perez, S.; Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.; Girard-Egrot, A.; Breton, C.
Mechanism of activation of plant monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1) by phosphatidylglycerol
Glycobiology
30
396-406
2020
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Fujii, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagata, N.; Masuda, T.; Wada, H.
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol facilitates synthesis of photoactive protochlorophyllide in etioplasts
Plant Physiol.
174
2183-2198
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team