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UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
preferred substrate
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dioleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dioleoylglycerol
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
ir
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + 1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-dilinoleoylglycerol
preferred substrate
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
MGDG synthase catalyzes the final step in thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, MGDG, biosynthesis in the plastid envelope
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol constitute the bulk of membrane lipids in plant chloroplasts and are essential for chloroplast biogenesis and photoautotrophic growth. Type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are involved in phosphate starvation-induced lipid remodeling and are crucial for low-phosphate adaptation, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulation of MGDGsynthesis by phosphatidic acid, which is a general precursor in the synthesis of all glycerolipids and is also a signaling molecule in plants
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
binding site for UDP-Gal lays in the cleft separating the two Rossmann folds involving residues of a conserved UDP-sugar binding pocket in the C-domain
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-
?
additional information
?
-
reaction is proposed to to occur in a single displacement SN2 mechanism, with formation of an oxocarbenium ion transition state assisted by a catalytic base, H155. Phosphatidylglycerol binds to the active site where it is stabilized by interactions involving residues P189 and H155, creating an acid-base charge-relay system
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-
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UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
UDP-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
type B MGDG synthases may have roles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth and may be acting primarily to supply MGDG as a precursor for DGDG synthesis. Expression of atMGD2 and atMGD3, but not atMGD1, is strongly induced during phosphate starvation, particularly in roots
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + 1,2-diacylglycerol
UDP + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol
last step in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis
-
?
additional information
?
-
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
-
ir
additional information
?
-
-
MGDG synthase catalyzes the final step in thylakoid membrane lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, MGDG, biosynthesis in the plastid envelope
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol constitute the bulk of membrane lipids in plant chloroplasts and are essential for chloroplast biogenesis and photoautotrophic growth. Type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are involved in phosphate starvation-induced lipid remodeling and are crucial for low-phosphate adaptation, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulation of MGDGsynthesis by phosphatidic acid, which is a general precursor in the synthesis of all glycerolipids and is also a signaling molecule in plants
-
-
?
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metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the final step of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in plants, regulation of MGDG synthesis during chloroplast development, overview
physiological function
type B isozyme MGD2 is localized in the outer envelopes and has no important role in chloroplast biogenesis or plant development under nutrient-sufficient conditions, but type B MGD genes are essential for alternative galactolipid biosynthesis during phosphate starvation, overview
malfunction
-
an enzyme.deficient mutant has dwarf and albino phenotypes and the development of its thylakoid membranes is almost completely perturbed
malfunction
-
enzyme knockout causes albino seedlings. Strong enzyme suppression causes substantial decreases in galactolipid content in cotyledons, leading to severe defects in the formation of thylakoid membranes and impaired photosynthetic electron transport
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the final step of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in plants, regulation of MGDG synthesis during chloroplast development, overview
metabolism
-
the galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is the major lipid in plastids, and is mainly synthesized in inner plastid envelopes, where monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1, MGD1, catalyses the last step of its production
physiological function
MGD1 is an inner envelope membrane-associated protein of chloroplasts and is responsible for the bulk of galactolipid biosynthesis in green tissues, overview. MGD1 function is indispensable for thylakoid membrane biogenesis and embryogenesis
physiological function
-
MGD1 is the main MGDG synthase expressed in leaves and is essential for chloroplast development, and enrichment of chloroplast membranes with monogalactosyldiacylglycerols
physiological function
tye B isozyme MGD3 is localized in the outer envelopes and has no important role in chloroplast biogenesis or plant development under nutrient-sufficient conditions, but type B MGD genes are essential for alternative galactolipid biosynthesis during phosphate starvation, overview
physiological function
-
isoform MGD1 function may link galactolipid synthesis with the coordinated transcriptional regulation of chloroplasts and other organelles during cotyledon greening
physiological function
-
isoform MGD3 plays a role in plant growth under sucrose-replete conditions. Isoform MGD3 plays an important role in supplying 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol as a component of extraplastidial membranes to support enhanced plant growth under conditions of carbon excess
physiological function
MGD1 induces a reorganization of lipids by attracting diacylglycerol molecules to create an optimal platform for binding
physiological function
strong MGD1 suppression causes a 36% loss of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in etiolated seedlings, together with a 41% decrease in total protochlorophyllide content. The loss of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol perturbes etioplast membrane structures and impaires the formation of the photoactive protochlorophyllide-light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-NADPH complex and its oligomerization, without affecting light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase accumulation. The MGD1 suppression also impairs the formation of protochlorophyllide from protoporphyrin IX via multiple enzymatic reactions in etioplast membranes. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis at an early germination stage is particularly important for protochlorophyllide accumulation
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D150N
-
the mutant shows enhanced activation by phosphatidylglycerol binding, but unaltered activation by phosphatidic acid compared to the wild-type enzyme
H115A
residue H115 is involved in phosphatidylglycerol binding. Mutant is totally inactive in the presence or absence of anionic lipids
R260A
-
the mutant shows enhanced activation by phosphatidylglycerol binding, but unaltered activation by phosphatidic acid compared to the wild-type enzyme
W287A
-
the mutant shows wild-type catalytic capability, but modified phosphatidylglycerol binding capability compared to the wild-type enzyme
P189A
-
the mutant shows wild-type catalytic capability, but modified phosphatidylglycerol binding capability compared to the wild-type enzyme
P189A
residue P189 is involved in phosphatidylglycerol binding. Mutant is inactive in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol and retains significant activity in the presence of phosphatidic acid
additional information
-
isolation of loss-of-function mutant of atMGD2. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
additional information
isolation of loss-of-function mutant of atMGD2. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
additional information
isolation of loss-of-function mutant of atMGD2. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
additional information
-
construction of MGD2 and MGD3 mutants, the mgd3-1 mutant shows a drastic reduction in DGDG accumulation, particularly in the root, under Pi-starved conditions, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
identification of a naturally occuring Arabidopsis MGD1 mutant showing a complete defect in MGDG synthase 1, the mutant seedlings show a lack in galactolipids and disrupted photosynthetic membranes, leading to the complete impairment of photosynthetic ability and photoautotrophic growth, Dwarf and Albino phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
construction of a mgd1-1 knockdown mutant, targeting of chloroplast proteins is not affected in mgd1-1 mutants, but in dark-grown mgd1-1 plants the photoactive to photoinactive protochlorophyllide ratio is increased, and photoprotective responses are induced. Mutant mgd1-1 cannot withstand high light intensities, apparently due to impairment of another photoprotective mechanism, steady-state capacity of the xanthophyll cycle is reduced in mgd1-1 mutants mediated by increased conductivity of the thylakoid membrane leading to a higher pH in the thylakoid interior, which impairs the pH-dependent activation of violaxanthin de-epoxidase and PsbS, phenotype, overview. Knockdown mgd1-1 mutant accumulates about 40% less galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol than wild type
additional information
-
isolation of loss-of-function mutant atMGD3. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
additional information
isolation of loss-of-function mutant atMGD3. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
additional information
isolation of loss-of-function mutant atMGD3. During etiolated growth in darkness, mgd1-2 seedlings show hypocotyl elongation and root growth, although they are smaller than the wild-type
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Marechal, E.; Awai, K.; Block, M.A.; Brun, D.; Masuda, T.; Shimada, H.; Takamiya, K.I.; Ohta, H.; Joyard, J.
The multigenic family of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol synthases
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
28
732-738
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770), Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SI93), Cucumis sativus, Pisum sativum, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Jarvis, P.; Dormann, P.; Peto, C.A.; Lutes, J.; Benning, C.; Chory, J.
Galactolipid deficiency and abnormal chloroplast development in the Arabidopsis MGD synthase 1 mutant
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97
8175-8179
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
brenda
Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Takamiya, K.; Ohta, H.
Arabidopsis type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes are expressed during pollen tube growth and induced by phosphate starvation
Plant Physiol.
134
640-648
2004
Arabidopsis sp., Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730)
brenda
Vojta, L.; Soll, J.; Boelter, B.
Protein transport in chloroplasts - targeting to the intermembrane space
FEBS J.
274
5043-5054
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Nakamura, M.; Nagatani, A.; Masuda, T.; Ohta, H.
Type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are involved in phosphate starvation-induced lipid remodeling and are crucial for low-phosphate adaptation
Plant J.
57
322-331
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Kobayashi, K.; Kondo, M.; Fukuda, H.; Nishimura, M.; Ohta, H.
Galactolipid synthesis in chloroplast inner envelope is essential for proper thylakoid biogenesis, photosynthesis, and embryogenesis
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
104
17216-17221
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Dubots, E.; Audry, M.; Yamaryo, Y.; Bastien, O.; Ohta, H.; Breton, C.; Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.
Activation of the chloroplast monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, MGD1, by phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol
J. Biol. Chem.
285
6003-6011
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Kobayashi, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Ohta, H.
Type A and type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are spatially and functionally separated in the plastids of higher plants
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
47
518-525
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O82730), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SI93), Cucumis sp.
brenda
Aronsson, H.
The galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) contributes to photosynthesis-related processes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Signal. Behav.
3
1093-1095
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Botte, C.Y.; Deligny, M.; Roccia, A.; Bonneau, A.L.; Saidani, N.; Hardre, H.; Aci, S.; Yamaryo-Botte, Y.; Jouhet, J.; Dubots, E.; Loizeau, K.; Bastien, O.; Brehelin, L.; Joyard, J.; Cintrat, J.C.; Falconet, D.; Block, M.A.; Rousseau, B.; Lopez, R.; Marechal, E.
Chemical inhibitors of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases in Arabidopsis thaliana
Nat. Chem. Biol.
7
834-842
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Yuzawa, Y.; Shimojima, M.; Sato, R.; Mizusawa, N.; Ikeda, K.; Suzuki, M.; Iwai, M.; Hori, K.; Wada, H.; Masuda, S.; Ohta, H.
Cyanobacterial monogalactosyldiacylglycerol-synthesis pathway is involved in normal unsaturation of galactolipids and low-temperature adaptation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1841
475-483
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Murakawa, M.; Shimojima, M.; Shimomura, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Awai, K.; Ohta, H.
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts is required for enhanced growth under sucrose supplementation
Front. Plant Sci.
5
280
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Rocha, J.; Sarkis, J.; Thomas, A.; Pitou, L.; Radzimanowski, J.; Audry, M.; Chazalet, V.; de Sanctis, D.; Palcic, M.M.; Block, M.A.; Girard-Egrot, A.; Marechal, E.; Breton, C.
Structural insights and membrane binding properties of MGD1, the major galactolipid synthase in plants
Plant J.
85
622-633
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Fujii, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Wada, H.
Inducible knockdown of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase1 reveals roles of galactolipids in organelle differentiation in Arabidopsis cotyledons
Plant Physiol.
166
1436-1449
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Nitenberg, M.; Makshakova, O.; Rocha, J.; Perez, S.; Marechal, E.; Block, M.A.; Girard-Egrot, A.; Breton, C.
Mechanism of activation of plant monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1) by phosphatidylglycerol
Glycobiology
30
396-406
2020
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
brenda
Fujii, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagata, N.; Masuda, T.; Wada, H.
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol facilitates synthesis of photoactive protochlorophyllide in etioplasts
Plant Physiol.
174
2183-2198
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (O81770)
brenda