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Information on EC 2.4.1.242 - NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase and Organism(s) Triticum aestivum and UniProt Accession Q9SXK4
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2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm or pollen .
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.242
- amylose
- wheat
- endosperm
- triticum
- amylopectin
- aestivum
-
hexaploid
-
glycoprotein-1
-
amylose-free
- prosaposin
- durum
-
non-waxy
- amyloplasts
-
saposins
- turgidum
- monococcum
-
noodle
-
glutinous
- nutrition
- analysis
- food industry
- agriculture
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Triticum aestivum
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
Synonyms
sgp-1, wx-b1, wx-a1, waxy protein, gbss1, wx-d1, gbssii, wx protein, gbss i, granule bound starch synthase i, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
GBSS1
granule-bound starch synthase
granule-bound starch synthase
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-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
NDP-glucose:(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm [3] or pollen [5].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9031-53-2
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
NDP-glucose + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
NDP + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme GBSSII has an important function in amylose synthesis in the pericarp of seeds
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-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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-
-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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substrate for the granule-bound enzyme are starch granules
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-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
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-
-
-
?
NDP-glucose + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
NDP + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isozyme GBSSII has an important function in amylose synthesis in the pericarp of seeds
-
-
?
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
high temperatures enhance GBSS activity on 14 days after anthesis in Yagmai 9, but then reduces GBSS activity significantly after 14 days after anthesis, greater diurnal temperature differences enhances GBSS activity under optimum temperatures, but reduces activity slightly under high temperatures
additional information
-
in Xuzhou 26, high temperature affects GBSS activity slightly on 14 days after anthesis, but reduces GBSS activity on both 21 and 28 days after anthesis, greater diurnal temperature differences enhances GBSS activity under optimum temperatures, but reduces activity slightly under high temperatures
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
gene Wx-7A; cv. Chinese Spring, 3 waxy genes in the hexaploid wheat
SwissProt
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
tissue-specific expression of isozymes GBSSI and GBSSII in different organs
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
physiological function
-
granule-bound starch synthase I, GBSSI, which is responsible for amylose synthesis in endosperm tissue
malfunction
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waxy wheat, which accumulates amylose-free starch, is developed by the elimination of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI),1 which is responsible for amylose synthesis in endosperm tissue. Starch of Wx wheat shows a modified gelatinization curve, with a lower gelatinization onset temperature, higher peak viscosity, and lower setback compared to wild-type wheat
malfunction
a null mutation of the Wx gene in each of the three genomes is associated with starch almost entirely consisting of the branched glucan polymer amylopectin (waxy starch), with corresponding changes in functionality
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
309000
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three polypeptides of approximate molecular masses of 100, 104 and 105 kDa
59000
-
x * 59000, isozyme GBSSII, SDS-PAGE, x * 61000, isozyme GBSSI, SDS-PAGE
61000
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x * 59000, isozyme GBSSII, SDS-PAGE, x * 61000, isozyme GBSSI, SDS-PAGE
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
?
-
x * 59000, isozyme GBSSII, SDS-PAGE, x * 61000, isozyme GBSSI, SDS-PAGE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
A258T
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construction of a waxy mutant wheat by exchange of alanine to threonine, the mutant shows reduced isozyme GBSSI activity, but no reduction in amylose content
additional information
-
waxy wheat, which accumulates amylose-free starch, is developed by the elimination of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI),1 which is responsible for amylose synthesis in endosperm tissue
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
partially from starch granules of mature seeds, solubilization and SDS-PAGE
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soluble and starch granule-bound proteins are extracted from developing endosperms
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
identification of 3 waxy gene homologues in the hexaploid wheat located on chromosomes 7A, 4A, and 7D, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, gene structure, phylogenetic tree, overview
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, gene structure, genetic organization in the polyploid genome, phylogenetic analysis
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identification of 3 waxy gene homologues in the hexaploid wheat located on chromosomes 7A, 4A, and 7D, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, gene structure, phylogenetic tree, overview
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
GBSS activities decline significantly at the late grain-filling stage under rainfed conditions
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the GBSS activity in grains of two kernel types shows a similar pattern throughout the filling period, i.e. reaches the highest peak at 28 days after anthesis and then decreases rapidly
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
analysis
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based on a generated monoclonal antibody, a high throughput ELISA is developed that allows the quick idenification of wheat lines carrying the 7A allele of GBSS1 with minute amounts of sample
food industry
because waxy wheat starch has greater water absorbance and resistance to retrogradation than normal starch, its inclusion in flour blends has been suggested as a means of improving the texture and appearance of bakery products and noodles. The results indicate that wheat encoding functional homeologs of GBSS1 produces starch that has potential in the production of certain food items, such as Asian noodles
agriculture
grain composition, amylose concentration, amylopectin unit-chain length distribution, and starch granule size distribution vary with the loss of functional granule-bound starch synthase GBSSI. Amylose concentration is more severely affected in genotypes with GBSSI missing from two genomes (double nulls) than from one genome (single nulls). Unit glucan chains (DP 6-8) of amylopectin are reduced with the complete loss of GBSSI as compared to wheat starch with a full complement of GBSSI. Alleles Wx-A and Wx-B have an additive effect toward short-chain phenotype of waxy amylopectin. Loss of Wx-D isoprotein alone significantly reduces the C-type starch granules. The absence of Wx-D in combination with Wx-A or Wx-B increases the B-type and C-type starch granules but decreases the volume of A-type starch granules. The rate of in vitro starch enzymatic hydrolysis is highest in completely waxy grain meal and purified starch
agriculture
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in wheat grains at 330 days post anthesis, amylose concentration increases throughout grain development in non-waxy (7.2-30.5%) and partial waxy genotypes (6.0-26.8%) defective for granule-bound starch synthase I. Completely waxy genotypes show 7.0% amylose at 3 and 6 days post anthesis, which declines during development and reaches non-detectable quantities by 30 days post anthesis. Amylopectin structure has a higher content of short chains at 3 days post anthesis,which decreases continuously until 12 days post anthesis, after which there are only minor changes in amylopectin chain length distribution. Similarly, the average degree of polymerization increased from 3 days post anthesis (12.3) to 12 days post anthesis (15.0), and then does not differ significantly up to 30 days post anthesis(15.0), suggesting the formation of basic amylopectin architecture in wheat by 12 days post anthesis. Waxy isoproteins display differential effects on amylopectin structure formation
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Nakamura, T.; Vrinten, P.; Hayakawa, K.; Ikeda, J.
Characterization of a granule-bound starch synthase isoform found in the pericarp of wheat
Plant Physiol.
118
451-459
1998
Triticum aestivum
Fujita, N.; Wadano, A.; Kozaki, S.; Takaoka, K.; Okabe, S.; Taira, T.
Comparison of the primary structure of waxy proteins (granule-bound starch synthase) between polyploid wheats and related diploid species
Biochem. Genet.
34
403-413
1996
Aegilops longissima, Aegilops searsii, Aegilops speltoides, Aegilops tauschii, Triticum aestivum, Triticum monococcum, Triticum turgidum, Triticum urartu
Yanagisawa, T.; Kiribuchi-Otobe, C.; Yoshida, H.
An alanine to threonine change in the Wx-D1 protein reduces GBSS I activity in waxy mutant wheat
Euphytica
121
209-214
2001
Triticum aestivum
Murai, J.; Taira, T.; Ohta, D.
Isolation and characterization of the three Waxy genes encoding the granule-bound starch synthase in hexaploid wheat
Gene
234
71-79
1999
Triticum aestivum (Q9S7N5), Triticum aestivum (Q9SXK3), Triticum aestivum (Q9SXK4), Triticum aestivum
Kosar-Hashemi, B.; Li, Z.; Larroque, O.; Regina, A.; Yamamori, M.; Morell, M.K.; Rahman, S.
Multiple effects of the starch synthase II mutation in developing wheat endosperm
Funct. Plant Biol.
34
431-438
2007
Triticum aestivum
Zhao, H.; Dai, T.; Jiang, D.; Cao, W.
Effects of high temperature on key enzymes involved in starch and protein formation in grains of two wheat cultivars
J. Agron. Crop Sci.
194
47-54
2008
Triticum aestivum
Giersch, T.M.; Wu, M.; Duncan, L.; Zhao, X.; Chin, J.
Detection of mutations in the 7A allele of wheat (Triticum aestivum) granule-bound starch synthase (Wx-7A) with a monoclonal antibody produced by targeted peptide immunisation
J. Cereal Sci.
45
162-171
2007
Triticum aestivum
-
Yamamori, M.
Amylose content and starch properties generated by five variant Wx alleles for granule-bound starch synthase in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Euphytica
165
607-614
2009
Triticum aestivum
Dai, Z.; Yin, Y.; Wang, Z.
Activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of wheat under different irrigation patterns
J. Agric. Sci.
147
437-444
2009
Triticum aestivum
Dai, Z.
Activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of large and small kernel type wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
J. Food Agric. Environ.
7
493-495
2009
Triticum aestivum
-
Dai, Z.
Activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in wheat grains differing in starch content
Russ. J. Plant Physiol.
57
74-78
2010
Triticum aestivum
-
Shimbata, T.; Inokuma, T.; Sunohara, A.; Vrinten, P.; Saito, M.; Takiya, T.; Nakamura, T.
High levels of sugars and fructan in mature seed of sweet wheat lacking GBSSI and SSIIa enzymes
J. Agric. Food Chem.
59
4794-4800
2011
Triticum aestivum
Ahuja, G.; Jaiswal, S.; Hucl, P.; Chibbar, R.N.
Wheat genome specific granule-bound starch synthase I differentially influence grain starch synthesis
Carbohydr. Polym.
114
87-94
2014
Triticum aestivum
Ahuja, G.; Jaiswal, S.; Hucl, P.; Chibbar, R.N.
Genome-specific granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) influences starch biochemical and functional characteristics in near-isogenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines
J. Agric. Food Chem.
61
12129-12138
2013
Triticum aestivum (P27736)
Ramachandran, A.; Hucl, P.; Briggs, C.
Functional characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) near-isogenic lines differing at the Waxy (Wx) locus
Cereal Chem.
93
77-85
2016
Triticum aestivum (P27736)
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