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Information on EC 2.4.1.242 - NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q9MAQ0

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EC Tree
     2 Transferases
         2.4 Glycosyltransferases
             2.4.1 Hexosyltransferases
                2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase
IUBMB Comments
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm or pollen .
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Arabidopsis thaliana
UNIPROT: Q9MAQ0
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
Synonyms
sgp-1, wx-b1, wx-a1, waxy protein, gbss1, wx-d1, gbssii, wx protein, gbss i, granule bound starch synthase i, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
granule-bound starch synthase
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granule bound starch synthase
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granule-bound starch synthase
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granule-bound starch synthase I
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
NDP-glucose:(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm [3] or pollen [5].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9031-53-2
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
-
?
additional information
?
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enzyme is involved in the starch synthesis pathway synthesizing the amylose component, putative mechanism of regulation of GBSSI gene in photosynthetic tissue assuring the steady-state level of the isozyme, circadian oscillations of the mRNA level in leaves during day/night cycle, overview
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?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-glucosyl)n+1
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the starch synthesis pathway synthesizing the amylose component, putative mechanism of regulation of GBSSI gene in photosynthetic tissue assuring the steady-state level of the isozyme, circadian oscillations of the mRNA level in leaves during day/night cycle, overview
-
-
?
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
protein targeting to starch PTST
protein targeting to starch, PTST, is required for localising granule-bound starch synthase to starch granules and for normal amylose synthesis. PTST is a plastidial protein possessing an N-terminal coiled coil domain and a C-terminal carbohydrate binding module. Enzyme GBSS physically interacts with protein PTST via a coiled coil. The CBM48 domain of PTST, which mediates its interaction with starch granules, is also required for correct GBSS localisation
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
7.5
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assay at
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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immature
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
-
plants are grown under a 16 h light/8 h dark regime
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
mutation of the carbohydrate binding module of plastidial protein PTST causes GBSS to remain in the plastid stroma
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
evolution
diversification of GBSS genes in plants, overview
physiological function
Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking plastidial protein PTST synthesise amylose-free starch and are phenotypically similar to mutants lacking granule-bound starch synthase GBSS. PTST mutant starch granules show a dramatic reduction of GBSS protein. GBSS physically interacts with PTST via a coiled coil. The carbohydrate binding module of PTST, which mediates its interaction with starch granules, is also required for correct GBSS localisation. Arabidopsis GBSS requires the presence of Arabidopsis PTST to localise to starch granules. Mutation of the carbohydrate binding module of PTST causes GBSS to remain in the plastid stroma
malfunction
Arabidopsis thaliana ptst mutants synthesise amylose-free starch and are phenotypically similar to mutants lacking GBSS. Mutation of the CBM domain of PTST causes GBSS to remain in the plastid stroma
physiological function
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GBSS1 is the key enzyme in amylose synthesis and exclusively controls all enzyme activities in this pathway, overview. GBSS1 activity is increased compared to wild-type when soluble starch synthases SS2 and SS1 are missing, and the total amount of amylose in the leaves is elevated, SS1 and SS2 activity both can influence the activity of GBSS1
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
SSG1_ARATH
610
0
66879
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 1)
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene GBSS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis
DNA sequence determination and analysis, promotor analysis
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recombinant expression of C-terminally HA and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) tandem tagged wild-type nd mutant enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves via Agrobactrium tumefaciens transformation and in Nicotiana tabacum epidermal cells. Wild-type GBSS enzyme is only detected in the immunoprecipitate when TAP-tagged PTST is coexpressed, confirming the protein-protein interaction
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the transcript encoding granule-bound starch synthase GBSS1 accumulates to a higher level in carbon catabolite repressor CCR4a/CCR4b double mutant plants than in the control plants. GBSS1 has a longer poly(A) tail in the double mutant than in the control plant, suggesting that CCR4a and CCR4b can influence the poly(A) length of transcripts related to starch metabolism
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Tenorio, G.; Orea, A.; Romero, J.M.; Merida, A.
Oscillation of mRNA level and activity of granule-bound starch synthase I in Arabidopsis leaves during the day/night cycle
Plant Mol. Biol.
51
949-958
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Szydlowski, N.; Ragel, P.; Hennen-Bierwagen, T.A.; Planchot, V.; Myers, A.M.; Merida, A.; dHulst, C.; Wattebled, F.
Integrated functions among multiple starch synthases determine both amylopectin chain length and branch linkage location in Arabidopsis leaf starch
J. Exp. Bot.
62
4547-4559
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Cheng, J.; Khan, M.A.; Qiu, W.M.; Li, J.; Zhou, H.; Zhang, Q.; Guo, W.; Zhu, T.; Peng, J.; Sun, F.; Li, S.; Korban, S.S.; Han, Y.
Diversification of genes encoding granule-bound starch synthase in monocots and dicots is marked by multiple genome-wide duplication events
PLoS ONE
7
e30088
2012
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MAQ0), Citrus sinensis (H6VVJ0), Citrus sinensis (H6VVJ1), Malus domestica, Malus domestica (B2LUN5), Malus domestica (B2LUN6), Malus domestica (G9FPD1), Prunus persica (H6VVJ2), Prunus persica (H6VVJ3), Prunus persica
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Suzuki, Y.; Arae, T.; Green, P.J.; Yamaguchi, J.; Chiba, Y.
AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b are involved in determining the poly(A) length of granule-bound starch synthase 1 transcript and modulating sucrose and starch metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.
56
863-874
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MAQ0), Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 (Q9MAQ0)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Seung, D.; Soyk, S.; Coiro, M.; Maier, B.A.; Eicke, S.; Zeeman, S.C.
PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH is required for localising GRANULE-BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE to starch granules and for normal amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis
PLoS Biol.
13
e1002080
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MAQ0)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team