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Information on EC 2.4.1.242 - NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferase and Organism(s) Oryza sativa and UniProt Accession B7EHV0
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2.4.1.242 NDP-glucose-starch glucosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm or pollen .
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.242
- amylose
- wheat
- endosperm
- triticum
- amylopectin
- aestivum
-
hexaploid
-
glycoprotein-1
-
amylose-free
- prosaposin
- durum
-
non-waxy
- amyloplasts
-
saposins
- turgidum
- monococcum
-
noodle
-
glutinous
- nutrition
- analysis
- food industry
- agriculture
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Oryza sativa
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Archaea, Bacteria
Synonyms
sgp-1, wx-b1, wx-a1, waxy protein, gbss1, wx-d1, gbssii, wx protein, gbss i, granule bound starch synthase i, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
GBSSI
granule-bound starch synthase I
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
NDP-glucose:(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
Unlike EC 2.4.1.11, glycogen(starch) synthase and EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase, which use UDP-glucose and ADP-glucose, respectively, this enzyme can use either UDP- or ADP-glucose. Mutants that lack the Wx (waxy) allele cannot produce this enzyme, which plays an important role in the normal synthesis of amylose. In such mutants, only amylopectin is produced in the endosperm [3] or pollen [5].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9031-53-2
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
NDP-glucose + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
NDP + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
NDP-glucose + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
NDP + [(1-4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
-
-
-
?
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.027
ADP-glucose
-
enzyme oligomer, pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.03
ADP-glucose
-
enzyme monomer, pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
the waxy protein GBSSI, encoded by the wx locus, is an enzyme essential for amylose synthesis
physiological function
additional information
physiological function
-
GBSS is responsible for the biosynthesis of the amylose
physiological function
-
GBSS1 can form oligomers in rice endosperm, and oligomerized OsGBSS1 exhibits much higher specific enzymatic activity than the monomer. A monomer-oligomer transition equilibrium occurs in the endosperm during development. Redox potential is a key factor affecting the oligomer percentage as well as the enzymatic activity. Adenosine diphosphate glucose, the direct donor of glucose, also impacts GBSS1 oligomerization in a concentration-dependent manner. GBSS1 oligomerization is influenced by phosphorylation status, which is strongly enhanced by mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK and ATP treatment and is sharply weakened by protein phosphatase treatment
additional information
three-dimensional structures of free and ADP-glucose bound catalytic domain, overview
additional information
-
three-dimensional structures of free and ADP-glucose bound catalytic domain, overview
additional information
-
differences in the debranched starch molecular size distribution between Ilpumbyeo and Goami 2 are similar between Nipponbare and ami-BEIIb, a transgenic line with downregulated SBEIIb
additional information
-
differences in the debranched starch molecular size distribution between indica variety IR36 and its SBEIIb mutant, IR36ae, which has more amylose chains than IR36 due to more active GBSSI
additional information
-
the very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at SNP in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at SNP in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties, existence of Wxop allele in Vietnamese rice germplasm. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site
additional information
the very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at SNP in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at SNP in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties, existence of Wxop allele in Vietnamese rice germplasm. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
59000
x * 59000, recombinant His-tagged catalytic domain comprising residues Met83-Pro609, SDS-PAGE
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
?
x * 59000, recombinant His-tagged catalytic domain comprising residues Met83-Pro609, SDS-PAGE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
-
phosphorylation status is strongly enhanced by mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK and ATP treatment and is sharply weakened by protein phosphatase treatment
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant His-tagged GBSSI catalytic domain, residues Met83-Pro609, free or in complex with ADP-glucose, sitting drop vapour diffusion method, mixing of 0.0003 ml of 6 mg/ml protein in 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, and 0.2 M NaCl, with 0.0003 m of reservoir solution, containing 1.5 M lithium sulfate and 0.1 M HEPES-sodium, pH 7.5, and equilibration against 0.05 ml of reservoir solution, 20°C, 4 weeks, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 2.7-3.0 A resolution
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
D165G
-
the mutation has no detectable effect on GBSSI activity in vitro, however, it notably reduces the binding of GBSSI to starch granules, resulting in a reduction of amylose content in rice seeds
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant His-tagged GBSSI catalytic domain, residues Met83-Pro609, from Escherichia coli strain BL21 by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
overexpression of the His-tagged GBSSI catalytic domain, residues Met83-Pro609, in Escherichia coli strain BL21
GBSSI genotyping in Goami 2 mutant line, Goami 2 and the wild-type Ilpumbyeo both carry the Wx allele of the Waxy gene
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granule-bound starch synthase I gene or Waxy gene, alleles can be classified into seven groups that reflect differences in apparent amylose content, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression analysis
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
analysis of 352 Vietnamese rice cultivars reveals a wide range of variation in apparent amylose content and the expression level of granule-bound starch synthase I. Alleles can be classified into seven groups that reflect differences in apparent amylose content. The very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at single-nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site
maximal expression of granule-bound starch synthase occurs in mid-stage of endosperm development, GBSS activity of Wanjing 9522 grains increases after anthesis and reaches ist maximal activity at day 18 and keeps this high level for about 6 days, and then decreases steadily
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the starch associated SSIIa protein content is negatively correlated with the fraction of chains with DP6-11 and short chain ratio
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the starch associated SSIIa protein content is positively correlated with gelatinization temperature and level of amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization 12-24
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
analysis of 352 Vietnamese rice cultivars reveals a wide range of variation in apparent amylose content and the expression level of granule-bound starch synthase I. Alleles can be classified into seven groups that reflect differences in apparent amylose content. The very low and low apparent amylose content levels are tightly associated with a G to T in the first intron whereas intermediate and high amylose is associated with a T genotype at a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 10. The correlation between the combination of T genotype at single-nucleotide polymorphism in the first intron, C in exon 6, or C in exon 10 is predominant among low amylose rice varieties. The low amylose properties of Vietnamese local rice germplasm are attributable to spontaneous mutations at exons, and not at the splicing donor site
nutrition
-
serum from patients allergic to maize shows IgE binding to a 56 kDa protein present in both maize and rice, that is abundant in the rice endosperm. The protein is identical with granule-bound starch synthase, a product of the Waxy gene. In a Waxy mutant of rice, the IgE-binding protein is absent. Waxy mutants of rice may be a potential source of hypoallergenic diet for patients sensitized to the 56 kDa rice allergen
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Hanashiro, I.; Itoh, K.; Kuratomi, Y.; Yamazaki, M.; Igarashi, T.; Matsugasako, J.; Takeda, Y.
Granule-bound starch synthase I is responsible for biosynthesis of extra-long unit chains of amylopectin in rice
Plant Cell Physiol.
49
925-933
2008
Oryza sativa (B7EHV0)
Liu, L.; Ma, X.; Liu, S.; Zhu, C.; Jiang, L.; Wang, Y.; Shen, Y.; Ren, Y.; Dong, H.; Chen, L.; Liu, X.; Zhao, Z.; Zhai, H.; Wan, J.
Identification and characterization of a novel Waxy allele from a Yunnan rice landrace
Plant Mol. Biol.
71
609-626
2009
Oryza sativa
Lue, B.; Guo, Z.; Liang, J.
Effects of the activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis on the fine structure of amylopectin in developing rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms
Sci. China C Life Sci.
51
863-871
2008
Oryza sativa
Bao, J.; Xiao, P.; Hiratsuka, M.; Sun, M.; Umemoto, T.
Granule-bound SSIIa protein content and its relationship with amylopectin structure and gelatinization temperature of rice starch
Starch Staerke
61
431-437
2009
Oryza sativa
-
Momma, M.; Fujimoto, Z.
Interdomain disulfide bridge in the rice granule bound starch synthase I catalytic domain as elucidated by X-ray structure analysis
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
76
1591-1595
2012
Oryza sativa (B7EHV0), Oryza sativa
Butardo, V.M.; Daygon, V.D.; Colgrave, M.L.; Campbell, P.M.; Resurreccion, A.; Cuevas, R.P.; Jobling, S.A.; Tetlow, I.; Rahman, S.; Morell, M.; Fitzgerald, M.
Biomolecular analyses of starch and starch granule proteins in the high-amylose rice mutant Goami 2
J. Agric. Food Chem.
60
11576-11585
2012
Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa Japonica, Oryza sativa indica
Hoai, T.T.; Matsusaka, H.; Toyosawa, Y.; Suu, T.D.; Satoh, H.; Kumamaru, T.
Influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase I on amylose content in Vietnamese rice cultivars
Breed. Sci.
64
142-148
2014
Oryza sativa, Oryza sativa (P0C585)
Krishnan, H.B.; Chen, M.H.
Identification of an abundant 56 kDa protein implicated in food allergy as granule-bound starch synthase
J. Agric. Food Chem.
61
5404-5409
2013
Oryza sativa
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