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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 2.4.1.241 - digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC2.4.1.241
Word Map on EC 2.4.1.241
- 2.4.1.241
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galactolipids
- monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
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thylakoids
- cyanobacteria
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photosystem
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thermotolerance
- cyanidioschyzon
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galactosylating
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grana
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galactolipid:galactolipid
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oligogalactolipids
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phosphate-limited
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
2.4.1.241
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol = UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:3-(beta-D-galactosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 6-alpha-galactosyltransferase
Requires Mg2+. Diacylglycerol cannot serve as an acceptor molecule for galactosylation as in the reaction catalysed by EC 2.4.1.46, monogalactosyldiacylglyerol synthase. When phosphate is limiting, phospholipids in plant membranes are reduced but these are replaced, at least in part, by the glycolipids digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol [3]. While both DGD1 and DGD2 are increased under phosphate-limiting conditions, DGD2 does not contribute significantly under optimal growth conditions. DGD2 is responsible for the synthesis of DGDG molecular species that are rich in C16 fatty acids at sn-1 of diacylglycerol whereas DGD1 leads to molecular species rich in C18 fatty acids [3]. The enzyme has been localized to the outer side of chloroplast envelope membranes.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
69913-00-4
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1; cultivars EPACE-1 and 1183
UniProt
digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase type 2 fragment; cultivars EPACE-1 and 1183
UniProt
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
physiological function
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gene 7942dgdA encodiung digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is essential. 7942dgdA can be knocked out only when genes for cyanobacterial or plant digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are expressed. Lack of digalactosyldiacylglycerol cannot be compensated by the other membrane lipids in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 or by glucosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesized by the beta-GlcT gene of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol has an indispensable role and the second galactose molecule is the key
physiological function
Dgd1 mutants have a greater than 90% reduction in digalactosyldiacylglycerol content, reduced photosynthesis, and altered chloroplast morphology. Mutant plants show an extremely short inflorescence stem. Phloem cap cells are lignified and jasmonic acid-responsive genes are highly upregulated under normal growth conditions. The coronative insensitive1 Dgd1 and allene oxide synthase Dgd1 double mutants no longer exhibit the short inflorescence stem and lignification phenotypes but still have the same lipid profile and reduced photosynthesis as Dgd1 single mutants. Dgd1 mutants display increased levels of jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid-isoleucine, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and arabidopsides. Jasmonic acid biosynthesis in Dgd1 mutants is initially activated through the increased expression of genes encoding 13-lipoxygenases and phospholipase A-Ig3 (At1g51440), and is sustained by further increases in 13-lipoxygenase and allene oxide cyclase mRNA and protein levels
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-galactose + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + trigalactosyldiacylglycerol
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-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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DGD1 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 18-carbon fatty acids in the two positions of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in vivo
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-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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DGD2 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 16-carbon fatty acids in the sn-1 position and on 18-carbon fatty acid in the sn-2 position in vivo
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-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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-
-
?
additional information
?
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DGD2 mRNA expression in leaves is very low but is strongly induced during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
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additional information
?
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disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis
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additional information
?
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a null-mutant of Arabidopsis, which lacks the DGDG synthase (DGD1) resulting in a 90% reduction in the amount of DGDG under normal growth conditions, accumulates digalactosyldiacylglycerol after phosphate deprivation up to 60% of the amount present in the wild-type. Extraplastidic biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol induced by phosphate deprivation is a biochemical mechanism for plants to conserve phosphate
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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DGD1 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 18-carbon fatty acids in the two positions of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in vivo
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-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
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DGD2 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 16-carbon fatty acids in the sn-1 position and on 18-carbon fatty acid in the sn-2 position in vivo
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-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
Q84XL8
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?
additional information
?
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DGD2 mRNA expression in leaves is very low but is strongly induced during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
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-
-
additional information
?
-
-
disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
a null-mutant of Arabidopsis, which lacks the DGDG synthase (DGD1) resulting in a 90% reduction in the amount of DGDG under normal growth conditions, accumulates digalactosyldiacylglycerol after phosphate deprivation up to 60% of the amount present in the wild-type. Extraplastidic biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol induced by phosphate deprivation is a biochemical mechanism for plants to conserve phosphate
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
5.5 - 8.5
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pH 5.5: about 25% of maximal activity, pH 8.5: about 45% of maximal activity
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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DGD2 mRNA expression in leaves is very low but is strongly induced during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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the enzyme is targeted to the chloroplast outer envelope in an ATP-independent manner
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DGD1 associated with the outside of the outer envelope of chloroplasts. Does not require ATP for insertion and is not processed; DGD2 associated with the outside of the outer envelope of chloroplasts. DGD2 is processed and requires ATP for insertion
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DGD2 is localized to the outer side of chloroplast envelope membranes
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membrane, outer membrane protein. Insertion of digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 into the membrane is reduced by either nucleotide depletion or proteolysis of the chloroplasts DGD1 integration
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integral membrane protein of the outer envelope of the chloroplast
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DGD2 is localized to the outer side of chloroplast envelope membranes
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
co-expressed with a cucumber monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase in Escherichia coli
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
DGD1 is up-regulated during desiccation, with transcript levels detectable only at relative water content below 30%
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 2.4.1.241)
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