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UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + trigalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
additional information
?
-
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
DGD1 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 18-carbon fatty acids in the two positions of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in vivo
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
DGD2 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 16-carbon fatty acids in the sn-1 position and on 18-carbon fatty acid in the sn-2 position in vivo
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DGD2 mRNA expression in leaves is very low but is strongly induced during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a null-mutant of Arabidopsis, which lacks the DGDG synthase (DGD1) resulting in a 90% reduction in the amount of DGDG under normal growth conditions, accumulates digalactosyldiacylglycerol after phosphate deprivation up to 60% of the amount present in the wild-type. Extraplastidic biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol induced by phosphate deprivation is a biochemical mechanism for plants to conserve phosphate
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-
?
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UDP-alpha-D-galactose + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol
UDP + 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-galactosyl]-sn-glycerol
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
additional information
?
-
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
DGD1 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 18-carbon fatty acids in the two positions of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in vivo
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
DGD2 seems to act preferentially on monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecular species with 16-carbon fatty acids in the sn-1 position and on 18-carbon fatty acid in the sn-2 position in vivo
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
UDP + digalactosyldiacylglycerol
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DGD2 mRNA expression in leaves is very low but is strongly induced during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
a null-mutant of Arabidopsis, which lacks the DGDG synthase (DGD1) resulting in a 90% reduction in the amount of DGDG under normal growth conditions, accumulates digalactosyldiacylglycerol after phosphate deprivation up to 60% of the amount present in the wild-type. Extraplastidic biosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol induced by phosphate deprivation is a biochemical mechanism for plants to conserve phosphate
-
-
?
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malfunction
in etiolated dgd1 (knockout mutant) seedlings, digalactosyldiacylglycerol content decreases to 20% of the wild-type level, the lattice structure of prolamellar bodies is disordered, and the development of prothylakoids is impaired. Membrane-associated processes of protochlorophyllide biosynthesis, formation of the protochlorophyllide-NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-NADPH complex, and dissociation of the complex after the photoconversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide were impaired in dgd1, although the photoconversion reaction by NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase is not affected by the DGDG deficiency. Total carotenoid content also decreases in etiolated dgd1 seedlings, but the carotenoid composition is unchanged
malfunction
MtDGD1-RNA interference transgenic plants exhibit significant decreases in nodule number, symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol abundance in the nodules, as well as abnormal nodule and symbiosome development
physiological function
Dgd1 mutants have a greater than 90% reduction in digalactosyldiacylglycerol content, reduced photosynthesis, and altered chloroplast morphology. Mutant plants show an extremely short inflorescence stem. Phloem cap cells are lignified and jasmonic acid-responsive genes are highly upregulated under normal growth conditions. The coronative insensitive1 Dgd1 and allene oxide synthase Dgd1 double mutants no longer exhibit the short inflorescence stem and lignification phenotypes but still have the same lipid profile and reduced photosynthesis as Dgd1 single mutants. Dgd1 mutants display increased levels of jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid-isoleucine, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and arabidopsides. Jasmonic acid biosynthesis in Dgd1 mutants is initially activated through the increased expression of genes encoding 13-lipoxygenases and phospholipase A-Ig3 (At1g51440), and is sustained by further increases in 13-lipoxygenase and allene oxide cyclase mRNA and protein levels
physiological function
-
gene 7942dgdA encodiung digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is essential. 7942dgdA can be knocked out only when genes for cyanobacterial or plant digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are expressed. Lack of digalactosyldiacylglycerol cannot be compensated by the other membrane lipids in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 or by glucosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesized by the beta-GlcT gene of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol has an indispensable role and the second galactose molecule is the key
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the formation of the internal membrane structures in etioplasts as well as in membrane-associated processes of pigment biosynthesis and pigment-protein complex organization
physiological function
the enzyme plays an essential role in nodule development and nitrogen fixation. It contributes to effective nodule organogenesis and nitrogen fixation by affecting the synthesis and content of digalactosyldiacylglycerol during symbiosis
physiological function
the N-terminal sequence of DGD1 is required for galactolipid transfer between the outer and the inner envelope of chloroplast
physiological function
-
gene 7942dgdA encodiung digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is essential. 7942dgdA can be knocked out only when genes for cyanobacterial or plant digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases are expressed. Lack of digalactosyldiacylglycerol cannot be compensated by the other membrane lipids in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 or by glucosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesized by the beta-GlcT gene of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol has an indispensable role and the second galactose molecule is the key
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Froehlich, J.E.; Benning, C.; Drmann, P.
The digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase DGD1 is inserted into the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts in a manner independent of the general import pathway and does not depend on direct interaction with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase for DGDG biosynthesis
J. Biol. Chem.
276
31806-31812
2001
Arabidopsis sp.
brenda
Kelly, A.A.; Drmann, P.
DGD2, an Arabidopsis gene encoding a UDP-galactose-dependent digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase is expressed during growth under phosphate-limiting conditions
J. Biol. Chem.
277
1166-1173
2002
Arabidopsis sp.
brenda
Benning, C.; Ohta, H.
Three enzyme systems for galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis are coordinately regulated in plants
J. Biol. Chem.
280
2397-2400
2005
Arabidopsis sp.
brenda
Kelly, A.A.; Froehlich, J.E.; Dormann, P.
Disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis
Plant Cell
15
2694-2706
2003
Arabidopsis sp.
brenda
Hrtel, H.; Dormann, P.; Benning, C.
DGD1-independent biosynthesis of extraplastidic galactolipids after phosphate deprivation in Arabidopsis
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97
10649-10654
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Hofmann, N.R.; Theg, S.M.
Protein- and energy-mediated targeting of chloroplast outer envelope membrane proteins
Plant J.
44
917-927
2005
Physcomitrium patens
brenda
Torres-Franklin, M.L.; Gigon, A.; de Melo, D.F.; Zuily-Fodil, Y.; Pham-Thi, A.T.
Drought stress and rehydration affect the balance between MGDG and DGDG synthesis in cowpea leaves
Physiol. Plant.
131
201-210
2007
Vigna unguiculata (A4UNX4), Vigna unguiculata (Q07A01)
brenda
Awai, K.; Watanabe, H.; Benning, C.; Nishida, I.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is required for better photosynthetic growth of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under phosphate limitation
Plant Cell Physiol.
48
1517-1523
2007
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
brenda
Ingle, R.A.; Collett, H.; Cooper, K.; Takahashi, Y.; Farrant, J.M.; Illing, N.
Chloroplast biogenesis during rehydration of the resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis: parallels to the etioplast-chloroplast transition
Plant Cell Environ.
31
1813-1824
2008
Xerophyta humilis (Q84XL8), Xerophyta humilis
brenda
Maida, E.; Awai, K.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is essential in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, but its function does not depend on its biosynthetic pathway
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1861
1309-1314
2016
Synechococcus elongatus, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942
brenda
Lin, Y.T.; Chen, L.J.; Herrfurth, C.; Feussner, I.; Li, H.M.
Reduced bosynthesis of digalactosyldiacylglycerol, a major chloroplast membrane lipid, leads to oxylipin overproduction and phloem cap lignification in Arabidopsis
Plant Cell
28
219-232
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S7D1)
brenda
Fu, B.; Brown, C.; Maeler, L.
Expression and purification of DGD2, a chloroplast outer membrane-associated glycosyltransferase for galactolipid synthesis
Biochemistry
59
999-1009
2020
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8W1S1), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Si, Z.; Yang, Q.; Liang, R.; Chen, L.; Chen, D.; Li, Y.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase gene MtDGD1 plays an essential role in nodule development and nitrogen fixation
Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.
32
1196-1209
2019
Medicago truncatula (A0A072U4F9), Medicago truncatula
brenda
Fujii, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagata, N.; Masuda, T.; Wada, H.
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is essential for organization of the membrane structure in etioplasts
Plant Physiol.
177
1487-1497
2018
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S7D1)
brenda
Kelly, A.A.; Kalisch, B.; Hoelzl, G.; Schulze, S.; Thiele, J.; Melzer, M.; Roston, R.L.; Benning, C.; Doermann, P.
Synthesis and transfer of galactolipids in the chloroplast envelope membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
113
10714-10719
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9S7D1)
brenda