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Information on EC 2.4.1.210 - limonoid glucosyltransferase
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2.4.1.210 limonoid glucosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme purified from navel orange albedo tissue also acts on the related tetranortriterpenoid nomilin.
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Word Map
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
limonoid glucosyltransferase, limonoid udp-glucosyltransferase, limonoid gtase, crlgt, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
CitLGT-1
LGT
LGTase
limonoid glucosyltransferase
limonoid GTase
limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase
SLLGT
UDP-D-glucose:limonoid glucosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-glucose:limonoid glucosyltransferase
LGTase
-
-
-
-
limonoid glucosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
limonoid GTase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-glucose + limonin + H2O = glucosyl-limonin + UDP
the enzyme purified from navel orange albedo tissue also acts on the related tetranortriterpenoid nomilin
-
UDP-glucose + limonin + H2O = glucosyl-limonin + UDP
catalytic reaction mechanism, overview
-
UDP-glucose + limonin + H2O = glucosyl-limonin + UDP
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-glucose:limonin glucosyltransferase
The enzyme purified from navel orange albedo tissue also acts on the related tetranortriterpenoid nomilin.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
195836-82-9
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-glucose + limonoate A-ring-lactone
UDP + limonin 17-beta-D-glucoside
-
-
-
?
nomilin + UDP-glucose
UDP + nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
nomilin + UDP-glucose
UDP + nomilin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
UDP-glucose + limonin
limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside + UDP
-
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Co2+
Mn2+
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
-
modifies tryptophan residues
diethyldicarbonate
-
modifies histidine residues and inactivates the enzyme, pseudo first order kinetics. When the histidine modification is reversed by hydroxylamine treatment, 79% of the activity is restored
N-bromosuccinimide
-
modifies tryptophan residues and inactivates the enzyme, loss of LGTase activity by NBS treatment is partially protected by pre-incubating the enzyme with excess limonin
additional information
-
inactivation of the enzyme following modification of carboxyl and imidazole moieties is a consequence of a loss in substrate binding and catalysis in the glucosyltransfer reaction. No inhibition by serine modifiying diisopropyl fluorophosphate and cysteine modifying 4-chloromercuribenzoate and iodoacetamide
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0813
limonin
-
pH 7.8, 37°C, enzyme immobilized covalently on chitosan cross-linked with gluteraldehyde
0.091
limonin
-
pH 7.8, 37°C, enzyme immobilized covalently on cellulose carbonate
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.4
-
enzyme immobilized covalently on chitosan cross-linked with gluteraldehyde (Chito-GA-LGTase)
7.8
7.8
-
soluble enzyme or enzyme immobilized covalently on cellulose carbonate (Ce-Ca-LGTase)
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5 - 9.5
-
pH 6.5: about 70% of maximal activity, pH 9.5: about 55% of maximal activity
additional information
-
at an acidic pH the D-ring of the substrate that should be in an open form is closed and glycosylation does not occur. The decrease in activity at acidic pH also indicates that an essential residue participates in catalytic functioning while in the unprotonated state
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
37
40
-
enzyme immobilized covalently on chitosan cross-linked with gluteraldehyde (Chito-GA-LGTase) and enzyme immobilized covalently on cellulose carbonate (Ce-Ca-LGTase)
37
-
soluble enzyme and enzyme immobilized ionically on DEAE-Toyopearl (DE-Tp-LGTase)
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
20 - 60
-
20°C: about 40% of maximal activity, 60°C: about 40% of maximal activity
20 - 70
-
20°C: about 55% of maximal activity, 70°C: about 30% of maximal activity
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Kinnow mandarin, collected from Fruit Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, during the seasons 2014-2016
UniProt
brenda
the genotype of the CitLGT locus in navel orange is homozygous for CitLGT-1 (CitLGT-1/CitLGT-1), whereas. The levels of non-bitter limonoid glucosides in navel orange fruit are quite low at the early-to mid-developmental stage due to a defective CitLGT-2
-
-
brenda
the genotype of the CitLGT is heterozygous for CitLGT-1 and CitLGT-2 (CitLGT-1/CitLGT-2)
-
-
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
expression of CitLGT-2 is a prerequisite for the accumulation of non-bitter limonoid glucosides at the early- to mid-developmental stage of fruit
brenda
additional information
transcript expression of CrLGT in vegetative and fruit tissues of Kinnow mandarin, evaluated in different tissues such as young leaf, flavedo, albedo, sac covering and seed of Kinnow mandarin during early (90 days after flowering (DAF)), mid (150-210 DAF) and late (240 DAF) fruit developmental stages using semi-quantitative method, shows the highest expression in flavedo
brenda
additional information
-
transcript expression of CrLGT in vegetative and fruit tissues of Kinnow mandarin, evaluated in different tissues such as young leaf, flavedo, albedo, sac covering and seed of Kinnow mandarin during early (90 days after flowering (DAF)), mid (150-210 DAF) and late (240 DAF) fruit developmental stages using semi-quantitative method, shows the highest expression in flavedo
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
overexpression of the LGT gene can reduce the delayed bitterness problem in citrus juice and enhance the accumulation of specific glucosides that have anticancer effects
metabolism
physiological function
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a natural debittering enzyme, because the delayed bitterness problem is caused mainly by limonoid aglycones such as limonin. THe product of LGT reaction, limonin 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside, in non-bitter and has anticancer potential in animals including humans
additional information
evolution
the enzyme belongs to clade C of flavonoid and limonoid glucosyltransferases
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview. Limonoid glucosyltransferases belong to the family of glycosyltransferases. Two alleles (CitLGT1/ CitLGT2) of LGT at a single locus which are related to the dexadlayed bitterness in Citrus. The CitLGT2 differs from CitLGT1 by 15 nucleotide substitutions and these subxadstitutions are scattered throughout the coding region of the gene
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview. Limonoid glucosyltransferases belong to the family of glyxadcosyltransferases
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview. Limonoid glucosyltransferases belong to the family of glyxadcosyltransferases
evolution
limonoids are highly oxygenated triterpenes present mostly in Rutaceae and other limited plants of Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae, tissue distribution, overview. Limonoid glucosyltransferases belong to the family of glyxadcosyltransferases
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the superfamily PLN03004 (UDP-glycosyltransferase). Citrus reticulata limonoid glucosyltransferase (CrLGT) occupies a position on an independent branch in the largest subgroup and is phylogenetically different from those in other mandarin species like Citrus unshiu, showing its uniqueness in several features
metabolism
enzyme LGT is important in the limonoid metabolism pathway in Citrus plants. Limonoid glucosyltransfease (LGT) is the only single regulatory enzyme that is able to convert all limonoid aglycones such as nomilin, obacunone, and ichangin present in Citrus spp. to their respective glucosides, in addition to limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) to limonin glucopyranoside. During juicing process bitter limonin is immediately produced from LARL precursor by limonin D-ring lactone hydrolase (LLH) regulatory enzyme, especially in early to mid-stage developed Citrus fruits
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
metabolism
limonoid glucosyltransferase (LGT) is a regulatory enzyme in the citrus limonoid biosynthetic pathway. Limonoid biosynthesis in plants, overview
additional information
-
limonoid glucosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of bitter limonoid into non-bitter limonoid glucoside while retaining the health benefit of limonoids in the juice
additional information
inhibition of the enzyme acxadtivity by Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions suggests that thiol, carboxyl groups or histidine residues are directly or indirectly involved in the catalytic mechanism of the LGT enzyme. Inhibitory efxadfect of citraconic anhydride suggests the lysine or arginine may be involved in catalytic activity of pummelo LGT
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). LGT_CITUN
511
0
57478
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B7B406_DAVIN
375
0
42126
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A151TRJ4_CAJCA
458
0
51560
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A151TCH0_CAJCA
826
0
92122
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
A0A151TRB9_CAJCA
Cajanus indicus
440
0
49665
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A151TRB9_CAJCA
440
0
49665
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A151TCG5_CAJCA
444
0
49368
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3)
A0A151UAI3_CAJCA
455
0
51755
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A3G2SAF5_9BASI
516
0
57724
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A396JYC2_MEDTR
1119
0
125380
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A151TRA5_CAJCA
445
0
49351
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
optimization of transformation efficiency, reproducibilxadity, and regeneration for production of engineered transgenic crop plants of Citrus limon cv. Assam lemon, overview
additional information
optimization of transformation efficiency, reproducibilxadity, and regeneration for production of engineered transgenic crop plants of Citrus reticulata, overview
additional information
optimization of transformation efficiency, reproducibilxadity, and regeneration for production of engineered transgenic crop plants of Citrus sinensis cv. Mosambi, overview
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pH STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
60
-
pH 7.5, 30 min, free enzyme retains 55% of the activity, enzyme immobilized ionically on DEAE-Toyopearl retains 80% of the activity, enzyme immobilized covalently on cellulose carbonate retains 45% of the activity, enzyme immobilized covalently on chitosan cross-linked with gluteraldehyde retains 40% of the activity
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
immobilized LGTase retains more than 80% activity up to 15 cycles on cellulose carbonate, nine cycles on chitosan and six cycles on DEAE-Toyopearl
-
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
-80°C, 10 mM Mes-KOH, pH 7 allows frozen storage with full recovery of activity
-
4°C, pH 7.5, 10 mM Tris-HCl, enzyme retains 95% of the activity after 3 months, enzyme retains 73% of the activity after 9 months
-
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
native enzyme from albedo tissue
recombinant MBP-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BLR(DE3) by cobalt affinity chromatography
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
cDNA clone encoding limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase isolated, single copy gene in the citrus genome
-
Citrus unshiu is heterozygous posxadsessing both alleles, CitLGT1/CitLGT2, two alleles (CitLGT1/ CitLGT2) of LGT at a single locus
CrLGT cloning of full-length gene from a cDNA library, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, genetic structure, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, cloning in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha, RT-PCR enzyme expression analyxadsis
expression in Escherichia coli for sequencing
gene SLLGT, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and in Pichia pastoris
gene SLLGT, single copy gene encoding LGT
recombinant expression of the MBP-tagged enzyme (MBP-cuGT) in Escherichia coli strain BLR(DE3). MBP-cuGT does not exhibit any detectable effect on limonin degradation when Navel orange juice is used as the substrate. MBP-cuGT is unable to biotransform either limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) or limonoate as purified substrates. But MBP-cuGT displays a broad activity spectrum towards flavonoids, confirming that the enzyme produced is active under the conditions evaluated in vitro, expression method evaluation, overview
single copy gene encoding LGT
single copy gene encoding LGT, Citrus sinensis is homozygous for allele CitLGT1
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
food industry
medicine
nutrition
agriculture
-
whether the CitLGT-2 is present or not, is a useful molecular indicator for predetermining the levels of accumulation of non-bitter limonoid glucosides at the early- to mid-developmental stages of Satsuma mandarin and navel orange fruits. These molecular indicators will make it possible to characterize fruit traits at the seedling stage, resulting in the marker-assisted selection of hybrid progenies to predetermine whether they will accumulate non-bitter limonoid glucosides
agriculture
-
whether the CitLGT-2 is present or not, is a useful molecular indicator for predetermining the levels of accumulation of non-bitter limonoid glucosides at the early- to mid-developmental stages of Satsuma mandarin and navel orange fruits. These molecular indicators will make it possible to characterize fruit traits at the seedling stage, resulting in the marker-assisted selection of hybrid progenies to predetermine whether they will accumulate non-bitter limonoid glucosides
agriculture
-
gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene
agriculture
-
gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene
agriculture
-
gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene
agriculture
-
gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene
agriculture
-
gene sequence of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in citrus fruits with different bitterness do not vary but the pattern of expression, delayed bitterness is related to delay in expression of the limonoid glucosyltransferase gene
food industry
-
Limonoid glucosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of bitter limonoid into non-bitter limonoid glucoside while retaining the health benefit of limonoids in the juice. The immobilization of this enzyme in a column can solve the juice bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
Citxadrus limonoid glucosyltransferase which is a key playxader for natural debitterness and anticancerous potenxadtial, can be utilized for metabolic engineering of Citxadrus limonoids to get rid of delayed bitterness problem along with enhanced limonoid glucoside molecules. The presence or absence of LGT can serve as a molecxadular indicator for determining the level of accumulaxadtion of limonoid glucoside and may reflect ultimately the possibility of delayed bitterness in available Citrus germplasm. Enhanced activity of LGT in citrus fruits may increase the glucoside level, which in turn will reduce the bitterness problem
food industry
major problem in the orange industry is delayed bitterness, which is caused by limonin, a bitter compound developing from its non-bitter precursor limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) during and after extraction of orange juice. The glucosidation of LARL by limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LGT) to form non-bitter glycosyl-limonin during orange maturation has been demonstrated as a natural way to debitter by preventing the formation of limonin. Enzyme LGT activity can be used to develop biotechnology-based approaches for producing orange juice from varietals that traditionally have a delayed bitterness
food industry
overexpression of the LGT gene can reduce the delayed bitterness problem in citrus juice
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
Citxadrus limonoid metabolic engineering, and extraction as well as utilization of bioactive limonoids for health promoting and disease-preventing benefits. Limonoids are present in a very high amount in Citrus seeds and peel and thus their extractions can have commercial value. Limonoid aglycones and a mixture of limonoid glucosides are administered in human breast cancer cell lines. It has been demonstrated that limonoids are more potent than tamoxifen for estrogen-independent breast cancer cells and equally potent as tamoxifen for estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. Effects and mechanisms of limonoids on cancer cells, overview. The Citrus limonoids such as obacunone, limonin, nomilxadin and their glucosides and some aglycones are found to have cytotoxic effects against lung, oral and skin cancers in animal test system and human breast cancer cells
medicine
overexpression of the LGT gene can enhance the accumulation of specific glucosides that have anticancer effects. Citrus limoxadnoids, specifically limonoid glucosides, which are the prodxaduct of glucosyltransferase enzyme, are water-soluble and have good bioavailability and non-toxic effects in animals and huxadmans. Thus, they can easily be used as nutraceuticals and health fortifiers in many functional foods
nutrition
-
limonoid glucosides are important compounds not only for the processing industry but also for the consumer, bitterness due to limonoids is an important economic problem in commercial citrus juice production, limonoid aglycones are converted to nonbitter glucosides by the GTase, enhancement of the limonoid GTase activity through genetic engineering could reduce aglycone concentration, insertion of a gene encoding for GTase into commercial cultivars could create transgenic citrus varieties producing fruits potentially free of limonoid bitterness
nutrition
-
exploration of the possibility of using the enzyme in a bioreactor for debittering citrus juice
nutrition
overexpression of the LGT gene can enhance the accumulation of specific glucosides that have anticancer effects. Citrus limoxadnoids, specifically limonoid glucosides, which are the prodxaduct of glucosyltransferase enzyme, are water-soluble and have good bioavailability and non-toxic effects in animals and huxadmans. Thus, they can easily be used as nutraceuticals and health fortifiers in many functional foods
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
nutrition
the waste/byproduct left in Citrus juice industry can be efficiently utilized to separate these bioactive compounds to use them as nutraceutical and functional food for human health
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Sim, M.K.; Lim, B.C.
Purification of limonoid glucosyltransferase from navel orange albedo tissue
Phytochemistry
46
33-37
1997
Citrus aurantium, Citrus maxima, Citrus limonia, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Fragaria vesca
-
brenda
Kita, M.; Hirata, Y.; Moriguchi, T.; Endo-Inagaki, T.; Matsumoto, R.; Hasegawa, S.; Suhayda, C.G.; Omura, M.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene encoding limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase in Citrus
FEBS Lett.
469
173-178
2000
Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu
brenda
Kita, M.; Endo, T.; Shimada, T.; Moriguchi, T.; Hirata, Y.; Hasegawa, S.; Omura, M.
Allelic structures of UDP-glucose:limonoid glucosyltransferase affect limonoid bitterness in Citrus unshiu and C. sinensis
Euphytica
132
87-94
2003
Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu
brenda
Karim, M.R.; Hashinaga, F.
Isolation and characterization of limonoid glucosyltransferase from pummelo albedo tissue
Food Chem.
76
431-436
2002
Citrus maxima, Citrus maxima Osbeck
brenda
Endo, T.; Kita, M.; Shimada, T.; Moriguchi, T.; Hidaka, T.; Matsumoto, R.; Hasegawa, S.; Omura, M.
Modification of limonoid metabolism in suspension cell culture of Citrus
Plant Biotechnol.
19
397-403
2002
Citrus sinensis
-
brenda
Karim, M.R.; Hashinaga, F.
Preparation and properties of immobilized pummelo limonoid glucosyltransferase
Proc. Biochem.
38
809-814
2002
Citrus maxima
-
brenda
Zaare-Nahandi, F.; Hosseinkhani, S.; Zamani, Z.; Asadi-Abkenar, A.; Omidbaigi, R.
Delay expression of limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase makes delayed bitterness in citrus
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
371
59-62
2008
Citrus aurantium, Citrus x paradisi, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Citrus limettioides
brenda
Karim, M.; Hashinaga, F.
Possible role of carboxyl and imidazole groups in the catalysis of pummelo limonoid glucosyltransferase
Chin. J. Catal.
31
1445-1451
2010
Citrus maxima x Citrus paradisi
-
brenda
Devaiah, S.P.; Owens, D.K.; Sibhatu, M.B.; Sarkar, T.R.; Strong, C.L.; Mallampalli, V.K.; Asiago, J.; Cooke, J.; Kiser, S.; Lin, Z.; Wamucho, A.; Hayford, D.; Williams, B.E.; Loftis, P.; Berhow, M.; Pike, L.M.; McIntosh, C.A.
Identification, recombinant expression, and biochemical analysis of putative secondary product glucosyltransferases from Citrus paradisi
J. Agric. Food Chem.
64
1957-1969
2016
Citrus x paradisi (B2YGX8)
brenda
Arora, S.; Mohanpuria, P.; Sidhu, G.S.; Yadav, I.S.; Kumari, V.
Cloning and characterization of limonoid glucosyltransferase from Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)
Food Technol. Biotechnol.
56
228-237
2018
Citrus reticulata (A0A1I7P0P5), Citrus reticulata
brenda
Arora, S.; Mohanpuria, P.; Sidhu, G.
Citrus limonoids mechanism, function and its metabolic engineering for human health
Fruits
73
158-173
2018
Citrus reticulata (A0A1I7P0P5), Citrus maxima (A9YWH8), Citrus limettioides (B2YGX7), Citrus sinensis (B2YGX9), Citrus aurantium (B2YGY0), Citrus limon (B6RNG6), Citrus unshiu (Q9MB73)
-
brenda
Cui, Y.; Allmon, S.D.; Siegel, J.B.
Functional characterization and reclassification of an enzyme previously proposed to be a limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase
J. Sci. Food. Agric.
100
4870-4878
2020
Citrus unshiu (Q9MB73)
brenda
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