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Information on EC 2.4.1.123 - inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase
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2.4.1.123 inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
An enzyme from plants involved in the formation of raffinose and stachyose [cf. EC 2.4.1.67 (galactinol---raffinose galactosyltransferase) and EC 2.4.1.82 (galactinol---sucrose galactosyltransferase)].
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.123
- raffinose
- oligosaccharide
- stachyose
- phloem
-
desiccation
-
raffinose-family
-
symplastic
- verbascose
-
photoassimilate
- agriculture
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
BhGolS1, CjGolS, CsGolS1, galactinol synthase, galactinol synthase1, galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol, GAS, GOLS, GolS1, GS, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
galactinol synthase
galactosyltransferase, uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol
-
-
-
-
GAS
GOLS
GS
inositol 1-alpha-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-D-galactose:inositol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 1-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
uridine diphosphogalactose-inositol galactosyltransferase
-
-
-
-
galactinol synthase
-
-
-
-
GOLS
-
-
-
-
GS
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol = UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
hexosyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-galactose:myo-inositol 3-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase
An enzyme from plants involved in the formation of raffinose and stachyose [cf. EC 2.4.1.67 (galactinol---raffinose galactosyltransferase) and EC 2.4.1.82 (galactinol---sucrose galactosyltransferase)].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
79955-89-8
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
reaction is probably reversible
identical with galactinol
r
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
galactinol synthesis, which is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose and stachyose, at least 2 isoforms: GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage raffinose family oligosaccharides and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport raffinose family oligosaccharides, GolS-2 expression is much lower than that of GolS-1, galactinol may be catabolized by the reverse reaction
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stress and may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance, stress inducible enzyme plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
-
identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
responsible for galactinol synthesis, involved in raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis, cf. EC 2.4.1.67 and EC 2.4.1.82
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
-
identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
high specific affinity for UDP-Gal and myo-inositol
identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in controlling galactose oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which plays a role in seed desiccation tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
identical with galactinol
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose, under heat stress the content of raffinose oligosaccharides family members, as raffinose, stachyose, and galactinol, is enhanced
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
product identification
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different mutant lines, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different genotypes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that functions as osmoprotectants in plant cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
Q84V66
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Q9XGN3, Q9XGN4
galactinol synthesis, which is the galactosyl donor for the synthesis of raffinose and stachyose, at least 2 isoforms: GolS-1 is mainly involved in the synthesis of storage raffinose family oligosaccharides and GolS-2 in the synthesis of transport raffinose family oligosaccharides, GolS-2 expression is much lower than that of GolS-1, galactinol may be catabolized by the reverse reaction
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Q9XGN3, Q9XGN4
first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
O22893, O80518, Q9FXB2
catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stress and may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance, stress inducible enzyme plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
responsible for galactinol synthesis, involved in raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis, cf. EC 2.4.1.67 and EC 2.4.1.82
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
-
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in controlling galactose oligosaccharide biosynthesis, which plays a role in seed desiccation tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + 1-O-alpha-D-galactosyl-D-myo-inositol
Q947G8
first committed enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides, which play a role in plant stress tolerance
-
-
-
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
B6UYJ2
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
-
i.e. galactinol
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose, under heat stress the content of raffinose oligosaccharides family members, as raffinose, stachyose, and galactinol, is enhanced
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
step in biosynthesis of raffinose from sucrose
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different mutant lines, overview
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + myo-inositol
UDP + O-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1-3)-1D-myo-inositol
-
key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides from sucrose, the pathway is regulated by concentration of myo-inositol and sucrose in combination with the enzyme activity, raffinose family oligosaccharides content in different genotypes, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that functions as osmoprotectants in plant cells
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
A0MNW8
galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
galactinol synthase is responsible for the first catalytic step in raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthesis. GolS activity in planta can not be correlated with raffinose family oligosaccharides accumulation
-
-
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Mn2+
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
cold-inducible GolS-1 and 2 genes; cold-inducible GolS-1 and 2 genes
-
additional information
cold-inducible GolS-1 and 2 genes; cold-inducible GolS-1 and 2 genes
-
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS1 and 2 expression are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses and weakly induced by abscisic acid, but not by cold stress; AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress or by abscisic acid
-
additional information
-
enzyme expression is heat-inducible being induced by heat-shock proteins in all vegetative tissues, transcriptionally controlled, overview
-
additional information
osmotic or dehydration stress induces LeGOLS-1 expression, cold induces gene expression only in vegetative tissues
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
3.8
purified BhGolS1-GST fusion protein is able to catalyze galactinol synthesis, 50 mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.0, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM MnCl2 and 0.5-1 mg purified enzyme protein
additional information
additional information
-
in vivo activity at different temperatures in wild-type and transgenic plants
additional information
BhGolS1 activity enhances drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco, a higher survival rate of transgenic plants after rewatering (84.8% for S10-1 tobacco line, 72.6% for S22-5 tobacco line, 61.5% for Rd15-6 tobacco line), compared to wild type (38.4%) is observed
additional information
-
BhGolS1 activity enhances drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco, a higher survival rate of transgenic plants after rewatering (84.8% for S10-1 tobacco line, 72.6% for S22-5 tobacco line, 61.5% for Rd15-6 tobacco line), compared to wild type (38.4%) is observed
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.5
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
7.5
-
assay at, GolS enzyme activity shows neutral pH optima, corresponding to the pH of the cytosol
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
tomato, cv. Moneymaker, full length cDNA of LeGOLS-1; tomato, cv. Moneymaker, genomic sequence of LeGOLS-1
SwissProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
highest activity among all of the components of seed, much poorer source than Cucurbita pepo mature leaves
brenda
GolS-2 is primarily expressed in the phloem-associated intermediary cells known for their role in raffinose family oligosaccharides phloem loading
brenda
additional information
source and sink leaves, GolS-1 is source leaf-specific, equally weak expression of GolS-2 in all leaf types; source and sink leaves, GolS-1 is source leaf-specific, equally weak expression of GolS-2 in all leaf types
brenda
-
in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2, the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) is highly induced. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mM methylviologen increases the transcript levels of GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and the total activities of GolS isoenzymes
brenda
-
mature leaves, much richer source than Phaseolus vulgaris cotyledons
brenda
GolS-1 is primarily expressed in the mesophyll, the site of raffinose family oligosaccharides storage
brenda
high level of AtGolS1 and 2 expression in mature seeds, but very low of AtGolS3; high level of AtGolS1 and 2 expression in mature seeds, but very low of AtGolS3; high level of AtGolS1 and 2 expression in mature seeds, but very low of AtGolS3
brenda
additional information
-
enzyme expression is heat-inducible being induced by heat-shock proteins in all vegetative tissues
brenda
additional information
gene MfGolS1 transcript is not detected in untreated vegetative tissues, but greatly induced in leaves and slightly in lateral roots, but not in axial roots, stem and petioles, after cold treatment
brenda
additional information
-
gene MfGolS1 transcript is not detected in untreated vegetative tissues, but greatly induced in leaves and slightly in lateral roots, but not in axial roots, stem and petioles, after cold treatment
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides catalyzing the first committed step
physiological function
physiological function
galactinol synthase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides and plays a key regulatory role in the carbon partitioning between sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides
physiological function
first committed step of the raffinose family oligosaccharides biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
galactinol synthase catalyzes formation of galactinol and is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides. Enzyme MfGolS1 plays an important role in cold tolerance of Medicago falcata. Myoinositol may participate in cold-induced transcription of MfGolS1 that confers multiple tolerances to abiotic stresses. During cold acclimation, sugars including sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose are accumulated. The enzyme plays an important role in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses
physiological function
-
galactinol synthase catalyzes formation of galactinol and is the key enzyme in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides
physiological function
-
the enzyme is important for biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides during seed germination. Germination percentage and enzyme activities of chickpea genotypes desi and kabuli with contrasting raffinose family oligosaccharides concentrations, detailed overview
physiological function
-
galactinol synthase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), catalyzes the condensation of UDP-galactose with myo-inositol to produce galactinol as the sole donor for the synthesis of RFOs. RFOs have been implicated in mitigating effects of environmental stresses on plants. Overexpression of TsGOLS2 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved the tolerance of transgenic plants to high salinity and osmotic stress
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
Sequence
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
no modification
no putative serine phosphorylation site; no putative serine phosphorylation site
phosphoprotein
phosphoprotein
putative serine phosphorylation site at GolS-1 codon position 263
phosphoprotein
AtGolS1 protein has a putative serine phosphorylation site at position 270
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
no heat-induction of enzyme expression in heat-shock factor HSF3-overexpressing transgenic plants, construction of transgenic plants containing the enzyme-promotor::beta-glucuronidase-reporter gene constructs, which are upregulated under heat stress, phenotyping
additional information
-
low phytic mutants with reduced demand for myo-inositol due to reduced synthesis of phytic acid
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
bovine serum albumin is essential to preserve enzyme activity during the assay
-
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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PURIFICATION/commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
partially from leaves, by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion exchange chromatography
-
purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3, overexpressed in Escherichia coli; purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3, overexpressed in Escherichia coli; purification of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3, overexpressed in Escherichia coli
the soluble protein is separated by SDS-PAGE to check the molecular weight of the recombinant protein, which is then purified using Glutathione Sepharose TM 4B
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CLONED/commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
7 AtGolS genes, cloning of AtGolS1, 2 and 3, AtGolS1 and 2 are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress, AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress, overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 in Escherichia coli, overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis improves drought tolerance, AtGolS3 is controlled by the transcription factor DREB1A; 7 AtGolS genes, cloning of AtGolS1, 2 and 3, AtGolS1 and 2 are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress, AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress, overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 in Escherichia coli, overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis improves drought tolerance, AtGolS3 is controlled by the transcription factor DREB1A; 7 AtGolS genes, cloning of AtGolS1, 2 and 3, AtGolS1 and 2 are induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress, AtGolS3 is induced by cold stress, but not by drought or salt stress, overexpression of glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins GTS-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 in Escherichia coli, overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis improves drought tolerance, AtGolS3 is controlled by the transcription factor DREB1A
coding region of BhGolS1 is inframe cloned into pGEX-4T-1 downstream to GST coding region and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and BL21 codon plus cells, generation of transgenic tobacco plants, constructs are introduced into Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 by electroporation and transformed into tobacco via a leaf disc method
cold-inducible GolS-1 and -2 genes encode 2 distinct galactinol synthases, cloning and sequencing of the GolS-1 and -2 genes, deduced amino acid sequences, expression of GolS-1 cDNA in Escherichia coli as functional enzyme; cold-inducible GolS-1 and -2 genes encode 2 distinct galactinol synthases, cloning and sequencing of the GolS-1 and -2 genes, deduced amino acid sequences, expression of GolS-1 cDNA in Escherichia coli as functional enzyme
enzyme DNA as cloned into the predigested binary vector, tobacco is transformed by the leaf-disk method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing the CsGolS1 recombinant plasmid
gene MfGolS1, cloned from the cold-treated leaves by reverse transcription PCR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis, recombinant overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Zhongyan 90 seeds. Overexpression of MfGolS1 in tobacco results in elevated tolerance to freezing and chilling in transgenic plants as a result of enhanced levels of galactinol, raffinose and stachyose. Tolerance to drought and salt stresses is also increased in the transgenic tobacco plants
gene MsGolS1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis
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gene TsGOLS2, overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The contents of galactinol, raffinose, and 2-oxoglutaric acid are significantly increased in transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants, and salt-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants exhibits higher germination rate, photosynthesis ability, and seedling growth. After being treated with osmotic stress by high concentration of sorbitol, transgenic plants retain high germination rates and grow well during early development
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LeGOLS-1 gene encoding a 318-amino acids peptide is cloned, gene and cDNA structure, LeGOLS-1 expression pattern in seeds and seedlings during seed maturation and germination under various conditions, hormonal control of transcription of LeGOLS-1 in the absence of gibberellin and abscisic acid, up-regulation of gene expression before maturation desiccation and again after imbibition whenever radicle protrusion is prevented
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
a WRKY transcription factor participates in dehydration tolerance in Boea hygrometrica by binding to the W-box elements of the galactinol synthase promoter, GolS genes are induced by a variety of stresses in both stress-sensitive and tolerant-plant species, mRNA and protein accumulate in leaves dehydrated for 2-48 h, and disappear after rehydration, BhGolS1 is rapidly induced by abscisic acid at the mRNA level after 0.5 h and at the protein level after 8 h
at 3 to 5 days after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, the CsGolS1 overexpressors show more resistance to the pathogen infection (40 to 63% increase in the survival rate) compared with wild-type plants, expression of a galactinol synthase gene is primed in the leaves of cucumber plants by Pseudomonaschlororaphis O6 root colonization, the transcript of the Cucumis sativus induced systemic resistance gene 3 (CsISR3) clone, encoding a cucumber galactinol synthase is accumulated after a challenge inoculation with Corynespora cassiicola
gene expression of Os07g0687900 encoding galactinol synthase is upregulated by overexpression of the transcription factor 11 (WRKY11) induced by heat pretreatment
overexpression of the CsGolS1 gene confers resistance in transgenic tobacco plants against fungal and bacterial pathogens, the CsGolS1-overexpressing transgenic plants demonstrate constitutive resistance against the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Erwinia carotovora, and they show an increased accumulation in galactinol content, the CsGolS1-overexpressing transgenic plants demonstrate an increased tolerance to drought and high salinity stresses
the enzyme is greatly induced in leaves, but not in stem and petiole, after cold treatment. MfGolS1 can be induced by myo-inositol, which is proposed to participate in cold-induced MfGolS1 expression. MfGolS1 transcript is weakly induced by dehydration and salt stresses, but not responsive to abscisic acid
the enzyme is slightly and short-time induced by cold treatment with low levels of accumulation of sugars including sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
transgenic plants show constitutive resistance against fungal and bacterial pathogens and an increased tolerance to drought and high salinity stresses
additional information
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the enzyme an important target to reduce raffinose family oligosaccharides concentration in chickpea seeds
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Pharr, D.M.; Sox, H.N.; Locy, R.D.; Huber, S.C.
Partial characterization of the galactinol forming enzyme from leaves of Cucumis sativus L.
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23
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Cucumis sativus
-
brenda
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Cucurbita pepo, Phaseolus vulgaris
brenda
Downie, B.; Gurusinghe, S.; Dahal, P.; Thacker, R.R.; Snyder, J.C.; Nonogaki, H.; Yim, K.; Fukanaga, K.; Alvarado, V.; Bradford, K.J.
Expression of a galactinol synthase gene in tomato seeds is up-regulated before maturation desiccation and again after imbibition whenever radicle protrusion is prevented
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131
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2003
Solanum lycopersicum (Q947G8), Solanum lycopersicum
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Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis thaliana (O22893), Arabidopsis thaliana (O80518), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FXB2)
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Ajuga reptans, Ajuga reptans (Q9XGN3), Ajuga reptans (Q9XGN4)
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Production of galactinol from sucrose by plant enzymes
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
67
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Cucumis sativus
brenda
Karner, U.; Peterbauer, T.; Raboy, V.; Jones, D.A.; Hedley, C.L.; Richter, A.
myo-Inositol and sucrose concentrations affect the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides in seeds
J. Exp. Bot.
55
1981-1987
2004
Hordeum vulgare, Pisum sativum
brenda
Panikulangara, T.J.; Eggers-Schumacher, G.; Wunderlich, M.; Stransky, H.; Schoffl, F.
Galactinol synthase1. A novel heat shock factor target gene responsible for heat-induced synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiol.
136
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2004
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Takanashi, K.; Shitan, N.; Sugiyama, A.; Kamimoto, Y.; Hamamoto, M.; Iwaki, T.; Takegawa, K.; Yazaki, K.
Galactinol synthase gene of Coptis japonica is involved in berberine tolerance
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
72
398-405
2008
Coptis japonica (B0I373), Coptis japonica
brenda
Peters, S.; Mundree, S.G.; Thomson, J.A.; Farrant, J.M.; Keller, F.
Protection mechanisms in the resurrection plant Xerophyta viscosa (Baker): both sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate in leaves in response to water deficit
J. Exp. Bot.
58
1947-1956
2007
Xerophyta viscosa (A0MNW8), Xerophyta viscosa
brenda
Nishizawa, A.; Yabuta, Y.; Shigeoka, S.
Galactinol and raffinose constitute a novel function to protect plants from oxidative damage
Plant Physiol.
147
1251-1263
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Kim, M.S.; Cho, S.M.; Kang, E.Y.; Im, Y.J.; Hwangbo, H.; Kim, Y.C.; Ryu, C.M.; Yang, K.Y.; Chung, G.C.; Cho, B.H.
Galactinol is a signaling component of the induced systemic resistance caused by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 root colonization
Mol. Plant Microbe Interact.
21
1643-1653
2008
Cucumis sativus, Cucumis sativus (Q84V66)
brenda
Wu, X.; Kishitani, S.; Ito, Y.; Toriyama, K.
Accumulation of raffinose in rice seedlings overexpressing OsWRKY11 in relation to desiccation tolerance
Plant Biotechnol.
26
431-434
2009
Oryza sativa (Q40710)
brenda
Schneider, T.; Keller, F.
Raffinose in chloroplasts is synthesized in the cytosol and transported across the chloroplast envelope
Plant Cell Physiol.
50
2174-2182
2009
Ajuga reptans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Wang, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, L.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; Phillips, J.; Deng, X.
A WRKY transcription factor participates in dehydration tolerance in Boea hygrometrica by binding to the W-box elements of the galactinol synthase (BhGolS1) promoter
Planta
230
1155-1166
2009
Dorcoceras hygrometricum (B6UYJ2), Dorcoceras hygrometricum
brenda
Zhuo, C.; Wang, T.; Lu, S.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.; Guo, Z.
A cold responsive galactinol synthase gene from Medicago falcata (MfGolS1) is induced by myo-inositol and confers multiple tolerances to abiotic stresses
Physiol. Plant.
149
67-78
2013
Medicago falcata (B9VV96), Medicago falcata, Medicago sativa
brenda
Gangola, M.P.; Jaiswal, S.; Kannan, U.; Gaur, P.M.; Baga, M.; Chibbar, R.N.
Galactinol synthase enzyme activity influences raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulation in developing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds
Phytochemistry
125
88-98
2016
Cicer arietinum
brenda
Sun, Z.; Qi, X.; Wang, Z.; Li, P.; Wu, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, Y.
Overexpression of TsGOLS2, a galactinol synthase, in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances tolerance to high salinity and osmotic stresses
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
69
82-89
2013
Eutrema salsugineum
brenda
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