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Information on EC 2.4.1.11 - glycogen(starch) synthase
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2.4.1.11 glycogen(starch) synthaseIUBMB Comments
The accepted name varies according to the source of the enzyme and the nature of its synthetic product (cf. EC 2.4.1.1, phosphorylase). Glycogen synthase from animal tissues is a complex of a catalytic subunit and the protein glycogenin. The enzyme requires glucosylated glycogenin as a primer; this is the reaction product of EC 2.4.1.186 (glycogenin glucosyltransferase). A similar enzyme utilizes ADP-glucose (EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase).
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Word Map
- 2.4.1.11
- kinase-3
- phosphorylase
-
insulin-stimulated
- hepatocytes
- alzheimer
- 3-kinase
-
clamp
- mellitus
- tau
- hexokinase
-
neuroprotective
- hyperglycemia
- 6-phosphate
- lithium
- phosphatidylinositol
- glucose-6-phosphatase
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glycogenolysis
- amylose
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disposal
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hyperphosphorylation
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insulin-resistant
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insulin-mediated
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hyperinsulinemic
- irs-1
-
waxy
-
glycogenesis
- amylopectin
- licl
- adp-glucose
- niddm
- glucokinase
- soleus
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glucose-6-p
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non-insulin-dependent
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insulin-induced
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amp-dependent
-
vastus
-
euglycemic
- phosphatase-1
- gsk-3beta
- agpase
-
debranching
-
p-gsk-3
- medicine
- substrate-1
-
2,6-bisphosphate
-
euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic
-
nonoxidative
- phosvitin
- kinase-3beta
- nutrition
- lafora
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
glycogen synthase, gbssi, granule-bound starch synthase, starch synthase i, granule bound starch synthase, gsy2p, glycogen synthase 2, gys-2, tvag_258220, glycogen synthase-2, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen
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glycogen synthetase (starch)
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GSY2p
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UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase
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UDP-glycogen synthase
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UDPG-glycogen synthetase
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UDPG-glycogen transglucosylase
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uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexosyl group transfer
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-
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-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
UDP-glucose:glycogen 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase
The accepted name varies according to the source of the enzyme and the nature of its synthetic product (cf. EC 2.4.1.1, phosphorylase). Glycogen synthase from animal tissues is a complex of a catalytic subunit and the protein glycogenin. The enzyme requires glucosylated glycogenin as a primer; this is the reaction product of EC 2.4.1.186 (glycogenin glucosyltransferase). A similar enzyme utilizes ADP-glucose (EC 2.4.1.21, starch synthase).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9014-56-6
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ADP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
ADP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
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-
-
?
ADP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
Cyanophora paradoxa synthesizes amylose with a granule-bound starch synthase displaying a preference for UDP-glucose
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-
?
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
UDP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
the enzyme prefers UDP-alpha-D-glucose over ADP-alpha-D-glucose
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-
?
UDP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
Cyanophora paradoxa synthesizes amylose with a granule-bound starch synthase displaying a preference for UDP-glucose
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?
UDP-glucose + amylopectin
UDP + amylose + ?
enzyme polymerizes glucose residues to the outer chains of amylopectin. These chains subsequently are cleaved off amylopectin to generate mature amylose
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?
additional information
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enzyme is able to use both ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose but displays a sixfold higher Vmax with UDP-glucose
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme is able to use both ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose but displays a sixfold higher Vmax with UDP-glucose
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?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n
UDP + [(1->4)-alpha-D-glucosyl]n+1
the enzyme prefers UDP-alpha-D-glucose over ADP-alpha-D-glucose
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-
?
UDP-glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n
UDP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n+1
Cyanophora paradoxa synthesizes amylose with a granule-bound starch synthase displaying a preference for UDP-glucose
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-
?
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme deficiency
Polyglucosan neurotoxicity caused by glycogen branching enzyme deficiency can be reversed by inhibition of glycogen synthase.
Acute Kidney Injury
Effect of acetazolamide on lithium reabsorption and lithium-induced GSK3? phosphorylation in rat kidney.
Acute Kidney Injury
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition attenuates fibroblast activation and development of fibrosis following renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice.
Acute Kidney Injury
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor ameliorates imbalance of connexin 43 in an acute kidney injury model.
Acute Kidney Injury
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibits tubular regeneration in acute kidney injury by a FoxM1-dependent mechanism.
Acute Kidney Injury
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? attenuates acute kidney injury in sodium taurocholate?induced severe acute pancreatitis in rats.
Acute Kidney Injury
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? prevents NSAID-induced acute kidney injury.
Acute Kidney Injury
Pharmacologically Inhibiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Ameliorates Renal Inflammation and Nephrotoxicity in an Animal Model of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.
Acute Kidney Injury
Specific deletion of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in the renal proximal tubule protects against acute nephrotoxic injury in mice.
Acute Kidney Injury
[Experimental study on the mechanism of glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor on acute kidney injury of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats].
Acute Lung Injury
Glycogen synthase kinase?3? inhibitor reduces LPS?induced acute lung injury in mice.
Adenocarcinoma
Tamoxifen exerts oestrogen-agonistic effects on proliferation and plasminogen activation, but not on gelatinase activity, glycogen metabolism and p53 protein expression, in cultures of oestrogen-responsive human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells.
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
Inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase attenuates cell migration and proliferation of the human lung adenocarcinoma through phospho-GSK-3? and osteopontin.
Adenoma, Liver Cell
Unusual histochemical pattern in preneoplastic hepatic foci characterized by hyperactivity of several enzymes.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Expression of Wnt-signaling pathway proteins in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: a tissue microarray analysis.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
IL-3R-alpha blockade inhibits tumor endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated vessel formation by targeting the ?-catenin pathway.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Influence of miR-155 on behaviors of depression mice through regulating Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Insulin signaling regulates a functional interaction between adenomatous polyposis coli and cytoplasmic dynein.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
LncNEN885 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by partially regulation of Wnt/?-catenin signalling in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
MicroRNA-1229 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity and activates Wnt/?-catenin signaling in breast cancer.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Novel method for high throughput DNA methylation marker evaluation using PNA-probe library hybridization and MALDI-TOF detection.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Whole blueberry powder modulates the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast tumors in nude mice.
Adrenal Insufficiency
Dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment in beef cattle: influence on glycogen deposition and gene expression in the liver.
Alzheimer Disease
((E)-N-(4-(((2-Amino-5-phenylpyridin-3-yl)imino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide) Ameliorated A?1-42-Induced Alzheimer's Disease in SD Rats by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis.
Alzheimer Disease
Acetyl-L-Carnitine ameliorates spatial memory deficits induced by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C.
Alzheimer Disease
Arylbenzofurans from the Root Bark of Morus alba as Triple Inhibitors of Cholinesterase, ?-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Association of a GSK-3? Polymorphism with Brain Resting-State Function in Amnestic-Type Mild Cognitive Impairment.
Alzheimer Disease
AZD1080, a novel GSK3 inhibitor, rescues synaptic plasticity deficits in rodent brain and exhibits peripheral target engagement in humans.
Alzheimer Disease
Combination of PKC? Activation and PTP1B Inhibition Effectively Suppresses A?-Induced GSK-3? Activation and Tau Phosphorylation.
Alzheimer Disease
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-Chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibitors.
Alzheimer Disease
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as novel non-ATP competitive inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?).
Alzheimer Disease
Development of a Cellular Tau Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method for Screening GSK-3? Inhibitors.
Alzheimer Disease
Development of Bisindole-Substituted Aminopyrazoles as Novel GSK-3? Inhibitors with Suppressive Effects against Microglial Inflammation and Oxidative Neurotoxicity.
Alzheimer Disease
Dietary Supplementation with Curcumin Reduce Circulating Levels of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Adults with High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Discovery and Evaluation of Enantiopure 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles as Nanomolar GSK-3? Inhibitors with Improved Metabolic Stability.
Alzheimer Disease
Discovery of Novel Potent and Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? (GSK3?) Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Pyrazines.
Alzheimer Disease
Discovery of Selective, Substrate-Competitive, and Passive Membrane Permeable Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of New C-Glycosylflavones.
Alzheimer Disease
Exploring Structural and Physicochemical Profiles of Potential GSK-3? Inhibitors Using Structure- and Ligand-Based Modeling Studies.
Alzheimer Disease
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is associated with neuronal and glial hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.
Alzheimer Disease
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK3?) expression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: A light and electron microscopy study.
Alzheimer Disease
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? regulates fractalkine production by altering its trafficking from Golgi to plasma membrane: implications for Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?2 has lower phosphorylation activity to tau than glycogen synthase kinase-3?1.
Alzheimer Disease
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?: a mediator of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer Disease
GSK-3? Disrupts Neuronal Oscillatory Function to Inhibit Learning and Memory in Male Rats.
Alzheimer Disease
GSK3?, CREB, and BDNF in peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression.
Alzheimer Disease
IL-33 suppresses GSK-3? activation through an ST2-independent MyD88/TRAF6/RIP/PI3K/Akt pathway.
Alzheimer Disease
In silico screening of glycogen synthase kinase-3? targeted ligands against acetylcholinesterase and its probable relevance to Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Indirubin Derivative 7-Bromoindirubin-3-Oxime (7Bio) Attenuates A? Oligomer-Induced Cognitive Impairments in Mice.
Alzheimer Disease
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? by Angelica sinensis extract decreases ?-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity and tau phosphorylation in cultured cortical neurons.
Alzheimer Disease
Insight into glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitory activity of phyto-constituents from Melissa officinalis: in silico studies.
Alzheimer Disease
Insulin Suppresses the Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein, Presenilins, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta} in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
Alzheimer Disease
Isoform-selective decrease of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3?) reduces synaptic tau phosphorylation, transcellular spreading, and aggregation.
Alzheimer Disease
Lithium treatment induces proteasomal degradation of over-expressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE-S) and inhibit GSK3?
Alzheimer Disease
Long-Term Treatment with Lithium Alleviates Memory Deficits and Reduces Amyloid-? Production in an Aged Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mouse Model.
Alzheimer Disease
Networking with proline-directed protein kinases implicated in tau phosphorylation.
Alzheimer Disease
Novel 18F-Labeled Isonicotinamide-Based Radioligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?.
Alzheimer Disease
Probing the physicochemical and structural requirements for glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha inhibition: 2D-QSAR for 3-anilino-4-phenylmaleimides.
Alzheimer Disease
Prolyl Isomerase Pin1 Promotes Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Turnover by Inhibiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? (GSK3?) Activity: NOVEL MECHANISM FOR Pin1 TO PROTECT AGAINST ALZHEIMER DISEASE.
Alzheimer Disease
Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives' Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Is the Pharmacological Basis of Kangen-Karyu in Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Schisantherin B ameliorates A?1-42-induced cognitive decline via restoration of GLT-1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease
Stereoisomers of Schisandrin B Are Potent ATP Competitive GSK-3? Inhibitors with Neuroprotective Effects against Alzheimer's Disease: Stereochemistry and Biological Activity.
Alzheimer Disease
Subcutaneous administration of liraglutide ameliorates learning and memory impairment by modulating tau hyperphosphorylation via the glycogen synthase kinase-3? pathway in an amyloid ? protein induced alzheimer disease mouse model.
Alzheimer Disease
Synthesis and evaluation of [(11)C]PyrATP-1, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?).
Alzheimer Disease
Targeting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? for Therapeutic Benefit against Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease: Involvement of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway.
Alzheimer Disease
The new indirubin derivative inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3, 6-BIDECO and 6-BIMYEO, prevent tau phosphorylation and apoptosis induced by the inhibition of protein phosphatase-2A by okadaic acid in cultured neurons.
Alzheimer Disease
The peripheral messenger RNA expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3? genes in Alzheimer's disease patients: a preliminary study.
Alzheimer Disease
Treadmill exercise decreases incidence of Alzheimer's disease by suppressing glycogen synthase kinase-3? expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Alzheimer Disease
Up-regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) -1alpha and HIF-Target Genes in Cortical Neurons by the Novel Multifunctional Iron Chelator Anti-Alzheimer Drug, M30.
Alzheimer Disease
Valproic Acid Modifies Synaptic Structure and Accelerates Neurite Outgrowth Via the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Signaling Pathway in an Alzheimer's Disease Model.
Alzheimer Disease
[Advances in the experimental mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on Wnt/?-catenin pathway].
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Brief review of the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Severe Cardiac Dysfunction and Death Caused by Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Type 5 Are Improved by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?.
Arthritis
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? protects against collagen type II-induced arthritis associated with the inhibition of miR155/24 and inflammation and upregulation of apoptosis in rats.
Arthritis, Experimental
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? suppresses inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and collagen-induced arthritis.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
Glycogen Metabolism and Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Glycogen Synthase 1 in Regulation of Synovial Inflammation via Blocking AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? protects against collagen type II-induced arthritis associated with the inhibition of miR155/24 and inflammation and upregulation of apoptosis in rats.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? suppresses inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and collagen-induced arthritis.
Asthma
Airway smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy correlate with glycogen synthase kinase-3(beta) phosphorylation in a mouse model of asthma.
Astrocytoma
Chromatin Remodeling Factor LSH is Upregulated by the LRP6-GSK3?-E2F1 Axis Linking Reversely with Survival in Gliomas.
Astrocytoma
R3F, a novel membrane-associated glycogen targeting subunit of protein phosphatase 1 regulates glycogen synthase in astrocytoma cells in response to glucose and extracellular signals.
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Expression pattern of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), p53, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3? in the striatum of rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet is alleviated by lithium chloride via reduction of VCAM expression in ApoE-deficient mice.
Atherosclerosis
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and glycogen synthase kinase-3? activation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse models of accelerated atherosclerosis.
Brain Ischemia
Arachidonyl-2-Chloroethylamide Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia Injury Through Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?-Mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Functional Improvement.
Breast Neoplasms
Delphinidin suppresses breast carcinogenesis through the HOTAIR/microRNA-34a axis.
Breast Neoplasms
Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death via the glycogen synthase kinase-3?-mediated B-cell lymphoma 2 regulation.
Breast Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta} (GSK3{beta}) Negatively Regulates PTTG1/Human Securin Protein Stability, and GSK3{beta} Inactivation Correlates with Securin Accumulation in Breast Tumors.
Breast Neoplasms
MicroRNA-1229 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity and activates Wnt/?-catenin signaling in breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms
PGK1-coupled HSP90 stabilizes GSK3? expression to regulate the stemness of breast cancer stem cells.
Carcinogenesis
A novel indirubin derivative that increases somatic cell plasticity and inhibits tumorigenicity.
Carcinogenesis
Adiponectin modulates the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway and attenuates mammary tumorigenesis of MDA-MB-231 cells in nude mice.
Carcinogenesis
Clinicohistopathological implications of phosphoserine 9 glycogen synthase kinase-3?/ ?-catenin in urinary bladder cancer patients.
Carcinogenesis
FAM134B induces tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinogenesis
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?, NF-?B signaling, and tumorigenesis of human osteosarcoma.
Carcinogenesis
Inhibitory effects of lupeal acetate of Cortex periplocae on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis.
Carcinogenesis
Nimbolide, a neem limonoid inhibits Phosphatidyl Inositol-3 Kinase to activate Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis.
Carcinogenesis
PTEN regulates apoptotic cell death through PI3-K/Akt/GSK3? signaling pathway in DMH induced early colon carcinogenesis in rat.
Carcinogenesis
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) in endometrial carcinoma: A carcinogenesis, progression, prognosis, and target therapy marker.
Carcinoid Tumor
The Role of Lithium in Management of Endocrine Tumors-A Comprehensive Review.
Carcinoma
Activity of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase and glucose 6-phosphate content in renal clear cell carcinomas.
Carcinoma
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its involvement in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and invasion.
Carcinoma
Glycogen synthesis in mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The presence of an endogenous inhibitor for activation of glycogen synthase.
Carcinoma
miR-203a regulates proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3? in human renal cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma
miRNA-99b-3p functions as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3? in oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca-8113 cells.
Carcinoma
Overexpression of interleukin-18 protein reduces viability and induces apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? signaling.
Carcinoma
The inactive form of glycogen synthase kinase-3? is associated with the development of carcinomas in galectin-3 wild-type mice, but not in galectin-3-deficient mice.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A Novel Partial Agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ? with Excellent Effect on Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Activities of key gluconeogenic enzymes and glycogen synthase in rat and human livers, hepatomas, and hepatoma cell cultures.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
AICAR positively regulate glycogen synthase activity and LDL receptor expression through Raf-1/MEK/p42/44MAPK/p90RSK/GSK-3 signaling cascade.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Analysis of insulin action using differentiated and dedifferentiated hepatoma cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Contrasting interactions between phorbol ester and insulin on the regulation of glycogen synthase activity and p33 mRNA accumulation in rat hepatoma cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Cytosolic protein phosphatases of rat ascites hepatoma AH-13 as compared with those of rat liver: isolation and characterization of a novel protein phosphatase.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? antagonizes ROS-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell death through suppression of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and may mediate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? regulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis via the NF-?B pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Glycogen synthase turnover and phosphorylation in rat H4IIE hepatoma cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Insulin stimulates protein synthesis of glycogen synthase in rat hepatoma H4 cells associated with acceleration of translation rate.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Liver glycogen synthase but not the muscle isoform differentiates between glucose 6-phosphate produced by glucokinase or hexokinase.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Long term regulation of glycogen metabolizing enzymes by insulin in H4 hepatoma cells.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Long-term effects of insulin on the enzyme activity and messenger RNA of glycogen synthase in rat hepatoma H4 cells: an effect of insulin on glycogen synthase mRNA stability.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Oral Porphyromonas gingivalis translocates to the liver and regulates hepatic glycogen synthesis through the Akt/GSK-3? signaling pathway.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Particulate-associated protein phosphatases of rat hepatomas as compared with the enzymes of rat liver.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Sirtuin 3 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through the glycogen synthase kinase-3?/BCL2-associated X protein-dependent apoptotic pathway.
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
Expression levels of MRP1, GST-?, and GSK3? in ovarian cancer and the relationship with drug resistance and prognosis of patients.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
miR-203a regulates proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3? in human renal cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Overexpression of interleukin-18 protein reduces viability and induces apoptosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? signaling.
Cardiomegaly
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha prevents glycogen synthase 3beta phosphorylation and inhibits cardiac hypertrophy.
Cardiomegaly
Glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha reduces cardiac growth and pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases.
Cardiomegaly
GSK-3?/NFAT Signaling Is Involved in Testosterone-Induced Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy.
Cardiomyopathies
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Promotes Fatty Acid Uptake and Lipotoxic Cardiomyopathy.
Cardiomyopathies
Severe Cardiac Dysfunction and Death Caused by Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Type 5 Are Improved by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?.
Central Nervous System Diseases
Activation of AKT/GSK3? pathway by TDZD-8 attenuates kainic acid induced neurodegeneration but not seizures in mice.
Central Nervous System Diseases
BIO alleviates inflammation through inhibition of GSK-3? in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Central Nervous System Diseases
Lithium chloride promoted hematoma resolution after intracerebral hemorrhage through GSK-3?-mediated pathways-dependent microglia phagocytosis and M2-phenotype differentiation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis in a rat model.
Central Nervous System Diseases
The neuroprotective effect of lithium chloride on cognitive impairment through glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage rats.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
GSK-3? Inhibition Induced Neuroprotection, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery After Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Lithium posttreatment confers neuroprotection through glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage rats.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
The neuroprotective effect of lithium chloride on cognitive impairment through glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage rats.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
[Gly14]-Humanin Offers Neuroprotection through Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibition in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Cholangiocarcinoma
[Expression of pGSK-3?? Tyr279216 and XIAP proteins in cholangiocarcinoma and their clinical significance].
Choline Deficiency
Accumulation of 1,2-sn-diradylglycerol with increased membrane-associated protein kinase C may be the mechanism for spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in choline-deficient rats.
Choriocarcinoma
Glycogen synthesis by choriocarcinoma cells in vitro. Active synthesis in the presence of the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form of glycogen synthase.
Choriocarcinoma
Regulation of glycogen synthase activity in choriocarcinoma cells. Effect of glucose starvation on the conversion of synthase D to synthase I and the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Endoplasmic reticulum stress implicated in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Colonic Neoplasms
Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming and Cell Proliferation Arrest in Colorectal Micropapillary Carcinoma.
Colonic Neoplasms
Novel method for high throughput DNA methylation marker evaluation using PNA-probe library hybridization and MALDI-TOF detection.
Colonic Neoplasms
Nuclear expression of Glycogen synthase kinase-3? and lack of membranous ?-catenin is correlated with poor survival in colon cancer.
Colonic Neoplasms
Octreotide stimulates somatostatin receptor-induced apoptosis of SW480 colon cancer cells by activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3?, A Wnt/?-catenin pathway modulator.
Colonic Neoplasms
PAR2-dependent activation of GSK3? regulates the survival of colon stem/progenitor cells.
Colonic Neoplasms
Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking of substituted 3-(2-methylbenzofuran-3-yl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
Colonic Neoplasms
Upregulation of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 expression by membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase-1/prostaglandin E2 requires glycogen synthase kinase 3?-mediated signal transduction in colon cancer cells.
Colonic Neoplasms
Wnt pathway activator TWS119 enhances the proliferation and cytolytic activity of human ??T cells against colon cancer.
Colorectal Neoplasms
An Association Study Between Genetic Polymorphisms in Functional Regions of Five Genes and the Risk of Schizophrenia.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Colorectal cancer cells require glycogen synthase kinase-3? for sustaining mitosis via translocated promoter region (TPR)-dynein interaction.
Colorectal Neoplasms
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induces an Antitumor Immune Response Mediated by NKG2D Receptor.
Corticobasal Degeneration
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is associated with neuronal and glial hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.
Dehydration
Alterations in the levels of glycogen and glycogen synthase transcripts during desiccation in the insect-killing nematode Steinernema feltiae IS-6.
Dementia
Acetyl-L-Carnitine ameliorates spatial memory deficits induced by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C.
Dementia
Orengedokuto and san'oshashinto improve memory deficits by inhibiting aging-dependent activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Dementia
The pharmacology of neurotrophic treatment with Cerebrolysin: brain protection and repair to counteract pathologies of acute and chronic neurological disorders.
Demyelinating Diseases
The mechanism of Naringin-enhanced remyelination after spinal cord injury.
Diabetes Mellitus
(WO2011057959) indole and indazole derivatives as glycogen synthase activators: a patent evaluation.
Diabetes Mellitus
A paired-sibling analysis of the XbaI polymorphism in the muscle glycogen synthase gene.
Diabetes Mellitus
Adipose tissue glycogen synthase activation by in vivo insulin in spontaneously insulin-resistant and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rhesus monkeys.
Diabetes Mellitus
Association of GYS1 and beta(3)-AR gene with postprandial hyperglycemia and serum uric acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
Chloroquine stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase in muscle cells through activation of Akt.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus abrogates the cardioprotection of sufentanil against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by altering glycogen synthase kinase-3?
Diabetes Mellitus
Dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase COOH- and NH2-Terminal Phosphorylation by Insulin in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and may mediate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycaemia compensates for the defects in insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and in the activation of glycogen synthase in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoxemic stimulation of heart glycogen synthase and synthesis. Effects of insulin and diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
Impaired glycogen synthase activating system in human diabetic polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Diabetes Mellitus
In vivo insulin action and muscle glycogen synthase activity in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: effects of diet treatment.
Diabetes Mellitus
Intracellular glucose and fat metabolism in identical twins discordant for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): acquired versus genetic metabolic defects?
Diabetes Mellitus
Multiple defects in muscle glycogen synthase activity contribute to reduced glycogen synthesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists have complementary effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in human skeletal muscle.
Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced glycogen phosphorylase activity in denervated hindlimb muscles of rat is related to muscle atrophy and fibre type.
Diabetes Mellitus
Reduced glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle from obese patients with and without type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus
[DNA polymorphism in the human glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Japanese]
Diabetes Mellitus
[Experimental models of diabetes mellitus of the 1st and 2nd types in rats: regulation of activity of glycogen synthase by peptides of the insulin superfamily and by epidermal growth factor in skeletal muscles].
Diabetes Mellitus
[Microsatellite polymorphism of muscle glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus]
Diabetes Mellitus
[The regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycogen synthase activities by insulin superfamily peptides in myometrium of pregnant women and its impairments under different types of diabetes mellitus]
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
Changes of activity of liver glycogen synthase in experimental diabetes mellitus rats.
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
Effects of alloxan diabetes on the turnover of rat liver glycogen synthase. Comparison with liver phosphorylase.
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
[Deficiency in hepatic uptake of glucose in chronic diabetes mellitus]
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
[Experimental models of diabetes mellitus of the 1st and 2nd types in rats: regulation of activity of glycogen synthase by peptides of the insulin superfamily and by epidermal growth factor in skeletal muscles].
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Expression of constitutively activated Gialpha2 in vivo ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of physical training.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Mechanism of impaired insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Post-marathon paradox in IDDM: unchanged insulin sensitivity in spite of glycogen depletion.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
[CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN TYPE 1 DIABETIC RATS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE KIDNEY BEAN PODS AQUEOUS EXTRACT APPLICATION].
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
(WO2011057959) indole and indazole derivatives as glycogen synthase activators: a patent evaluation.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A defect in glycogen synthesis characterizes insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Adipocyte glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in obese and type II diabetic subjects.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
An approach for identifying simple sequence repeat DNA polymorphisms near cloned cDNAs and genes. Linkage studies of the islet amyloid polypeptide/amylin and liver glycogen synthase genes and NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Anti-diabetic efficacy of KICG1338, a novel glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor, and its molecular characterization in animal models of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Association between polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Association of GYS1 and beta(3)-AR gene with postprandial hyperglycemia and serum uric acid in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Association of muscle glycogen synthase polymorphism with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Association of the glycogen synthase locus on 19q13 with NIDDM in Pima Indians.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein-1 cooperates with glycogen synthase kinase-3? to regulate osteogenesis of bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Changes of activity of liver glycogen synthase in experimental diabetes mellitus rats.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Chloroquine stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase in muscle cells through activation of Akt.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Chromosomal mapping and mutational analysis of the coding region of the glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha and beta isoforms in patients with NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Decreased activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase by mixed-meal ingestion in NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Decreased insulin activation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscles in young nonobese Caucasian first-degree relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Defects in liver and muscle glycogen metabolism in neonatal and adult New Zealand obese mice.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Description of a second microsatellite marker and linkage analysis of the muscle glycogen synthase locus in familial NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Development of glucose intolerance in male transgenic mice overexpressing human glycogen synthase kinase-3beta on a muscle-specific promoter.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Dietary Supplementation with Curcumin Reduce Circulating Levels of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Adults with High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase COOH- and NH2-Terminal Phosphorylation by Insulin in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Dysregulation of muscle glycogen synthase in recovery from exercise in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Effects of sulfonylureas on adipocyte and skeletal muscle insulin action in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Fasting hyperglycemia normalizes oxidative and nonoxidative pathways of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Genetic analysis of human type 1 protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 in insulin-resistant Pima Indians.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Genetic variants in promoters and coding regions of the muscle glycogen synthase and the insulin-responsive GLUT4 genes in NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycogen synthase activity is reduced in cultured skeletal muscle cells of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycogen synthase and phosphofructokinase protein and mRNA levels in skeletal muscle from insulin-resistant patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and may mediate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycogen synthase kinetics in isolated human adipocytes: an in vitro model for the effects of insulin on glycogen synthase.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Glycogen synthase: a putative locus for diet-induced hyperglycemia.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Hyperglycaemia compensates for the defects in insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and in the activation of glycogen synthase in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Hyperglycaemia normalises insulin action on glucose metabolism but not the impaired activation of AKT and glycogen synthase in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Identification of a simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism in the human glycogen synthase gene and linkage to five markers on chromosome 19q.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impact of genetic versus environmental factors on the control of muscle glycogen synthase activation in twins.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired activation of glycogen synthase in people at increased risk for developing NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is unrelated to the degree of obesity.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired activity and gene expression of hexokinase II in muscle from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired expression of glycogen synthase mRNA in skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired glycogen synthase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle: markers or mediators of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired insulin-induced site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1 domain family, member 4 (TBC1D4) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes patients is restored by endurance exercise-training.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired insulin-stimulated expression of the glycogen synthase gene in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients is acquired rather than inherited.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Impaired muscle glycogen synthase in type 2 diabetes is associated with diminished phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Increased concentrations of glycogen synthase protein in skeletal muscle of patients with NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Increased epinephrine and skeletal muscle responses to hypoglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Increased phosphorylation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase at NH2-terminal sites during physiological hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Intracellular glucose and fat metabolism in identical twins discordant for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): acquired versus genetic metabolic defects?
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Intracellular glucose oxidation and glycogen synthase activity are reduced in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes independent of impaired glucose uptake.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Irreversibility of the defect in glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle from obese patients with NIDDM treated with diet and metformin.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Isolation and characterization of the human muscle glycogen synthase gene.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Long-term effects of fluoxetine on glycemic control in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance: influence on muscle glycogen synthase and insulin receptor kinase activity.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Mechanisms involved in the desflurane-induced post-conditioning of isolated human right atria from patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Membrane physiology as a basis for the cellular effects of metformin in insulin resistance and diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Metabolic and genetic influence on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic subjects--experiences from relatives and twin studies.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Metabolic pathways of glucose in skeletal muscle of lean NIDDM patients.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Molecular scanning of the glycogen synthase and insulin receptor substrate-1 genes in Japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Multiple defects in muscle glycogen synthase activity contribute to reduced glycogen synthesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Multiple defects of both hepatic and peripheral intracellular glucose processing contribute to the hyperglycaemia of NIDDM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
New variants in the glycogen synthase gene (Gln71His, Met416Val) in patients with NIDDM from eastern Finland.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
On the pathophysiology of late onset non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Current controversies and new insights.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Palmitate action to inhibit glycogen synthase and stimulate protein phosphatase 2A increases with risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chinese population.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Russian population.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Potential role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in skeletal muscle insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Reduced glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle from obese patients with and without type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Reduced plasma adiponectin concentrations may contribute to impaired insulin activation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Regulation of muscle glycogen synthase phosphorylation and kinetic properties by insulin, exercise, adrenaline and role in insulin resistance.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Search for a third susceptibility gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Studies with eleven candidate genes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism in the human glycogen synthase gene is associated with NIDDM in Japanese subjects.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after glyburide therapy.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The effect of acute (60 minute) insulin stimulation upon human skeletal muscle glycogen synthase and protein phosphatase-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients and control subjects.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The Met416-->Val variant in the glycogen synthase gene: the prevalence and the association with diabetes in a large number of Japanese individuals. Study Group for the Identification of Type 2 Diabetes Genes in Japanese.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The role of glycogen synthase in the development of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: "To store or not to store glucose, that's the question"
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
The stimulation-induced increase in skeletal muscle glycogen synthase content is impaired in carriers of the glycogen synthase XbaI gene polymorphism.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
UKPDS 19: heterogeneity in NIDDM: separate contributions of IRS-1 and beta 3-adrenergic-receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. UK Prospective Diabetes Study.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Unchanged gene expression of glycogen synthase in muscle from patients with NIDDM following sulphonylurea-induced improvement of glycaemic control.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Variation in GYS1 interacts with exercise and gender to predict cardiovascular mortality.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
[Glycogen synthase gene-glycogen synthase gene in Japanese patients with NIDDM]
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
[Microsatellite polymorphism of muscle glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus]
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy involves overexpression of glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Diabetic Nephropathies
Effects of a GSK-3? inhibitor on the renal expression levels of RANK, RANKL and NF-?B in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.
Diabetic Nephropathies
Over-expression of muscle glycogen synthase in human diabetic nephropathy.
Diabetic Nephropathies
[Impact of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) inhibitor on Wnt and NF-?B signal pathways in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy].
Diabetic Retinopathy
Prospects for kinase activity modulators in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications.
Donohue Syndrome
Mechanisms of insulin resistance in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with leprechaunism: resistance to proteolytic activation of glycogen synthase by trypsin.
Dyskinesias
Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? (GSK-3?) as potent therapeutic strategy to ameliorates L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in 6-OHDA parkinsonian rats.
Dyslipidemias
Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L) seed rich in ?-linolenic acid improves adipose tissue dysfunction and the altered skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism in dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats.
Encephalitis, Japanese
Extended stability of cyclin D1 contributes to limited cell cycle arrest at G1-phase in BHK-21 cells with Japanese encephalitis virus persistent infection.
Endometrial Neoplasms
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) in endometrial carcinoma: A carcinogenesis, progression, prognosis, and target therapy marker.
Endometriosis
The Wnt/?-catenin signaling in endometriosis, the expression of total and active forms of ?-catenin, total and inactive forms of glycogen synthase kinase-3?, WNT7a and DICKKOPF-1.
Endotoxemia
Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities during glycogen repletion in endotoxemic rats.
Epilepsy
Role of brain glycogen in the response to hypoxia and in susceptibility to epilepsy.
Epilepsy
Valproate pretreatment protects pancreatic ?-cells from palmitate-induced ER stress and apoptosis by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Fibrosarcoma
[?-aminobutyric acid fortified rice alleviated oxidative stress and pancreatic injury in type 2 diabetic mice].
Food Hypersensitivity
Identification of an Abundant 56 kDa Protein Implicated in Food Allergy as Granule-Bound Starch Synthase.
Fragile X Syndrome
Intranasal siRNA administration reveals IGF2 deficiency contributes to impaired cognition in Fragile X syndrome mice.
Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase 3? inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.
Glioblastoma
Biological basis and clinical study of glycogen synthase kinase- 3?-targeted therapy by drug repositioning for glioblastoma.
Glioblastoma
Chromatin Remodeling Factor LSH is Upregulated by the LRP6-GSK3?-E2F1 Axis Linking Reversely with Survival in Gliomas.
Glioblastoma
Glycogen synthase kinase 3? inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.
Glioblastoma
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) and its dysregulation in glioblastoma multiforme.
Glioma
Combined application of arsenic trioxide and lithium chloride augments viability reduction and apoptosis induction in human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines.
Glioma
Glycolytic glioma cells with active glycogen synthase are sensitive to PTEN and inhibitors of PI3K and gluconeogenesis.
Glioma
Polarized regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? is important for glioma cell invasion.
Glioma
Valproic Acid Promotes Human Glioma U87 Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Through ERK/Akt Signaling.
Glucose Intolerance
Correlation between muscle glycogen synthase activity and in vivo insulin action in man.
Glucose Intolerance
Development of glucose intolerance in male transgenic mice overexpressing human glycogen synthase kinase-3beta on a muscle-specific promoter.
Glucose Intolerance
Exercise with calorie restriction improves insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthase activity in obese postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance.
Glucose Intolerance
Impaired glucose tolerance and predisposition to the fasted state in liver glycogen synthase knock-out mice.
Glucose Intolerance
Long-term effects of fluoxetine on glycemic control in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance: influence on muscle glycogen synthase and insulin receptor kinase activity.
Glucose Intolerance
Metabolic origin of insulin resistance in obesity with and without type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Glycogen Storage Disease
A highly prevalent equine glycogen storage disease is explained by constitutive activation of a mutant glycogen synthase.
Glycogen Storage Disease
A new muscle glycogen storage disease associated with glycogenin-1 deficiency.
Glycogen Storage Disease
A novel mutation in the glycogen synthase 2 gene in a child with glycogen storage disease type 0.
Glycogen Storage Disease
A patient with glycogen storage disease type 0 and a novel sequence variant in GYS2: a case report and literature review.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Allele Copy Number and Underlying Pathology Are Associated with Subclinical Severity in Equine Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM1).
Glycogen Storage Disease
Decreased insulin action in skeletal muscle from patients with McArdle's disease.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Glycogen and its metabolism: some new developments and old themes.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Glycogen storage disease type 0 due to a novel frameshift mutation in glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) gene in a child presenting with fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase II with RNAi Prevents Liver Injury in Mouse Models of Glycogen Storage Diseases.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Lentiviral vector delivery of shRNA into cultured primary myogenic cells: a tool for therapeutic target validation.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Low level of fasting plasma mannose in a child with glycogen storage disease type 0 (liver glycogen synthase deficiency).
Glycogen Storage Disease
Muscle glycogen storage disease 0 presenting recurrent syncope with weakness and myalgia.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Mutations in the liver glycogen synthase gene in children with hypoglycemia due to glycogen storage disease type 0.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Studies of the residual glycogen branching enzyme activity present in human skin fibroblasts from patients with type IV glycogen storage disease.
Glycogen Storage Disease
The variable clinical phenotype of three patients with hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Three successful pregnancies in a patient with glycogen storage disease type 0.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
Antisense Oligonucleotide-mediated Suppression of Muscle Glycogen Synthase 1 Synthesis as an Approach for Substrate Reduction Therapy of Pompe Disease.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
Lentiviral vector delivery of shRNA into cultured primary myogenic cells: a tool for therapeutic target validation.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV
Polyglucosan neurotoxicity caused by glycogen branching enzyme deficiency can be reversed by inhibition of glycogen synthase.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Role of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase in glycogen synthase activity and glucose utilization: insights from patients with McArdle's disease.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Case report: liver glycogen synthase deficiency--a cause of ketotic hypoglycemia.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Glycogen storage disease: clinical, biochemical, and molecular heterogeneity.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Glycogen synthase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type 0) presenting with hyperglycemia and glucosuria: report of three new mutations.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency: an infrequently recognized cause of ketotic hypoglycemia.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Identification of a novel mutation in GYS1 (muscle-specific glycogen synthase) resulting in sudden cardiac death, that is diagnosable from skin fibroblasts.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Impaired glucose tolerance and predisposition to the fasted state in liver glycogen synthase knock-out mice.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Investigation and management of the hepatic glycogen storage diseases.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Liver glycogen synthase deficiency: a rarely diagnosed entity.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Long-term follow-up of a new case of liver glycogen synthase deficiency.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
Pediatric patient with hyperketotic hypoglycemia diagnosed with glycogen synthase deficiency due to the novel homozygous mutation in GYS2.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
The molecular background of glycogen metabolism disorders.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
The variable clinical phenotype of liver glycogen synthase deficiency.
glycogen(starch) synthase deficiency
The variable clinical phenotype of three patients with hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency.
Graft vs Host Disease
Utilizing glycogen synthase kinase-3? as a marker for the diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
GSK3? inhibition confers survival advantage in Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected hyperglycaemic mice by regulating inflammatory response.
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Aberrant expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in human breast and head and neck cancer.
Heart Arrest
Early glycogen synthase kinase-3? and protein phosphatase 2A independent tau dephosphorylation during global brain ischaemia and reperfusion following cardiac arrest and the role of the adenosine monophosphate kinase pathway.
Heart Rupture
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? limits ischemic injury, cardiac rupture, post-myocardial infarction remodeling and death.
Hepatitis
[Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in development of severe hepatitis liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus].
Hepatitis B
A GYS2/p53 Negative Feedback Loop Restricts Tumor Growth in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Hepatitis B
[Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in development of severe hepatitis liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus].
Hepatomegaly
The variable clinical phenotype of three patients with hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency.
Huntington Disease
Glycogen synthase protects neurons from cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin by enhancing the autophagy flux.
Hydatidiform Mole
Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increase in trophoblast glycogen content and glycogen synthase activity, similar to that found in hydatidiform moles.
Hyperalgesia
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via regulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor trafficking.
Hyperalgesia
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition prevents remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via regulating the expression and function of AMPA receptors.
Hyperalgesia
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? prevents remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia via regulating the expression and function of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in vivo and vitro.
Hyperalgesia
[Changes of glycogen synthase kinase-3? and its phospholation in spinal cord neurons in rats with incisional pain-remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia].
Hyperandrogenism
Effect of testosterone and endurance training on glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle of chronic hyperglycaemic female rats.
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia abrogates the cardioprotection of ischemic postconditioning in isolated rat heart: roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3? and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
Hyperglycemia
Autoregulation by glucose of hepatic glucose balance: permissive effect of insulin.
Hyperglycemia
Correction of chronic hyperglycemia with vanadate, but not with phlorizin, normalizes in vivo glycogen repletion and in vitro glycogen synthase activity in diabetic skeletal muscle.
Hyperglycemia
Effect of acute hyperglycemia on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles in IDDM patients.
Hyperglycemia
Effect of Chronic Hyperglycemia on Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Normal Glucose Tolerance.
Hyperglycemia
Effect of troglitazone (CS-045) and bezafibrate on glucose tolerance, liver glycogen synthase activity, and beta-oxidation in fructose-fed rats.
Hyperglycemia
Effects of acute hyperglycemia stress on plasma glucose, glycogen content, and expressions of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ? × E. lanceolatus ?).
Hyperglycemia
Effects of acute variation of fetal glycemia on glycogen storage and on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities in the liver of the rat fetus.
Hyperglycemia
Effects of high sucrose diet on insulin-like effects of vanadate in diabetic rats.
Hyperglycemia
Effects of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activation in skeletal muscle of normal man.
Hyperglycemia
Fasting hyperglycemia normalizes oxidative and nonoxidative pathways of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Hyperglycemia
Glucose catabolic gene mRNA levels in skeletal muscle exhibit non-coordinate expression in hyperglycemic mice.
Hyperglycemia
Glycogen storage disease type 0 due to a novel frameshift mutation in glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) gene in a child presenting with fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia
Glycogen synthase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type 0) presenting with hyperglycemia and glucosuria: report of three new mutations.
Hyperglycemia
Hepatic glucose uptake and disposition during short-term high-fat vs. high-fructose feeding.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glycogen synthase in streptozotocin-treated mice: role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia markedly enhances skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in diabetic, but not in normal conscious rats.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia reduces nitric oxide synthase and glycogen synthase activity in endothelial cells.
Hyperglycemia
In vivo regulation of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity by glucose and insulin.
Hyperglycemia
Intracellular glucose oxidation and glycogen synthase activity are reduced in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes independent of impaired glucose uptake.
Hyperglycemia
Liver-specific iNOS expression is sufficient to cause hepatic insulin resistance and mild hyperglycemia in mice.
Hyperglycemia
Mechanism by which glucose and insulin inhibit net hepatic glycogenolysis in humans.
Hyperglycemia
Melatonin attenuates smoking-induced hyperglycemia via preserving insulin secretion and hepatic glycogen synthesis in rats.
Hyperglycemia
Novel therapeutics based on inhibiting the interaction of glycogen phosphorylase and G(L)-subunit of glycogen-associated protein phosphatase 1: WO2009127723.
Hyperglycemia
Portal vein glucose entry triggers a coordinated cellular response that potentiates hepatic glucose uptake and storage in normal but not high-fat/high-fructose-fed dogs.
Hyperglycemia
Regulation of glycogen synthase activity in cultured skeletal muscle cells from subjects with type II diabetes: role of chronic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia
Regulation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities by glucose and insulin in human skeletal muscle.
Hyperglycemia
Role of prostaglandins in mediating alterations in glucose metabolism during acute endotoxemia in the rat.
Hyperglycemia
The role of glycogen synthase in the development of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: "To store or not to store glucose, that's the question"
Hyperinsulinism
Blood flow, lipid oxidation, and muscle glycogen synthesis after glycogen depletion by strenuous exercise.
Hyperinsulinism
Defects of insulin action and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in growth hormone-deficient adults persist after 24 months of recombinant human growth hormone therapy.
Hyperinsulinism
Effects of endurance exercise training on insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle: interactions at the level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160.
Hyperinsulinism
Effects of exercise and insulin on insulin signaling proteins in human skeletal muscle.
Hyperinsulinism
Effects of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activation in skeletal muscle of normal man.
Hyperinsulinism
Fasting inhibits insulin-mediated glycolysis and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle.
Hyperinsulinism
Flux control in the rat gastrocnemius glycogen synthesis pathway by in vivo 13C/31P NMR spectroscopy.
Hyperinsulinism
Glycogen synthase activation in the epididymal adipose tissue from chronic hyperinsulinemic/obese rats.
Hyperinsulinism
Hepatic glucose uptake and disposition during short-term high-fat vs. high-fructose feeding.
Hyperinsulinism
Impact of insulin and glucocorticoid signalling on hepatic glucose homeostasis in the rat exposed to high-fructose diet and chronic stress.
Hyperinsulinism
In vivo regulation of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity by glucose and insulin.
Hyperinsulinism
Increased phosphorylation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase at NH2-terminal sites during physiological hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes.
Hyperinsulinism
Insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity after exercise in human skeletal muscle.
Hyperinsulinism
Insulin stimulates amino acid and lipid metabolism in isolated fetal rat hepatocytes.
Hyperinsulinism
Interaction between glucose and free fatty acid metabolism in human skeletal muscle.
Hyperinsulinism
Intracellular glucose oxidation and glycogen synthase activity are reduced in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes independent of impaired glucose uptake.
Hyperinsulinism
Mechanism by which glucose and insulin inhibit net hepatic glycogenolysis in humans.
Hyperinsulinism
Period2 gene mutant mice show compromised insulin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide release and altered glucose homeostasis.
Hyperinsulinism
Physiological hyperinsulinemia impairs insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity and glycogen synthesis.
Hyperinsulinism
Portal vein glucose entry triggers a coordinated cellular response that potentiates hepatic glucose uptake and storage in normal but not high-fat/high-fructose-fed dogs.
Hyperinsulinism
Regulation of glycogen synthase activity in cultured skeletal muscle cells from subjects with type II diabetes: role of chronic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.
Hyperinsulinism
Regulation of hexokinase II and glycogen synthase mRNA, protein, and activity in human muscle.
Hyperinsulinism
Role of prostaglandins in mediating alterations in glucose metabolism during acute endotoxemia in the rat.
Hyperinsulinism
Stimulating effects of low-dose fructose on insulin-stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis in humans.
Hyperinsulinism
Vanillic acid mitigates the impairments in glucose metabolism in HepG2 cells through BAD-GK interaction during hyperinsulinemia.
Hypertension
A defect in glycogen synthesis characterizes insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Hypertension
A paired-sibling analysis of the XbaI polymorphism in the muscle glycogen synthase gene.
Hypertension
Association between polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Hypertension
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the Russian population.
Hypertension
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
Hyperthyroidism
The effect of the thyroid status on the activation of glycogen synthase in liver cells.
Hyperthyroidism
Triiodo-L-thyronine stimulates glycogen synthesis in rat hepatocyte cultures.
Hypoglycemia
Acute Hypoglycemia in Healthy Humans Impairs Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Synthase in Skeletal Muscle: A Randomized Clinical Study.
Hypoglycemia
Case report: liver glycogen synthase deficiency--a cause of ketotic hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia
Changes in muscle mRNAs for hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and glycogen synthase in acute and persistent hypoglycemia induced by tolbutamide in chickens.
Hypoglycemia
Counterregulation of hypoglycemia. Skeletal muscle glycogen metabolism during three hours of physiological hyperinsulinemia in humans.
Hypoglycemia
Decrease of liver glycogen content in golden hamsters infected with plerocercoids of Spirometra erinacei.
Hypoglycemia
Effect of growth hormone treatment on hypoglycemia in a patient with both hepatic glycogen synthase and isolated growth hormone deficiencies.
Hypoglycemia
Exercise in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 glucose transporters: effects on substrate metabolism and glycogen regulation.
Hypoglycemia
Glycogen storage disease type 0 due to a novel frameshift mutation in glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) gene in a child presenting with fasting hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia.
Hypoglycemia
Hepatic glycogen synthase deficiency: an infrequently recognized cause of ketotic hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia
Increased epinephrine and skeletal muscle responses to hypoglycemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Hypoglycemia
Loss of Par-1a/MARK3/C-TAK1 kinase leads to reduced adiposity, resistance to hepatic steatosis, and defective gluconeogenesis.
Hypoglycemia
Mutations in the liver glycogen synthase gene in children with hypoglycemia due to glycogen storage disease type 0.
Hypoglycemia
Pediatric patient with hyperketotic hypoglycemia diagnosed with glycogen synthase deficiency due to the novel homozygous mutation in GYS2.
Hypoglycemia
Period2 gene mutant mice show compromised insulin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide release and altered glucose homeostasis.
Hypoglycemia
Sex-specific basal and hypoglycemic patterns of in vivo caudal dorsal vagal complex astrocyte glycogen metabolic enzyme protein expression.
Hypoglycemia
The minimal amino acid sequence of the insulin-potentiating fragments of human growth hormone: its mechanism of action.
Hypotension
Role of prostaglandins in mediating alterations in glucose metabolism during acute endotoxemia in the rat.
Immune System Diseases
Inhibition of GSK-3? Alleviates Collagen II-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Both PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
Protective effect of Hydroxysaf?or Yellow A on cerebral ischemia reperfusion-injury by regulating GSK3?-mediated pathways.
Infections
Anti-malarial and cytokine-modulating effects of andrographolide in a murine model of malarial infection.
Infections
Expression of a glycogen synthase protein kinase homolog from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. malvae during infection of Malva pusilla.
Infections
GlgA plays an important role in the induction of hydrosalpinx by Chlamydia muridarum.
Infections
GSK3?: A plausible molecular target in the cytokinemodulating effect of exogenous insulin in a murine model of malarial infection.
Infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Induces Lytic Cycle Replication of Kaposi's-Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Role of Ras/c-Raf/MEK1/2, PI3K/AKT, and NF-?B Signaling Pathways.
Infections
Potential of repurposing chloroquine as an adjunct therapy for melioidosis based on a murine model of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection.
Infections
Protein targeting to glycogen overexpression results in the specific enhancement of glycogen storage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Infections
Streptolysin S induces mitochondrial damage and macrophage death through inhibiting degradation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in Streptococcus pyogenes infection.
Insulin Resistance
A defect in glycogen synthesis characterizes insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Resistance
A missense mutation of the muscle glycogen synthase gene (M416V) is associated with insulin resistance in the Japanese population.
Insulin Resistance
Activity of insulin receptor kinase and glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle from patients with chronic renal failure.
Insulin Resistance
Adipose tissue glycogen synthase activation by in vivo insulin in spontaneously insulin-resistant and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rhesus monkeys.
Insulin Resistance
Aerobic Exercise Plus Weight Loss Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Synthase Activity in Older Men.
Insulin Resistance
Allosteric regulation of glycogen synthase and hexokinase by glucosamine-6-phosphate during glucosamine-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and heart.
Insulin Resistance
Analysis of candidate genes for insulin resistance in essential hypertension.
Insulin Resistance
Anti-diabetic efficacy of KICG1338, a novel glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor, and its molecular characterization in animal models of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Apolipoprotein B100 acts as a molecular link between lipid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatic insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Association between polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Insulin Resistance
Association of muscle glycogen synthase polymorphism with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients.
Insulin Resistance
Association of the (AU)AT-rich element polymorphism in PPP1R3 with hormonal and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Insulin Resistance
Beneficial effects of Aronia melanocarpa berry extract on hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
Insulin Resistance
Blood flow, lipid oxidation, and muscle glycogen synthesis after glycogen depletion by strenuous exercise.
Insulin Resistance
Caulerpa okamurae extract attenuates inflammatory interaction, regulates glucose metabolism and increases insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Insulin Resistance
Changes in glucose and lipid metabolism following weight loss produced by a very low calorie diet in obese subjects.
Insulin Resistance
Chebulagic acid attenuates HFD/Streptozotocin induced impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance via up regulations of PPAR ? and GLUT 4 in type 2 diabetic rats.
Insulin Resistance
Cinnamon counteracts the negative effects of a high fat/high fructose diet on behavior, brain insulin signaling and Alzheimer-associated changes.
Insulin Resistance
Cocoa intake attenuates renal injury in Zucker Diabetic fatty rats by improving glucose homeostasis.
Insulin Resistance
Cognition enhancing effect of the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on non-transgenic Alzheimer's disease rat model: Biochemical, histological, and behavioural studies.
Insulin Resistance
Contraction activates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase normally in muscles from dexamethasone-treated rats.
Insulin Resistance
Decreased insulin activation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscles in young nonobese Caucasian first-degree relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Insulin Resistance
Defects of insulin action and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in growth hormone-deficient adults persist after 24 months of recombinant human growth hormone therapy.
Insulin Resistance
Determinants of insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glycogen metabolism in man.
Insulin Resistance
Dietary calcium regulates the insulin sensitivity by altering the adipokine secretion in high fat diet induced obese rats.
Insulin Resistance
Dietary energy source and physical conditioning affect insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in horses.
Insulin Resistance
Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L) seed rich in ?-linolenic acid improves adipose tissue dysfunction and the altered skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism in dyslipidemic insulin-resistant rats.
Insulin Resistance
Effect of testosterone and endurance training on glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle of chronic hyperglycaemic female rats.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of an ad libitum, high carbohydrate diet and aerobic exercise training on insulin action and muscle metabolism in older men and women.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of caffeic acid and cinnamic acid on glucose uptake in insulin-resistant mouse hepatocytes.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of dexamethasone administration on insulin resistance and components of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in equine skeletal muscle.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of menopause and high-intensity training on insulin sensitivity and muscle metabolism.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in standardbred horses.
Insulin Resistance
Effects of troglitazone in young first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Resistance
Enhanced Muscle Insulin Sensitivity After Contraction/Exercise Is Mediated by AMPK.
Insulin Resistance
Exercise Alleviates Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Skeletal Muscle-Signaling Interaction at the Level of TBC1 Domain Family Member 4.
Insulin Resistance
Exercise training-induced adaptations associated with increases in skeletal muscle glycogen content.
Insulin Resistance
Exercise with calorie restriction improves insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthase activity in obese postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance.
Insulin Resistance
Fetal growth and insulin resistance in adult life: relationship between glycogen synthase activity in adult skeletal muscle and birthweight.
Insulin Resistance
Glucose-induced insulin resistance of phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase and AKT/PKB is mediated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.
Insulin Resistance
GLUT4 and Glycogen Synthase Are Key Players in Bed Rest-Induced Insulin Resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Hyperglycaemia compensates for the defects in insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and in the activation of glycogen synthase in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Insulin Resistance
Hyperglycemia and inhibition of glycogen synthase in streptozotocin-treated mice: role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine.
Insulin Resistance
Identification of a simple tandem repeat DNA polymorphism in the human glycogen synthase gene and linkage to five markers on chromosome 19q.
Insulin Resistance
Impact of the Xba1-polymorphism of the human muscle glycogen synthase gene on parameters of the insulin resistance syndrome in a Danish twin population.
Insulin Resistance
Impaired activation of glycogen synthase in people at increased risk for developing NIDDM.
Insulin Resistance
Impaired expression of glycogen synthase mRNA in skeletal muscle of NIDDM patients.
Insulin Resistance
Impaired glucose metabolism and exercise capacity with muscle-specific glycogen synthase 1 (gys1) deletion in adult mice.
Insulin Resistance
Impaired glycogen synthase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle: markers or mediators of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
Insulin Resistance
Impaired insulin-induced site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1 domain family, member 4 (TBC1D4) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes patients is restored by endurance exercise-training.
Insulin Resistance
Impaired insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthase activation in vivo in man is related to low fasting glycogen synthase phosphatase activity.
Insulin Resistance
Impairment of glucose tolerance: mechanism of action and impact on the cardiovascular system.
Insulin Resistance
Induction of insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells by downregulation of glycogen synthase protein expression.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin action impaired by deficiency of the G-protein subunit G ialpha2.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin receptor function and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of physical training.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance in cirrhosis: prolonged reduction of hyperinsulinemia normalizes insulin sensitivity.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance in denervated skeletal muscle. Inability of insulin to stimulate dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in denervated rat epitrochlearis muscles.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance in growth hormone-deficient adults: defects in glucose utilization and glycogen synthase activity.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance in Pima Indians. A combined effect of genetic predisposition and obesity-related skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is associated with reduced fasting and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase phosphatase activity in human skeletal muscle.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance of denervated rat muscle: a model for impaired receptor-function coupling.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance of glycogen synthase mediated by o-linked N-acetylglucosamine.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin sensitivity in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults and effect of GH replacement therapy.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin stimulation of glycogen synthase in cultured human diploid fibroblasts.
Insulin Resistance
Insulin stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, p90rsk, and p70 S6 kinase in skeletal muscle of normal and insulin-resistant mice. Implications for the regulation of glycogen synthase.
Insulin Resistance
Interaction of physical activity and diet: implications for insulin-glucose dynamics.
Insulin Resistance
Intracellular glucose and fat metabolism in identical twins discordant for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): acquired versus genetic metabolic defects?
Insulin Resistance
Intracellular skeletal muscle glucose metabolism is differentially altered by dexamethasone treatment of normoglycemic relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.
Insulin Resistance
Intramuscular triglyceride and muscle insulin sensitivity: evidence for a relationship in nondiabetic subjects.
Insulin Resistance
Lack of defect in insulin action on hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase in insulin-resistant monkeys.
Insulin Resistance
Liver and muscle insulin sensitivity, glycogen concentration and glycogen synthase activity in a rat model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Insulin Resistance
Mechanism of enhanced insulin sensitivity in athletes. Increased blood flow, muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT-4) concentration, and glycogen synthase activity.
Insulin Resistance
Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Insulin Resistance
Mechanisms of insulin resistance and new pharmacological approaches to metabolism and diabetic complications.
Insulin Resistance
Mechanisms of insulin resistance in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with leprechaunism: resistance to proteolytic activation of glycogen synthase by trypsin.
Insulin Resistance
Mechanisms of insulin resistance in non-oxidative glucose metabolism: the role of glycogen synthase.
Insulin Resistance
Metabolic and genetic influence on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic subjects--experiences from relatives and twin studies.
Insulin Resistance
Mitigating Perspectives of Asiatic acid in the Renal derangements of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced Diabetic Rats.
Insulin Resistance
Modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Potential mechanisms of a cross talk between bradykinin and the insulin receptor.
Insulin Resistance
Modulation of insulin receptor signalling: significance of altered receptor isoform patterns and mechanism of hyperglycaemia-induced receptor modulation.
Insulin Resistance
Modulation of insulin signalling in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: significance of altered receptor isoform patterns and mechanisms of glucose-induced receptor modulation.
Insulin Resistance
Multiple defects of both hepatic and peripheral intracellular glucose processing contribute to the hyperglycaemia of NIDDM.
Insulin Resistance
Muscle fibre composition and glycogen synthase activity in hypertension-prone men.
Insulin Resistance
New variants in the glycogen synthase gene (Gln71His, Met416Val) in patients with NIDDM from eastern Finland.
Insulin Resistance
On the pathophysiology of late onset non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Current controversies and new insights.
Insulin Resistance
Palmitate oxidation rate and action on glycogen synthase in myoblasts from insulin-resistant subjects.
Insulin Resistance
Partial rescue of in vivo insulin signalling in skeletal muscle by impaired insulin clearance in heterozygous carriers of a mutation in the insulin receptor gene.
Insulin Resistance
Pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Insulin Resistance
Pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: candidates for a signal transmitter defect causing insulin resistance of the skeletal muscle.
Insulin Resistance
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.
Insulin Resistance
Post-marathon paradox in IDDM: unchanged insulin sensitivity in spite of glycogen depletion.
Insulin Resistance
Postabsorptive respiratory quotient and insulin-stimulated glucose storage rate in nondiabetic pima indians are related To glycogen synthase fractional activity in cultured myoblasts.
Insulin Resistance
Prevention of insulin resistance by environmental manipulation as young rats mature.
Insulin Resistance
Properties of a human insulin receptor with a COOH-terminal truncation. II. Truncated receptors have normal kinase activity but are defective in signaling metabolic effects.
Insulin Resistance
Prospects for kinase activity modulators in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications.
Insulin Resistance
Protein kinase Ctheta expression is increased upon differentiation of human skeletal muscle cells: dysregulation in type 2 diabetic patients and a possible role for protein kinase Ctheta in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity.
Insulin Resistance
Reduced glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle from obese patients with and without type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.
Insulin Resistance
Reducing hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress ameliorates the impairment in insulin signaling induced by high levels of ?-hydroxybutyrate in bovine hepatocytes.
Insulin Resistance
Regulation of glycogen concentration and glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant rats.
Insulin Resistance
Regulation of glycogen synthase by glucose, glucosamine, and glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase.
Insulin Resistance
Regulation of muscle glycogen synthase phosphorylation and kinetic properties by insulin, exercise, adrenaline and role in insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance
Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha in insulin action in cultured human skeletal muscle cells.
Insulin Resistance
Role of prostaglandins in mediating alterations in glucose metabolism during acute endotoxemia in the rat.
Insulin Resistance
Sequence of the human glycogen-associated regulatory subunit of type 1 protein phosphatase and analysis of its coding region and mRNA level in muscle from patients with NIDDM.
Insulin Resistance
Structure and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of a homogenous polysaccharide purified from Sargassum pallidum.
Insulin Resistance
The effect of (steroid) immunosuppression on skeletal muscle glycogen metabolism in patients after kidney transplantation.
Insulin Resistance
The effects of fasting and refeeding on liver glycogen synthase and phosphorylase in obese and lean mice.
Insulin Resistance
The intracellular mechanism of insulin resistance in the hamster pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma model.
Insulin Resistance
The role of glucose metabolites in the activation and translocation of glycogen synthase by insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Insulin Resistance
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Resistance
The stimulation-induced increase in skeletal muscle glycogen synthase content is impaired in carriers of the glycogen synthase XbaI gene polymorphism.
Insulin Resistance
Time course of insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity after a single bout of exercise in horses.
Insulin Resistance
Trypsin-Mn(2+)-resistant form of type 1 protein phosphatase in human muscle.
Insulin Resistance
UKPDS 19: heterogeneity in NIDDM: separate contributions of IRS-1 and beta 3-adrenergic-receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. UK Prospective Diabetes Study.
Insulin Resistance
[Amylin as an additional possible pathogenic factor in NIDDM and the insulin resistance syndrome]
Insulin Resistance
[Glycogen synthase gene-glycogen synthase gene in Japanese patients with NIDDM]
Ischemic Stroke
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Is Involved in Electroacupuncture Pretreatment via the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Ischemic Stroke.
Ischemic Stroke
Inhibition of GSK3? and RIP1K Attenuates Glial Scar Formation Induced by Ischemic Stroke via Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Production.
Ketosis
Effect of growth hormone treatment on hypoglycemia in a patient with both hepatic glycogen synthase and isolated growth hormone deficiencies.
Kidney Diseases
Enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3? activity mediates podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions.
Kidney Failure, Chronic
Activity of insulin receptor kinase and glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle from patients with chronic renal failure.
Kidney Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta}: A Prognostic Marker and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Human Bladder Cancer.
Lafora Disease
Astrocytic glycogen accumulation drives the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration in Lafora disease.
Lafora Disease
Neurodegeneration and functional impairments associated with glycogen synthase accumulation in a mouse model of Lafora disease.
Lafora Disease
Targeting Gys1 with AAV-SaCas9 Decreases Pathogenic Polyglucosan Bodies and Neuroinflammation in Adult Polyglucosan Body and Lafora Disease Mouse Models.
Leukemia
Calcineurin and GSK-3 inhibition sensitizes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to apoptosis through X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein degradation.
Leukemia
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition induces nuclear factor-?B-mediated apoptosis in pediatric acute lymphocyte leukemia cells.
Leukemia
Response variability in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis.
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor PDMP sensitizes chronic myeloid leukemia T315I mutant to Bcr-Abl inhibitor and cooperatively induces glycogen synthase kinase-3-regulated apoptosis.
Leukemia, Myeloid
Pathological glycogenesis through glycogen synthase 1 and suppression of excessive AMP kinase activity in myeloid leukemia cells.
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Discovery of novel glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitors: Structure-based virtual screening, preliminary SAR and biological evaluation for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Evaluation of Improved Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibitors in Models of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Lipodystrophy
Skeletal Muscle Insulin Signaling Defects Downstream of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase at the Level of Akt Are Associated With Impaired Nonoxidative Glucose Disposal in HIV Lipodystrophy.
Liver Diseases
Inhibition of GSK-3? induces AP-1-mediated osteopontin expression to promote cholestatic liver fibrosis.
Liver Failure
[Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in development of severe hepatitis liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus].
Liver Neoplasms
Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase and Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase3 ? Mediate Ursolic Acid Induced Apoptosis in HepG2 Liver Cancer Cells.
Liver Neoplasms
MiR-129-2 weakens proliferation and promotes apoptosis of liver cancer cells by suppressing the Wnt signaling pathway.
Lung Injury
Targeting Degradation of the Transcription Factor C/EBP? Reduces Lung Fibrosis by Restoring Activity of the Ubiquitin-Editing Enzyme A20 in Macrophages.
Lung Neoplasms
Effects of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibitor TWS119 on Proliferation and Cytokine Production of TILs From Human Lung Cancer.
Lymphoma
Novel endogenous negative modulators of platelet function as potential anti-thrombotic targets.
Lymphoma, B-Cell
?-eleostearic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via HER2/HER3 signaling.
Lymphoma, B-Cell
Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death via the glycogen synthase kinase-3?-mediated B-cell lymphoma 2 regulation.
Lymphoma, B-Cell
Methane supplementation improves graft function in experimental heart transplantation.
Lymphoma, T-Cell
Dihydroartemisinin triggers c-Myc proteolysis and inhibits protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3? pathway in T-cell lymphoma cells.
Malnutrition
Maternal malnutrition does not affect fetal hepatic glycogen synthase ontogeny.
Mania
Lithium and tamoxifen modulate cellular plasticity cascades in animal model of mania.
Melanoma
1-Benzyl-indole-3-carbinol is a highly potent new small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/?-catenin signaling in melanoma cells that coordinately inhibits cell proliferation and disrupts expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform-M.
Melanoma
MicroRNA-149*, a p53-responsive microRNA, functions as an oncogenic regulator in human melanoma.
Melanoma
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Potentiates the Growth of Murine Melanoma via {beta}-Catenin Signaling by Association with Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta}.
Melanoma
Silymarin Targets ?-Catenin Signaling in Blocking Migration/Invasion of Human Melanoma Cells.
Memory Disorders
Acetyl-L-Carnitine ameliorates spatial memory deficits induced by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C.
Memory Disorders
Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Mediates the Olfactory Deficit-Induced Hippocampal Impairments.
Memory Disorders
Cotinine improves visual recognition memory and decreases cortical Tau phosphorylation in the Tg6799 mice.
Memory Disorders
Crocin-protected malathion-induced spatial memory deficits by inhibiting TAU protein hyperphosphorylation and antiapoptotic effects.
Memory Disorders
Disease-modified glycogen synthase kinase-3? intervention by melatonin arrests the pathology and memory deficits in an Alzheimer's animal model.
Memory Disorders
Lithium Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits with Inhibition of GSK-3? and Preservation of Postsynaptic Components.
Memory Disorders
Orengedokuto and san'oshashinto improve memory deficits by inhibiting aging-dependent activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Memory Disorders
Protective effects of lithium treatment for spatial memory deficits induced by tau hyperphosphorylation in splenectomized rats.
Memory Disorders
Val97Leu mutant presenilin-1 induces tau hyperphosphorylation and spatial memory deficit in mice and the underlying mechanisms.
Metabolic Diseases
Incorporating covalent and allosteric effects into rate equations: the case of muscle glycogen synthase.
Metabolic Syndrome
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: the relative contribution of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
Metabolic Syndrome
Variation in GYS1 interacts with exercise and gender to predict cardiovascular mortality.
Muscular Atrophy
Curcumin ameliorates CKD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress through inhibiting GSK-3? activity.
Muscular Atrophy
Electrostimulation during hindlimb unloading modulates PI3K-AKT downstream targets without preventing soleus atrophy and restores slow phenotype through ERK.
Muscular Atrophy
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE-3{beta} IS REQUIRED FOR THE INDUCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ATROPHY.
Muscular Diseases
A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds.
Muscular Diseases
A highly prevalent equine glycogen storage disease is explained by constitutive activation of a mutant glycogen synthase.
Muscular Diseases
Allele Copy Number and Underlying Pathology Are Associated with Subclinical Severity in Equine Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM1).
Muscular Diseases
Association between population structure and allele frequencies of the glycogen synthase 1 mutation in the Austrian Noriker draft horse.
Muscular Diseases
Clinical characteristics and muscle glycogen concentrations in warmblood horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy.
Muscular Diseases
Comparison of gluteus medius muscle activity in Haflinger and Noriker horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy.
Muscular Diseases
Epidemiology of exertional rhabdomyolysis susceptibility in standardbred horses reveals associated risk factors and underlying enhanced performance.
Muscular Diseases
Estimated prevalence of the GYS-1 mutation in healthy Austrian Haflingers.
Muscular Diseases
Evaluation of Cardiac Phenotype in Horses with Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy.
Muscular Diseases
Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation in diverse breeds with polysaccharide storage myopathy.
Muscular Diseases
Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in quarter horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation.
Muscular Diseases
Presence of the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in continental European draught horse breeds.
Muscular Diseases
Role of autophagy in glycogen breakdown and its relevance to chloroquine myopathy.
Muscular Dystrophies
Glycogen cycle enzymes and cyclic nucleotides in avian muscular dystrophy.
Myocardial Infarction
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition alleviates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in myocardial infarction.
Myocardial Infarction
Remifentanil Preconditioning Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Infarction and Improves Left Ventricular Performance via Activation of the Janus Activated Kinase-2/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-3 Signal Pathway and Subsequent Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Rats.
Myocardial Infarction
Variation in GYS1 interacts with exercise and gender to predict cardiovascular mortality.
Myocardial Infarction
[Protective Effects of Cornus Officinalis Total Glycosides and Cornus Polysaccharides on Myocardial Mitochondria of Acute Myocardial Infarction Rats: an Experimental Study].
Myocardial Ischemia
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? controls autophagy during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Myocardial Ischemia
Involvement of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Liver Ischemic Conditioning Induced Cardioprotection against Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
Myocardial Ischemia
Remifentanil Preconditioning Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Infarction and Improves Left Ventricular Performance via Activation of the Janus Activated Kinase-2/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-3 Signal Pathway and Subsequent Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Rats.
Myotonic Dystrophy
The glycogen synthase system in skeletal muscle of normal humans and patients with myotonic dystrophy: effect of glucose and insulin administration.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Expression of mismatch repair gene PMS2 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and regulation by glycogen synthase kinase-3? in vivo and in vitro.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
miR-150 contributes to the radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Neoplasm Metastasis
CD151 knockdown inhibits osteosarcoma metastasis through the GSK-3?/?-catenin/MMP9 pathway.
Neoplasm Metastasis
FAM134B induces tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neoplasms
1-Benzyl-indole-3-carbinol is a highly potent new small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/?-catenin signaling in melanoma cells that coordinately inhibits cell proliferation and disrupts expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform-M.
Neoplasms
5-Bromoindirubin 3'-(O-oxiran-2-ylmethyl)oxime: A long-acting anticancer agent and a suicide inhibitor for epoxide hydrolase.
Neoplasms
?-Thujaplicin inhibits basal-like mammary tumor growth by regulating glycogen synthase kinase-3?/?-catenin signaling.
Neoplasms
A GYS2/p53 Negative Feedback Loop Restricts Tumor Growth in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Aberrant expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in human breast and head and neck cancer.
Neoplasms
Activity of enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism in the HT 29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line and tumor.
Neoplasms
Ameliorative Effect of Necrosulfonamide in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein-Mediated Necroptosis.
Neoplasms
Antioxidant defense of Nrf2 vs pro-inflammatory system of NF-?B during the amoebic liver infection in hamster.
Neoplasms
Cancer cells become susceptible to natural killer cell killing after exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors due to glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent expression of MHC class I-related chain A and B.
Neoplasms
Citrus flavonoids luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3? enzymatic activity by lowering the interaction energy within the binding cavity.
Neoplasms
Clinically relevant GSK?3? inhibitor 9?ING?41 is active as a single agent and in combination with other antitumor therapies in human renal cancer.
Neoplasms
Combination Treatment with the GSK-3 Inhibitor 9-ING-41 and CCNU Cures Orthotopic Chemoresistant Glioblastoma in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models.
Neoplasms
Coumestrol suppresses hypoxia inducible factor 1? by inhibiting ROS mediated sphingosine kinase 1 in hypoxic PC-3 prostate cancer cells.
Neoplasms
Design and Synthesis of Novel Imidazole Derivatives Possessing Triazole Pharmacophore with Potent Anticancer Activity, and In Silico ADMET with GSK-3? Molecular Docking Investigations.
Neoplasms
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on glucose metabolism in cultured human muscle cells from nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects.
Neoplasms
Effects of Yixintai Pills on Myocardial Cell Apoptosis in Rats With Adriamycin-Induced Heart Failure.
Neoplasms
Efficacy of glycogen synthase kinase-3? targeting against osteosarcoma via activation of ?-catenin.
Neoplasms
Empagliflozin nanoparticles attenuates type2 diabetes induced cognitive impairment via oxidative stress and inflammatory pathway in high fructose diet induced hyperglycemic mice.
Neoplasms
Enhancement of paclitaxel-induced breast cancer cell death via the glycogen synthase kinase-3?-mediated B-cell lymphoma 2 regulation.
Neoplasms
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induces an Antitumor Immune Response Mediated by NKG2D Receptor.
Neoplasms
ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by celastrol in cancer cells and important role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in the signal network.
Neoplasms
Expression levels of MRP1, GST-?, and GSK3? in ovarian cancer and the relationship with drug resistance and prognosis of patients.
Neoplasms
FAM134B induces tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase 3? inhibition sensitizes human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by affecting O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation via c-Myc signaling.
Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3? Sustains Invasion of Glioblastoma via the Focal Adhesion Kinase, Rac1, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Pathway.
Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? (GSK-3?) Inhibition Enhances Dendritic Cell-based Cancer Vaccine Potency via Suppression of Interferon-?-induced Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? antagonizes ROS-induced hepatocellular carcinoma cell death through suppression of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? does not correlate with the expression and activity of ?-catenin in gastric cancer.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inactivation inhibits tumor necrosis factor-? production in microglia by modulating nuclear factor ?B and MLK3/JNK signaling cascades.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? is a pivotal mediator of cancer invasion and resistance to therapy.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? is associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and may mediate the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? regulates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis via the NF-?B pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?, NF-?B signaling, and tumorigenesis of human osteosarcoma.
Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinases: Moonlighting proteins with theranostic potential in cancer.
Neoplasms
Growth-related enzymatic control of glycogen metabolism in cultured human tumor cells.
Neoplasms
GSK-3?-mediated fatty acid synthesis enhances epithelial to mesenchymal transition of TLR4-activated colorectal cancer cells through regulation of TAp63.
Neoplasms
GYS1 induces glycogen accumulation and promotes tumor progression via the NF-?B pathway in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Hypoxic inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? promotes gastric tumor growth and angiogenesis by facilitating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling.
Neoplasms
Inhibition of invasion by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitors through dysregulation of actin re-organisation via down-regulation of WAVE2.
Neoplasms
Inhibitory effect of silibinin against azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis in A/J mice.
Neoplasms
Insulin signaling regulates a functional interaction between adenomatous polyposis coli and cytoplasmic dynein.
Neoplasms
Lithium chloride suppresses colorectal cancer cell survival and proliferation through ROS/GSK-3?/NF-?B signaling pathway.
Neoplasms
Mechanism of hepatic glycogen synthase inactivation induced by Ca2+-mobilizing hormones. Studies using phospholipase C and phorbol myristate acetate.
Neoplasms
Membrane-to-nucleus signaling links insulin-like growth factor-1- and stem cell factor-activated pathways.
Neoplasms
miRNA-99b-3p functions as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3? in oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca-8113 cells.
Neoplasms
Modification of glycogen synthase activity in isolated rat hepatocytes by tumor-promoting phorbol esters: evidence for differential regulation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.
Neoplasms
Modulation of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3?) by anti-CD20 (rituximab) and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) in human lymphoid malignancies.
Neoplasms
Modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? following TRAIL combinatorial treatment in cancer cells.
Neoplasms
Molecular Pathways: Revisiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? as a Target for the Treatment of Cancer.
Neoplasms
Nimbolide, a neem limonoid inhibits Phosphatidyl Inositol-3 Kinase to activate Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis.
Neoplasms
Novel 18F-Labeled Isonicotinamide-Based Radioligands for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?.
Neoplasms
Protein phosphatase-2A activation is a critical step for enzastaurin activity in chronic lymphoid leukemia cells.
Neoplasms
PTEN Overexpression Cooperates With Lithium to Reduce the Malignancy and to Increase Cell Death by Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Suppression in Colorectal Cancer Cells.
Neoplasms
Puerarin, isolated from Kudzu root (Willd.), attenuates hepatocellular cytotoxicity and regulates the GSK-3?/NF-?B pathway for exerting the hepatoprotection against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.
Neoplasms
Raf kinase inhibitor protein RKIP enhances signaling by glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Neoplasms
Recessive inheritance of obesity in familial non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and lack of linkage to nine candidate genes.
Neoplasms
Role of C14orf166 in viral infection and RNA metabolism and its relationship with cancer (Review).
Neoplasms
Role of nuclear glycogen synthase and cytoplasmic UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase in the biosynthesis of nuclear glycogen in HD33 Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor cells.
Neoplasms
Role of Sulindac and Celecoxib in the regulation of angiogenesis during the early neoplasm of colon: Exploring PI3-K/PTEN/Akt pathway to the canonical Wnt/?-catenin signaling.
Neoplasms
Salidroside Mitigates Sepsis-Induced Myocarditis in Rats by Regulating IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3? Signaling.
Neoplasms
Stimulation of ACE2/ANG(1-7)/Mas Axis by Diminazene Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease in the D-Galactose-Ovariectomized Rat Model: Role of PI3K/Akt Pathway.
Neoplasms
Structural modeling of GSK3? implicates the inactive (DFG-out) conformation as the target bound by TDZD analogs.
Neoplasms
Suppressing N-Myc downstream regulated gene 1 reactivates senescence signaling and inhibits tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Neoplasms
Target inhibition on GSK-3? by miR-9 to modulate proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells.
Neoplasms
The anti-tumoral drug enzastaurin inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity via activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3?
Neoplasms
The Glycogen Shunt Maintains Glycolytic Homeostasis and the Warburg Effect in Cancer.
Neoplasms
The Relationship Between Lithium and Cancer Proliferation: A Case-Based Review of the Literature.
Neoplasms
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) in endometrial carcinoma: A carcinogenesis, progression, prognosis, and target therapy marker.
Neoplasms
Vinpocetine mitigates aluminum-induced cognitive impairment in socially isolated rats.
Neoplasms
Whole blueberry powder modulates the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast tumors in nude mice.
Neoplasms
Why do anti-inflammatory signals of bone marrow-derived stromal cells improve neurodegenerative conditions where anti-inflammatory drugs fail?
Nephrotic Syndrome
Dysregulated levels of glycogen synthase kinase-3? (GSK-3?) and miR-135 in peripheral blood samples of cases with nephrotic syndrome.
Neuralgia
The Potential Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Neuropathy-Induced Apoptosis in Spinal Cord.
Neuroblastoma
9-ING-41, a small-molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor, is active in neuroblastoma.
Neuroblastoma
BDNF-mediated signal transduction is modulated by GSK3beta and mood stabilizing agents.
Neuroblastoma
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor exerts neuroprotective actions against amyloid ?-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells.
Neuroblastoma
GSK-3? inhibition promotes cell death, apoptosis, and in vivo tumor growth delay in neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cell line.
Neuroblastoma
Helicobacter pylori filtrate induces Alzheimer-like tau hyperphosphorylation by activating glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Neuroblastoma
The miR-455-5p/ER?36 axis regulates mammalian neuronal viability and axonal regeneration.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Discovery of new GSK-3? inhibitors through structure-based virtual screening.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
GSK3B and MAPT Polymorphisms Are Associated with Grey Matter and Intracranial Volume in Healthy Individuals.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Identification of novel scaffold of benzothiazepinones as non-ATP competitive glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitors through virtual screening.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in ketamine-induced developmental neuroapoptosis in rats.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
The Potential Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Neuropathy-Induced Apoptosis in Spinal Cord.
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Wnt signalling pathway and tau phosphorylation: A comprehensive study on known connections.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
A Triazolotriazine-Based Dual GSK-3?/CK-1? Ligand as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent Presenting Two Different Mechanisms of Enzymatic Inhibition.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Avenanthramide-C Restores Impaired Plasticity and Cognition in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Cognitive effects of the GSK-3 inhibitor "lithium" in LPS/chronic mild stress rat model of depression: Hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammation and tauopathy.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Discovery of a novel small molecule PT109 with multi-targeted effects against Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?: a mediator of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Role of GSK-3? in isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Targeting central ?2 receptors ameliorates streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase3 pathway in mice.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 ameliorates warfarin-associated hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischemia.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
The traditional Chinese formulae Ling-gui-zhu-gan decoction alleviated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via inhibiting PPP1R3C mediated molecules.
o-acetyl-adp-ribose deacetylase deficiency
MACROD2 deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis by activating GSK-3?/?-catenin signaling.
Obesity
Adipocyte glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in obese and type II diabetic subjects.
Obesity
Changes in glycogen metabolism in liver of gold thioglucose injected mice during the development of obesity.
Obesity
Dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase COOH- and NH2-Terminal Phosphorylation by Insulin in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Obesity
Glycogen and lactate synthetic pathways in human skeletal muscle in relation to obesity, weight reduction and physical training.
Obesity
Impaired activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is unrelated to the degree of obesity.
Obesity
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3? in metabolically abnormal obesity affects immune stimulation-induced cytokine production.
Obesity
Postabsorptive respiratory quotient and insulin-stimulated glucose storage rate in nondiabetic pima indians are related To glycogen synthase fractional activity in cultured myoblasts.
Obesity
Recessive inheritance of obesity in familial non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and lack of linkage to nine candidate genes.
Obesity
UKPDS 19: heterogeneity in NIDDM: separate contributions of IRS-1 and beta 3-adrenergic-receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. UK Prospective Diabetes Study.
Obesity, Abdominal
Insulin sensitivity in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults and effect of GH replacement therapy.
Osteosarcoma
Efficacy of glycogen synthase kinase-3? targeting against osteosarcoma via activation of ?-catenin.
Osteosarcoma
Glycogen synthase kinase-3?, NF-?B signaling, and tumorigenesis of human osteosarcoma.
Osteosarcoma
The glycogen synthase kinase-3?/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in cinobufagin-induced apoptosis in cultured osteosarcoma cells.
Ovarian Neoplasms
Expression levels of MRP1, GST-?, and GSK3? in ovarian cancer and the relationship with drug resistance and prognosis of patients.
Overnutrition
Overnutrition induced decrease in insulin action for glucose storage: in vivo and in vitro in man.
Overweight
Exercise training increases glycogen synthase activity and GLUT4 expression but not insulin signaling in overweight nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects.
Overweight
The impact of metformin therapy on hepatic glucose production and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in overweight type II diabetic patients.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
ARHGEF4 predicts poor prognosis and promotes cell invasion by influencing ERK1/2 and GSK-3?/? signaling in pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Citrus flavonoids luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3? enzymatic activity by lowering the interaction energy within the binding cavity.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
CXCR4 promotes GSK3? expression in pancreatic cancer cells via the Akt pathway.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Flavonoid apigenin modified gene expression associated with inflammation and cancer and induced apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of GSK-3?/NF-?B signaling cascade.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? activity plays a key role in the antitumor effect of nafamostat mesilate in pancreatic cancer cells.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? participates in acquired resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3?: a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
GSK3? mediates pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro via the CXCR4/MMP-2 Pathway.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Maintenance of constitutive IkappaB kinase activity by glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha/beta in pancreatic cancer.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking of substituted 3-(2-methylbenzofuran-3-yl)-5-(phenoxymethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
The intracellular mechanism of insulin resistance in pancreatic cancer patients.
Pancreatic Neoplasms
The intracellular mechanism of insulin resistance in the hamster pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma model.
Pancreatitis
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? attenuates acute kidney injury in sodium taurocholate?induced severe acute pancreatitis in rats.
Pancreatitis
[Experimental study on the mechanism of glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor on acute kidney injury of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats].
Pancreatitis
[Expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3B in pancreatic tissue of acute edematous pancreatitis rats].
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
[Experimental study on the mechanism of glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor on acute kidney injury of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats].
Paralysis
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is associated with neuronal and glial hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.
Paralysis
Protein levels of glycogen synthase 3 kinase are normal in progressive supranuclear palsy.
Parkinson Disease
A Triazolotriazine-Based Dual GSK-3?/CK-1? Ligand as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent Presenting Two Different Mechanisms of Enzymatic Inhibition.
Parkinson Disease
Association of glycogen synthase kinase?3? with Parkinson's disease (Review).
Parkinson Disease
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Regulates Equilibrium Between Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: a Crosstalk with Wnt and Notch Signaling.
Parkinson Disease
Phytic acid attenuates upregulation of GSK-3? and disturbance of synaptic vesicle recycling in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease models.
Perinatal Death
Pulmonary glycogen deficiency as a new potential cause of respiratory distress syndrome.
Peritoneal Fibrosis
Small interfering RNA targeting ILK inhibits EMT in human peritoneal mesothelial cells through phosphorylation of GSK?3?.
Pheochromocytoma
Extracellular ?-Synuclein Leads to Microtubule Destabilization via GSK-3?-Dependent Tau Phosphorylation in PC12 Cells.
Pick Disease of the Brain
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is associated with neuronal and glial hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? promotes cyst expansion in polycystic kidney disease.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Association of the (AU)AT-rich element polymorphism in PPP1R3 with hormonal and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Impaired insulin activation and dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle of women with polycystic ovary syndrome is reversed by pioglitazone treatment.
Pre-Eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increase in trophoblast glycogen content and glycogen synthase activity, similar to that found in hydatidiform moles.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? (GSK-3?) and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NFKB) in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Combined Treatment of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Line DU145 with Chemotherapeutic Agents and Lithium Chloride: Effect on Growth Arrest and/or Apoptosis.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Frequently rearranged in advanced T?cell lymphomas?1 demonstrates oncogenic properties in prostate cancer.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition depletes the population of prostate cancer stem/progenitor-like cells and attenuates metastatic growth.
Prostatic Neoplasms
HIV-1 protease inhibitor induces growth arrest and apoptosis of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells in vitro and in vivo in conjunction with blockade of androgen receptor STAT3 and AKT signaling.
Prostatic Neoplasms
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? counteracts ligand-independent activity of the androgen receptor in castration resistant prostate cancer.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? modulation of glucocorticoid responsiveness in COPD.
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? Inhibition with 9-ING-41 Attenuates the Progression of Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Curcumin ameliorates CKD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress through inhibiting GSK-3? activity.
Reperfusion Injury
Combination of remote ischemic perconditioning and remote ischemic postconditioning fails to increase protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, compared with either alone.
Reperfusion Injury
GH-Releasing Hormone Induces Cardioprotection in Isolated Male Rat Heart via Activation of RISK and SAFE Pathways.
Reperfusion Injury
GSK-3? mediates ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating autophagy in DCD liver allografts.
Reperfusion Injury
GSK3? and VDAC Involvement in ER Stress and Apoptosis Modulation during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.
Reperfusion Injury
Involvement of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Liver Ischemic Conditioning Induced Cardioprotection against Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
Reperfusion Injury
Long-term insulin treatment restores cardioprotection induced by sufentanil postconditioning in diabetic rat heart.
Reperfusion Injury
Remifentanil Preconditioning Reduces Postischemic Myocardial Infarction and Improves Left Ventricular Performance via Activation of the Janus Activated Kinase-2/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-3 Signal Pathway and Subsequent Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3? in Rats.
Reperfusion Injury
Rosuvastatin postconditioning protects isolated hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury: the role of radical oxygen species, PI3K-Akt-GSK-3? pathway and mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
Reperfusion Injury
The SR/ER-mitochondria calcium crosstalk is regulated by GSK3? during reperfusion injury.
Reperfusion Injury
Transgenic over expression of ectonucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 protects against murine myocardial ischemic injury.
Reperfusion Injury
Zinc plays a critical role in the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning by enhancing the activation of the RISK pathway in rat hearts.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Pulmonary glycogen deficiency as a new potential cause of respiratory distress syndrome.
Retinal Degeneration
Inhibition of GSK-3? Activation Protects SD Rat Retina Against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Degeneration by Modulating the Wnt/?-Catenin Signaling Pathway.
Retinoblastoma
Role of C14orf166 in viral infection and RNA metabolism and its relationship with cancer (Review).
Rhabdomyolysis
A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds.
Rhabdomyolysis
Altered mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity in horses suffering from polysaccharide storage myopathy.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Increased fat oxidation and regulation of metabolic genes with ultraendurance exercise.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase/akt survival signal pathways are implicated in neuronal survival after stroke.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Preclinical testing of the glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitor tideglusib for rhabdomyosarcoma.
Sarcoma
Diosgenin and 5-Methoxypsoralen Ameliorate Insulin Resistance through ER-?/PI3K/Akt-Signaling Pathways in HepG2 Cells.
Shock, Septic
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta as a target for the therapy of shock and inflammation.
Shock, Septic
Liver glycogen metabolism in endotoxin shock. I. Endotoxin administration decreases glycogen synthase activities in dog livers.
Sleep Deprivation
Sleep deprivation modulates brain mRNAs encoding genes of glycogen metabolism.
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? genetic polymorphisms and insomnia in depressed patients: A prospective study.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Lithium ameliorates rat spinal cord injury by suppressing glycogen synthase kinase-3? and activating heme oxygenase-1.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Methylprednisolone promotes recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury: association with Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway activation.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Neuroprotection of netrin-1 on neurological recovery via Wnt/?-catenin signaling pathway after spinal cord injury.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its involvement in oral squamous cell carcinoma progression and invasion.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
miRNA-99b-3p functions as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3? in oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca-8113 cells.
starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) deficiency
Characterization of SSIIIa-deficient mutants of rice: the function of SSIIIa and pleiotropic effects by SSIIIa deficiency in the rice endosperm.
starch synthase (glycosyl-transferring) deficiency
Morphological, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Starches from Maize Mutants Deficient in Starch Synthase III.
Starvation
Activity of enzymes regulating glycogen metabolism in perfused muscle-cuticle sections of Ascaris suum (Nematoda).
Starvation
Changes in rates of glucose utilization and regulation of glucose disposal by fast-twitch skeletal muscles in late pregnancy.
Starvation
Effect of adrenalectomy on the diurnal variation in glycogen metabolism in starved-refed rats.
Starvation
Effect of prolonged starvation on glycogen synthase and glycogen synthase phosphatase activity in rat heart.
Starvation
Effect of starvation and insulin treatment on glycogen synthase D and synthase D phosphatase activity in rat heart.
Starvation
Effect of starvation on glycogen and glucose metabolism in different areas of the rat brain.
Starvation
Effects of starvation on the carbohydrate metabolism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas).
Starvation
Glucose starvation results in UDP-glucose deficiency and inactivation of glycogen synthase.
Starvation
Glutamine is a good substrate for glycogen synthesis in isolated hepatocytes from 72 h-starved rats, but not from 24 h- or 48 h-starved rats.
Starvation
Glycogen synthase of Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Nutritional state, interconversion of forms, and primer glycogen molecular weight as control factors.
Starvation
In late pregnancy insulin-dependent glucose transport/phosphorylation is selectively impaired and activation of glycogen synthase by insulin facilitated in skeletal muscles of 24-h starved rats.
Starvation
Loss of Par-1a/MARK3/C-TAK1 kinase leads to reduced adiposity, resistance to hepatic steatosis, and defective gluconeogenesis.
Starvation
Metabolic alterations in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in vivo: influence of prolonged starvation.
Starvation
Molecular and biochemical characterization of the Neurospora crassa glycogen synthase encoded by the gsn cDNA.
Starvation
Polyglucosan neurotoxicity caused by glycogen branching enzyme deficiency can be reversed by inhibition of glycogen synthase.
Starvation
Regulation of glycogen synthase activity in choriocarcinoma cells. Effect of glucose starvation on the conversion of synthase D to synthase I and the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Starvation
Sequencing and characterization of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase genes from Spodoptera exigua and analysis of their function in starvation and excessive sugar intake.
Starvation
SOX2 enhances cell survival and induces resistance to apoptosis under serum starvation conditions through the AKT/GSK-3? signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Starvation
Starvation and refeeding regulate glycogen synthase gene expression in rat liver at the posttranscriptional level.
Starvation
The effects of starvation and re-feeding on glycogen metabolism in mouse tail skin.
Status Epilepticus
Lovastatin modulates glycogen synthase kinase-3? pathway and inhibits mossy fiber sprouting after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.
Stomach Neoplasms
Glycogen synthase kinase-3? does not correlate with the expression and activity of ?-catenin in gastric cancer.
Stomach Neoplasms
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-induced metastatic potential in gastric cancer cells is enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Stroke
BIO alleviates inflammation through inhibition of GSK-3? in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage.
Stroke
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3? enhances cognitive recovery after stroke: the role of TAK1.
Stroke
Insight into glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibitory activity of phyto-constituents from Melissa officinalis: in silico studies.
Stroke
The neuroprotective effect of lithium chloride on cognitive impairment through glycogen synthase kinase-3? inhibition in intracerebral hemorrhage rats.
Stroke
Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3?, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice.
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is associated with neuronal and glial hyperphosphorylated tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration.
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
Protein levels of glycogen synthase 3 kinase are normal in progressive supranuclear palsy.
Tauopathies
AZD1080, a novel GSK3 inhibitor, rescues synaptic plasticity deficits in rodent brain and exhibits peripheral target engagement in humans.
Tauopathies
Combination of PKC? Activation and PTP1B Inhibition Effectively Suppresses A?-Induced GSK-3? Activation and Tau Phosphorylation.
Tauopathies
Tau phosphorylation and kinase activation in familial tauopathy linked to deln296 mutation.
Tauopathies
Temsirolimus attenuates tauopathy in vitro and in vivo by targeting tau hyperphosphorylation and autophagic clearance.
Teratocarcinoma
Phosphoprotein phosphatase-2A docks to Dishevelled and counterregulates Wnt3a/beta-catenin signaling.
Thymoma
Atrogin-1, MuRF1, and FoXO, as well as phosphorylated GSK-3beta and 4E-BP1 are reduced in skeletal muscle of chronic spinal cord-injured patients.
Thymoma
Enhanced myeloid differentiation factor 88 promotes tumor metastasis via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Thymoma
Genome-wide analysis of murine bone marrow?derived very small embryonic-like stem cells reveals that mitogenic growth factor signaling pathways play a crucial role in the quiescence and ageing of these cells.
Thymoma
Green tea polyphenols improve cardiac muscle mRNA and protein levels of signal pathways related to insulin and lipid metabolism and inflammation in insulin-resistant rats.
Thymoma
Prohibitin confers cytoprotection against ISO-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cells via attenuation of oxidative stress and modulation of Akt/Gsk-3? signaling.
Thyroid Neoplasms
The Role of Lithium in Management of Endocrine Tumors-A Comprehensive Review.
Tuberculosis
Allosteric regulation of the partitioning of glucose-1-phosphate between glycogen and trehalose biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis
Sirtuin inhibits M. tuberculosis -induced apoptosis in macrophage through glycogen synthase kinase-3?.
Tuberous Sclerosis
Insulin Signaling in Bupivacaine-induced Cardiac Toxicity: Sensitization during Recovery and Potentiation by Lipid Emulsion.
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Clinicohistopathological implications of phosphoserine 9 glycogen synthase kinase-3?/ ?-catenin in urinary bladder cancer patients.
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3{beta}: A Prognostic Marker and a Potential Therapeutic Target in Human Bladder Cancer.
Vaccinia
Ras-independent and wortmannin-sensitive activation of glycogen synthase by insulin in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Virus Diseases
Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
catalytic domain bound to ADP and inhibitor acarbose, hanging drop vapor diffusion method, using 40 mM citric acid, 60 mM Bis-Tris propane, pH 6.4 and 20% (w/v) PEG 3350
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Plancke, C.; Colleoni, C.; Deschamps, P.; Dauvillee, D.; Nakamura, Y.; Haebel, S.; Ritte, G.; Steup, M.; Buleon, A.; Putaux, J.L.; Dupeyre, D.; dHulst, C.; Ral, J.P.; Loeffelhardt, W.; Ball, S.G.
Pathway of cytosolic starch synthesis in the model glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa
Eukaryot. Cell
7
247-257
2008
Cyanophora paradoxa (A8V967), Cyanophora paradoxa
brenda
Nielsen, M.M.; Ruzanski, C.; Krucewicz, K.; Striebeck, A.; Cenci, U.; Ball, S.G.; Palcic, M.M.; Cuesta-Seijo, J.A.
Crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Arabidopsis thaliana starch synthase IV, of granule bound starch synthase from CLg1 and of granule bound starch synthase I of Cyanophora paradoxa illustrate substrate recognition in starch synthases
Front. Plant Sci.
9
1138
2018
Cyanophora paradoxa (A8V967), Cyanophora paradoxa
brenda
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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)
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