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Information on EC 2.3.3.9 - malate synthase
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EC Tree
2.3.3.9 malate synthaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme catalyses the irreversible condensation of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylate to form (S)-malate. Among other functions, the enzyme participates in the glyoxylate cycle, a modified version of the TCA cycle that bypasses steps that lead to a loss of CO2.
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Word Map
- 2.3.3.9
- isocitrate
- peroxisomal
- icl
- glyoxysomal
- catalase
- citrate
-
tricarboxylic
- tuberculosis
-
shunt
- cotyledons
- seedling
- microbodies
- cucumber
-
gluconeogenesis
-
beta-oxidation
-
4.1.3.1
-
anaplerotic
- fumarase
-
thiolase
-
cucumis
- phosphotransacetylase
-
trosy
- hydroxypyruvate
-
acetate-grown
- agriculture
- 3-ketoacyl-coa
-
pumpkin
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
malate synthase, malate synthase g, glyoxylate cycle enzyme, malate synthetase, malate synthase a, malate synthase 1, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
EC 4.1.3.2
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-
formerly
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GCE(13-573)
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N-terminal malate synthase-active domain of glyoxylate cycle enzyme
glcB
glyoxylate cycle enzyme
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bifunctional enzyme possessing malate synthase and isocitrate lyase activities
glyoxylate transacetase
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-
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glyoxylic transacetase
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-
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L-malate glyoxylate-lyase (CoA-acetylating)
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-
-
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malate synthase
malate synthase 1
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-
-
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malate synthase A
malate synthase G
malate synthetase
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-
-
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malic synthetase
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-
-
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malic-condensing enzyme
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-
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MLS
MSG
SSO1334
malate synthase G
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-
-
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MSG
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA
sequential bireactant mechanism
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acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA
sequencial random mechanism
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acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA
compulsory-order mechanism, glyoxylate being the first-binding substrate, glyoxylate triggers a conformational change in the enzyme and as a consequence, the correctly shaped binding site for acetyl-CoA is created
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acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA
mechanism: D631 and R338 act in concert to form the enolate anion of acetyl-CoA in the rate limiting step. C617 is oxidized to cysteine-sulfenic acid
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acetyl-CoA + glyoxylate + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA
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-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
aldol condensation
-
-
-
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Claisen condensation
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
acetyl-CoA:glyoxylate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing, carboxymethyl-forming)
The enzyme catalyses the irreversible condensation of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylate to form (S)-malate. Among other functions, the enzyme participates in the glyoxylate cycle, a modified version of the TCA cycle that bypasses steps that lead to a loss of CO2.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9013-48-3
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
glyoxylate + fluoroacetyl-CoA + H2O
2-oxo-3-fluoro-butanedioic acid + CoA
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-
-
-
ir
acetyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate
(S)-malate + CoA
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key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme
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-
?
acetyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate
(S)-malate + CoA
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key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme essential for acetate use in the bacterial cells
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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structure of enzyme-substrate complex
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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structure of enzyme-substrate complex
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
the optimum concentration of acetyl-CoA 0.0001 mM, the optimum concentration of glyoxylate 0.001 mM
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
the optimum concentration of acetyl-CoA 0.0001 mM, the optimum concentration of glyoxylate 0.001 mM
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
the optimum concentration of acetyl-CoA 0.0001 mM, the optimum concentration of glyoxylate 0.001 mM
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
the optimum concentration of acetyl-CoA 0.0001 mM, the optimum concentration of glyoxylate 0.001 mM
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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?
additional information
?
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no substrate: oxaloacetate, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, glyoxal
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?
additional information
?
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characteristic enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme undergoes in vitro phosphorylation
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?
additional information
?
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glcB (encoding malate synthase), in the absence of the 240-bp open reading frame SMc00767 is required for acetate metabolism. Malate synthase is not involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation in the interaction of Sinorhizobium meliloti with alfalfa plants. glcB is dispensable in plant-microbe interactions
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?
additional information
?
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glcB (encoding malate synthase), in the absence of the 240-bp open reading frame SMc00767 is required for acetate metabolism. Malate synthase is not involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation in the interaction of Sinorhizobium meliloti with alfalfa plants. glcB is dispensable in plant-microbe interactions
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-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
acetyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate
(S)-malate + CoA
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key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme
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?
acetyl-CoA + H2O + glyoxylate
(S)-malate + CoA
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key enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme essential for acetate use in the bacterial cells
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
-
-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
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enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O
(S)-malate + CoA
-
enzyme specifically involved in glyoxalate cycle metabolism
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
characteristic enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glcB (encoding malate synthase), in the absence of the 240-bp open reading frame SMc00767 is required for acetate metabolism. Malate synthase is not involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation in the interaction of Sinorhizobium meliloti with alfalfa plants. glcB is dispensable in plant-microbe interactions
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glcB (encoding malate synthase), in the absence of the 240-bp open reading frame SMc00767 is required for acetate metabolism. Malate synthase is not involved in nodulation or nitrogen fixation in the interaction of Sinorhizobium meliloti with alfalfa plants. glcB is dispensable in plant-microbe interactions
-
-
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Co2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
additional information
-
Co2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+ are not able to support the activity of enzyme
Mg2+
absolute requirement for divalent cation, maximal activity with 40 mM Mg2+
Mg2+
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enzyme-substrate complex with glyoxylate and Mg2+, Glu427 and Asp455 bind the magnesium ion
Mg2+
enzyme catalyzes the Claisen condensation of glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA to form malate in a magnesium-dependent manner
Mg2+
-
absolute requirement for divalent metal ion, best fulfilled by Mg2+
Mg2+
-
absolute requirement for divalent cation, maximal activity with 5 mM Mg2+
Mg2+
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binding of acetyl-CoA to the synthase is independent of Mg2+ but that of glyoxylate is strictly dependent on the presence of Mg2+
Mg2+
-
causes no structurel effects, suggesting the metal ion to be involved in enzymatic catalysis rather than structural alternations
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(1S,2S,3R)-2-(5-methoxy-9H-b-carbolin-1-yl)-1-methyl-3-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclopentanol
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16-ethenyl-21-oxo-19,20-didehydro-18-oxayohimban-17-yl hexopyranoside
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9-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8,9,10,11,11a,12-hexahydro-6H-6,10:11,12a-dimethanoindolo[3,2-b]quinolizin-13-yl acetate
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dethio-CoA
uncompetitive inhibitor versus glyoxylate and competitive inhibitor versus acetyl-CoA