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Information on EC 2.3.1.6 - choline O-acetyltransferase and Organism(s) Rattus norvegicus and UniProt Accession P32738
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2.3.1.6 choline O-acetyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
Propanoyl-CoA can act, more slowly, in place of acetyl-CoA.
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Word Map
- 2.3.1.6
-
cholinergic
- acetylcholine
- nerve
- acetylcholinesterase
- hippocampus
- forebrain
-
neurotransmitter
-
innervation
- alzheimer
- cortical
- axon
-
medial
-
muscarinic
- striatum
-
neurochemical
- spinal
-
retrograde
-
maze
-
ventral
-
basalis
- ganglion
-
neurotrophic
- septal
- ngf
-
diagonal
-
gabaergic
- myenteric
-
interneurons
-
vacht
- motoneuron
-
chat-positive
-
afferent
- meynert
-
magnocellularis
-
presynaptic
-
varicosity
-
parasympathetic
-
non-cholinergic
-
preganglionic
- benzilate
-
somata
-
calretinin
-
wga-hrp
-
intermediolateral
- broca
- analysis
-
amacrine
-
ache-positive
- pharmacology
-
pedunculopontine
-
ibotenic
- diagnostics
- tegmentum
- medicine
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Rattus norvegicus
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
choline acetyltransferase, choline acetyl transferase, pchat, choline-acetyltransferase, cchat, choline acetylase, choline o-acetyltransferase, acetyl-coa:choline o-acetyltransferase, acetyl-coa:choline-o-acetyltransferase, peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
acetyl CoA:choline-O-acetyltransferase
-
-
-
-
acetyl-CoA:choline-O-acetyltransferase
-
-
-
-
acetyltransferase, choline
-
-
-
-
cChAT
chAcT
-
-
-
-
ChAT
-
-
choline acetyl transferase
-
-
-
-
choline acetylase
-
-
-
-
choline acetyltransferase
pChAT
choline acetyltransferase
-
-
-
-
choline acetyltransferase
-
-
pChAT
-
peripheral choline O-acetyltransferase, predominantly found in peripheral neurons
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Acyl group transfer
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
Propanoyl-CoA can act, more slowly, in place of acetyl-CoA.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9012-78-6
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
acetyl-CoA + choline
CoA + O-acetylcholine
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats, overview
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine that is essential for the development and neuronal activities of the cholinergic systems involved in many fundamental brain functions
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, mutations in ChAT causes congenital neuromuscular disorders
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
-
-
487277, 487278, 487285, 487288, 487295, 487297, 487301, 487305, 487310, 487316, 487318, 487322, 487323, 487324, 487329, 487330, 487331
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
-
-
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
-
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
-
-
r
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
acetyl-CoA + choline
CoA + O-acetylcholine
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats, overview
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine that is essential for the development and neuronal activities of the cholinergic systems involved in many fundamental brain functions
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, mutations in ChAT causes congenital neuromuscular disorders
-
-
r
acetyl-CoA + choline
acetylcholine + CoA
-
synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
-
-
r
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
metal binding site found in crystal structure analysis, bound metal is most likely a Na+
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
amyloid beta peptide
-
the aggregated form of A-beta 25-35 decreased significantly enzyme activity only in the aged striatum
-
pilocarpine
-
decreases the enzyme activity in the hippocampus, lipoic acid protects, overview
pilocarpine
-
pilocarpine-induced seizures reduce choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus, overview
pilocarpine
-
the enzyme activity in striatum and frontal cortex is reduced after pilocarpine-induced seizures
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
C3d
-
a neural cell adhesion molecule ligand, 65-74% activation at 0.001 mM involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor, activation is inhibited by the FGFR inhibitor, SU5402
-
lipoic acid
-
lipoic acid and pilocarpine together increase enzyme activity in the hippocampus of healthy and epileptic rats, lipoic acid alone does not alter hippocampal ChAT activity. Lipoic acid protects rats against pilocarpine-induced seizures and eliminates lethality, overview
okadaic acid
-
increases the activity of water-soluble and nonionically membrane-bound enzyme
pilocarpine
-
lipoic acid and pilocarpine together increase enzyme activity in the hippocampus of healthy and epileptic rats, lipoic acid alone does not alter hippocampal ChAT activity. Lipoic acid protects rats against pilocarpine-induced seizures and eliminates lethality, overview
sarin
-
choline acetyltransferase activity is increased in cortex, brainstem and midbrain 6h after LD50 treatment, and the elevated enzyme activity persisted up to 20h after treatment
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
pChAT+ nerve fibers are found exclusively in the trigeminal and solitary systems. The ventral portion of the principal sensory nucleus contains many pChAT+ fibers
-
impaired spatial working memory and altered choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and nicotinic receptor binding in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia during sleep
-
in both young adult and middle-aged animals, oestradiol treatment initiates immediately after ovariectomy significantly increased ChAT levels in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex compared to cholesterol control treatment. When oestradiol treatment is initiated 5 months after ovariectomy, it fails to significantly increase ChAT levels in the hippocampus, but does so in the prefrontal cortex
-
the ganglion neurons possess pChAT, but never cChAT, mRNA and protein. pChAT has enzyme activity enough to supply physiological concentrations of acetylcholine in the ganglion. pChAT contributes both to acetylcholine neurotransmission in physiologically identified cholinergic cells and to functions yet unknown in non-cholinergic neurons
-
pChAT occurs in most CGRP+ SP+ ganglion cells, such sparseness of pChAT+ fibers implies poor transportation of pChAT to axon branchlets
-
dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, contains a peripheral-type pChAT, a splice variant that lacks exons 6-9 of the common-type ChAT, cChAT
additional information
-
after axotomy pChAT immunoreactivity is apparent in some brainstem nuclei, such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the nucleus ambiguus, and the hypoglossal nucleus, but not in the brainstem neurons of normal rats
-
-
-
ingestion of lower quantity and quality of dietary protein are likely to control the mRNA level and concentration of NGF, and cause a decline in the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brains of young rats
-
silencing of choline acetyltransferase expression by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference
-
exposure to enriched environment improves spatial learning performances and enhances cell density but not choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus of ventral subicular-lesioned rats
-
in both young adult and middle-aged animals, oestradiol treatment initiates immediately after ovariectomy significantly increased ChAT levels in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex compared to cholesterol control treatment. When oestradiol treatment is initiated 5 months after ovariectomy, it fails to significantly increase ChAT levels in the hippocampus, but does so in the prefrontal cortex
-
ChAt activity in untreated and in pilocarpine-treated hippocampi, overview
-
trigeminal neuron, the majority of pChAT-positive neurons has small to medium-sized cell bodies. More than 90% of substance P (SP)-positive trigeminal cells and about 80% of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive cells exhibited pChAT-immunoreactivity. pChAT-positive cells form a larger population of neurons than SP-positive or CGRP-positive cells, but they are a different population from calbindin-D28k-positive neurons. pChAT-immunoreactivity is present in a subset of neurons positive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase. pChAT plays roles not only in nociception, but also in other sensory functions such as mechanoreception mediating tactile sensation
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
cChAT but not pChAT, pChAT found in nucleus only after treatment with leptomycin B
-
associated with synaptic vesicles, can be displaced by treatment with urea or alkaline solutions
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase-positive nerves participate in the sympathetic cholinergic innervation of eccrine sweat glands. The enzyme also plays a role in cutaneous sensory nerve endings
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). CLAT_RAT
640
0
71864
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
68000
-
1 * 68000, enzyme is initially synthesized as 75 kDa precursor-protein, SDS-PAGE
additional information
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
monomer
monomer
-
1 * 68000, enzyme is initially synthesized as 75 kDa precursor-protein, SDS-PAGE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
phosphoprotein
-
rat choline acetyltransferase is phosphorylated in Sf9 cells
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
N514R
-
is described as ChAT-R, the introduction of an Arg at position 514 in rat enzyme is predicted to provide the ionic charge required to interact with, and neutralize, the carboxyl group of carnitine
R452A
-
kinetic as well chemical modification studies have implicated the presence of an active site arginine in enzyme, whose function is to stabilize coenzyme binding, conserved arginines are converted to identify these residues
R453A
-
kinetic as well chemical modification studies have implicated the presence of an active site arginine in enzyme, whose function is to stabilize coenzyme binding, conserved arginines are converted to identify these residues
R458A
-
kinetic as well chemical modification studies have implicated the presence of an active site arginine in enzyme, whose function is to stabilize coenzyme binding, conserved arginines are converted to identify these residues
R463A
-
kinetic as well chemical modification studies have implicated the presence of an active site arginine in enzyme, whose function is to stabilize coenzyme binding, conserved arginines are converted to identify these residues
GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
residues 18-617 of full length DNA expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alphaFIQ
cDNAs encoding splicing variants cChAT and pChAT, purified from the rat striatum and pterygopalatine ganglion, respectively, expression analysis. Recombinant expression in HEK-293 cells
-
expression in FR3T3 fibroblasts, SN6 cells and transgenic mice, a 3800-bp 5'flanking segment from the rat ChAT gene promotor directed cell type-specific expression of a reporter gene in cholinergic cells. A 2342-bp segment from the 5' flanking region of the ChAT gene behaves as an enhancer in cholinergic cells but as a repressor in noncholinergic cells in an orientation-independent manner
-
expression in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells using a baculovirus expression system
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the administration of 0.5% gamma-aminobutyric acid in the diet of ovariectomized female rats causes an increase in the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brain
Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
medicine
-
promoting ChAT activity and acetylcholine release can lead to treatments for neurodegenerative diseases with cholinergic deficits, such as Alzheimers disease
pharmacology
-
Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced dementia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
McGeer, P.L.; McGeer, E.G.; Peng, J.H.
Choline acetyltransferase: purification and immunohistochemical localization
Life Sci.
34
2319-2336
1984
Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Drosophila sp. (in: flies), Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Torpedo sp.
Chao, L.P.
Choline acetyltransferase: purification and characterization
J. Neurosci. Res.
5
85-115
1980
Bos taurus, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Tetronarce californica
Haubrich, D.R.
Choline acetyltransferase and its inhibitors
Biol. of Cholinergic Funct. (Goldberg, A. M. , Hanin, I. , eds. )
1976
239-266
1976
Bos taurus, Cavia porcellus, Columba livia, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Homo sapiens, Musa domestica, Rattus norvegicus
-
Habert, E.; Birman, S.; Mallet, J.
High-level synthesis and fate of acetylcholine in baculovirus-infected cells: characterization and purification of recombinant rat choline acetyltransferase
J. Neurochem.
58
1447-1453
1992
Rattus norvegicus
Rylett, R.J.
Synaptosomal membrane-bound choline acetyltransferase is most sensitive to inhibition by choline mustard
J. Neurochem.
52
869-875
1989
Rattus norvegicus
Ryan, R.L.; McClure, W.O.
Inhibition by styrylpyridines of purified rat and bovine brain choline acetyltransferase
Neurochem. Res.
6
163-173
1981
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
Dietz, G.W.; Salvaterra, P.M.
Purification and peptide mapping of rat brain choline acetyltransferase
J. Biol. Chem.
255
10612-10617
1980
Rattus norvegicus
Ryan, R.L.; McClure, W.O.
Purification of choline acetyltransferase from rat and cow brain
Biochemistry
18
5357-5365
1979
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
Rowell, P.P.; Chiou, C.Y.
Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by tertiary alkylaminoethyl esters
Biochem. Pharmacol.
25
1093-1099
1976
Rattus norvegicus
Rossier, J.; Bauman, A.; Benda, P.
Improved purification of rat brain choline acetyltransferase by using an immunoabsorbent
FEBS Lett.
32
231-234
1973
Rattus norvegicus
Khan, W.A.; Dechkovskaia, A.M.; Herrick, E.A.; Jones, K.H.; Abou-Donia, M.B.
Acute sarin exposure causes differential regulation of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of the rat
Toxicol. Sci.
57
112-120
2000
Rattus norvegicus
Carbini, L.A.; Hersh, L.B.
Functional analysis of conserved histidines in choline acetyltransferase by site-directed mutagenesis
J. Neurochem.
61
247-253
1993
Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Rattus norvegicus, Sus scrofa
Cooke, L.J.; Rylett, R.J.
Inhibitors of serine/threonine phosphatases increase membrane-bound choline acetyltransferase activity and enhance acetylcholine synthesis
Brain Res.
751
232-238
1997
Rattus norvegicus
Wattanathorn, J.; Kotchabhakdi, N.; Casalotti, S.O.; Baldwin, B.A.; Govitrapong, P.
Ethanol alone or with dexamethasone alters the kinetics of choline acetyltransferase
Eur. J. Pharmacol.
313
69-72
1996
Rattus norvegicus
Zambrzycka, A.; Alberghina, M.; Strosznajder, J.B.
Effects of aging and amyloid-b peptides on choline acetyltransferase activity in rat brain
Neurochem. Res.
27
277-281
2002
Rattus norvegicus
Cronin, C.N.
Redesign of choline acetyltransferase specificity by protein engineering
J. Biol. Chem.
273
24465-24469
1998
Rattus norvegicus
Loennerberg, P.; Lendahl, U.; Funakoshi, H.; Aerhlund-Richter, L.; Persson, H.; Ibanez, C.F.
Regulatory region in choline acetyltransferase gene directs developmental and tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
92
4046-4050
1995
Rattus norvegicus
Dobransky, T.; Davis, W.L.; Rylett, R.J.
Functional characterization of phosphorylation of 69-kDa human choline acetyltransferase at serine 440 by protein kinase C
J. Biol. Chem.
276
22244-22250
2001
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus
Wu, D.; Hersh, L.B.
Identification of an active site arginine in rat choline acetyltransferase by alanine scanning mutagenesis
J. Biol. Chem.
270
29111-29116
1995
Rattus norvegicus
Lian, W.; Gu, Y.; Pedersen, B.; Kukar, T.; Govindasamy, L.; Agbandje-McKenna, M.; Jin, S.; McKenna, R.; Wu, D.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies on recombinant rat choline acetyltransferase
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
60
374-375
2004
Rattus norvegicus
Cai, Y.; Cronin, C.N.; Engel, A.G.; Ohno, K.; Hersh, L.B.; Rodgers, D.W.
Choline acetyltransferase structure reveals distribution of mutations that cause motor disorders
EMBO J.
23
2047-2058
2004
Rattus norvegicus (P32738)
Govindasamy, L.; Pedersen, B.; Lian, W.; Kukar, T.; Gu, Y.; Jin, S.; Agbandje-McKenna, M.; Wu, D.; McKenna, R.
Structural insights and functional implications of choline acetyltransferase
J. Struct. Biol.
148
226-235
2004
Rattus norvegicus (P32738)
Matsuo, A.; Bellier, J.P.; Hisano, T.; Aimi, Y.; Yasuhara, O.; Tooyama, I.; Saito, N.; Kimura, H.
Rat choline acetyltransferase of the peripheral type differs from that of the common type in intracellular translocation
Neurochem. Int.
46
423-433
2005
Rattus norvegicus
Gabrielle, P.; Jeana, M.; Lorenza, E.C.
Cytosolic choline acetyltransferase binds specifically to cholinergic plasma membrane of rat brain synaptosomes to generate membrane-bound enzyme
Neurochem. Res.
28
543-549
2003
Rattus norvegicus
Tujioka, K.; Shi, X.; Ohsumi, M.; Tuchiya, T.; Hayase, K.; Uchida, T.; Ikeda, S.; Morishita, A.; Yokogoshi, H.
Effect of quantity and quality of dietary protein on choline acetyltransferase and nerve growth factor, and their mRNAs in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats
Amino Acids
36
13-19
2009
Rattus norvegicus
Row, B.W.; Kheirandish, L.; Cheng, Y.; Rowell, P.P.; Gozal, D.
Impaired spatial working memory and altered choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) immunoreactivity and nicotinic receptor binding in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia during sleep
Behav. Brain Res.
177
308-314
2007
Rattus norvegicus
Dhanushkodi, A.; Bindu, B.; Raju, T.R.; Kutty, B.M.
Exposure to enriched environment improves spatial learning performances and enhances cell density but not choline acetyltransferase activity in the hippocampus of ventral subicular-lesioned rats
Behav. Neurosci.
121
491-500
2007
Rattus norvegicus
Yasuhara, O.; Aimi, Y.; Shibano, A.; Kimura, H.
Primary sensory neurons containing choline acetyltransferase of the peripheral type in the rat trigeminal ganglion and their relation to neuropeptides-, calbindin- and nitric oxide synthase-containing cells
Brain Res.
1141
92-98
2007
Rattus norvegicus
Yasuhara, O.; Aimi, Y.; Matsuo, A.; Kimura, H.
Distribution of a splice variant of choline acetyltransferase in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem of the rat: comparison with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P
J. Comp. Neurol.
509
436-448
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Bellier, J.P.; Kimura, H.
Acetylcholine synthesis by choline acetyltransferase of a peripheral type as demonstrated in adult rat dorsal root ganglion
J. Neurochem.
101
1607-1618
2007
Rattus norvegicus
Bohacek, J.; Bearl, A.M.; Daniel, J.M.
Long-term ovarian hormone deprivation alters the ability of subsequent oestradiol replacement to regulate choline acetyltransferase protein levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of middle-aged rats
J. Neuroendocrinol.
20
1023-1027
2008
Rattus norvegicus
Santamaria, J.; Khalfallah, O.; Sauty, C.; Brunet, I.; Sibieude, M.; Mallet, J.; Berrard, S.; Lecomte, M.J.
Silencing of choline acetyltransferase expression by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference in cultured cells and in the adult rodent brain
J. Neurosci. Res.
87
532-544
2009
Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
de Sales Santos, I.M.; Feitosa, C.M.; de Freitas, R.M.
Pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats
Cell. Mol. Neurobiol.
30
569-575
2010
Rattus norvegicus
Saito, A.; Sato, T.; Okano, H.; Toyoda, K.; Bamba, H.; Kimura, S.; Bellier, J.P.; Matsuo, A.; Kimura, H.; Hisa, Y.; Tooyama, I.
Axotomy alters alternative splicing of choline acetyltransferase in the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
J. Comp. Neurol.
513
237-248
2009
Rattus norvegicus
Burgess, A.; Saini, S.; Weng, Y.Q.; Aubert, I.
Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase by C3d, a neural cell adhesion molecule ligand
J. Neurosci. Res.
87
609-616
2009
Rattus norvegicus
de Freitas, R.M.
Lipoic acid increases hippocampal choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and improvement memory in epileptic rats
Neurochem. Res.
35
162-170
2010
Rattus norvegicus
Oh, J.H.; Choi, B.J.; Chang, M.S.; Park, S.K.
Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression
Neurosci. Lett.
461
41-44
2009
Rattus norvegicus
Sales, I.M.; Freitas, R.L.; Saldanha, G.B.; Souza, G.F.; Freitas, R.M.
Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities are reduced in rat striatum and frontal cortex after pilocarpine-induced seizures
Neurosci. Lett.
469
81-83
2010
Rattus norvegicus
Kitanishi, T.; Aimi, Y.; Kitano, H.; Suzuki, M.; Kimura, H.; Saito, A.; Shimizu, T.; Tooyama, I.
Distinct localization of peripheral and central types of choline acetyltransferase in the rat cochlea
Acta Histochem. Cytochem.
46
145-152
2013
Rattus norvegicus
Hanada, K.; Kishimoto, S.; Bellier, J.; Kimura, H.
Peripheral choline acetyltransferase in rat skin demonstrated by immunohistochemistry
Cell Tissue Res.
351
497-510
2013
Rattus norvegicus (P32738)
Bader, S.; Klein, J.; Diener, M.
Choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters are responsible for synthesis and propionate-induced release of acetylcholine in colon epithelium
Eur. J. Pharmacol.
733
23-33
2014
Rattus norvegicus (P32738)
Tujioka, K.; Thanapreedawat, P.; Yamada, T.; Yokogoshi, H.; Horie, K.; Kim, M.; Tsutsui, K.; Hayase, K.
Effect of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid on the nerve growth factor and the choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of ovariectomized female rats
J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.
60
60-65
2014
Rattus norvegicus (P32738)
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