Information on EC 2.3.1.6 - choline O-acetyltransferase

additional information

?

-

-

pilocarpine-induced seizures produce alterations on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities and deficit memory in rats, overview

703135

-

acetyl-CoA

K+

additional information

3-Bromoacetonyltrimethylammonium bromide

-

487278

3-Bromoacetonyltrimethylammonium ion

3 entries

3-Chloro-4-stilbazole

3-trimethylammoniomethylcatechol

-

487280

4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine

Drosophila sp. (in: Insecta)

5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)

Acetylaminocholine

-

Acetylcholine

Acyloylcholine

AMPA

-

amyloid beta peptide

-

the aggregated form of A-beta 25-35 decreased significantly enzyme activity only in the aged striatum

487324

-

arachidonic acid

-

beta-amyloid

-

-

bromo-acetylcholine

Bromoacetyl-S-CoA

-

bromoacetylcholine

Catecholine

-

CdCl2

-

Chloroacetylcholine

Chlorocholine

-

choline

-

Choline mustard aziridinium salt

CoA

coenzyme A

Cu+

-

CuSO4

-

dexamethasone

-

Diethylaminoethanol

-

diethyldicarbonate

-

domoic acid

-

ethanol

-

ethylenimine

-

Flubenzimine

Rhizoglyphus echinopus

-

i.e. N-[3-phenyl-4,5-bis[(trifluoromethyl)immino]-2-thiazolidinylidene]benzenamine

glutamate

-

H2O2

-

Hg2+

-

noncompetitive with respect to choline, IC50: 0.0004 mM, mixed type inhibition with respect to acetyl-CoA, IC50: 0.0025 mM, activity can be recovered using 2,3-dimercapto-propanol

HgCl2

-

iodoacetamide

-

iodoacetate

juglone

Oryctolagus cuniculus

-

487279

kainate

Gallus gallus

-

487319

N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate

-

487305

N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl bromoacetate

-

487305

N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl chloroacetate

-

487305

N-ethylmaleimide

5 entries

N-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine

6 entries

nerve growth factor

-

nerve growth factor, under specific development conditions, leads to a paradoxical down-regulation of the enzyme

487325

-

ocadaic acid

p-chloromercuribenzoate

phenylacetate

-

phenylacetyl-CoA

-

phenylbutyrate

-

Phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride

pilocarpine

quisqualate

-

Reactive blue 2

Styrylpyridinium salts

6 entries

thioctic acid

-

it is proposed that dihydrolipoic acid serves an essential role in the regulation of the activity of the the enzyme and that the ratio of reduced to oxidized lipoic acid in the cell may play an important role in the regulation of the activity of the enzyme

veratridine

-

vesamicol

-

Zinc acetate

-

[2-[3-(2-Ammonioethoxy)-benzoyl]ethyl]trimethylammonium bromide

Torpedo marmorata

-

487282

additional information

-

Br-

-

487303, 487313

C3d

-

a neural cell adhesion molecule ligand, 65-74% activation at 0.001 mM involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor, activation is inhibited by the FGFR inhibitor, SU5402

705281

-

choline

-

extracellular choline increases acetylcholine contents in the cell

Cl-

Creatinine-HCl

-

dihydrolipoic acid

-

it is proposed that dihydrolipoic acid serves an essential role in the regulation of the activity of the the enzyme and that the ratio of reduced to oxidized lipoic acid in the cell may play an important role in the regulation of the activity of the enzyme

487326

ethanolic extract of Allium tuberosum

26 entries

-

Guanidine-HCl

-

487307

high-affinity choline transporter

-

i.e. CHT1, plays a key role in acetylcholine synthesis and choline uptake, CHT1 inhibition also inhibits acetylcholine formation, overview

705279

-

I-

-

487303

KCl

6 entries

kinesin-associated protein 3

-

i.e. KAP3, is a kinesin-2 subunit responsible for binding to cargos including choline acetyltransferase. Sequestration by misfolded SOD1 species results in inhibition of ChAT transport

703962

-

LiCl

-

lipoic acid

-

lipoic acid and pilocarpine together increase enzyme activity in the hippocampus of healthy and epileptic rats, lipoic acid alone does not alter hippocampal ChAT activity. Lipoic acid protects rats against pilocarpine-induced seizures and eliminates lethality, overview

Na2HPO4

-

Na2SO4

-

NaBr

-

NaCl

NaF

-

NGFI-A

-

NGF activates transcriptional factors which influence the promotor region of the enzyme

487320

-

NGFI-C

-

NGF activates transcriptional factors which influence the promotor region of the enzyme

487320

-

NH4Cl

-

okadaic acid

-

increases the activity of water-soluble and nonionically membrane-bound enzyme

487322

pilocarpine

-

lipoic acid and pilocarpine together increase enzyme activity in the hippocampus of healthy and epileptic rats, lipoic acid alone does not alter hippocampal ChAT activity. Lipoic acid protects rats against pilocarpine-induced seizures and eliminates lethality, overview

705905

sarin

-

choline acetyltransferase activity is increased in cortex, brainstem and midbrain 6h after LD50 treatment, and the elevated enzyme activity persisted up to 20h after treatment

487316

Sodium acetate

-

0.00201 - 5

acetyl-CoA

17 entries

0.0004 - 2.7

Acetylcholine

10 entries

4.8 - 100

carnitine

0.192 - 128

choline

17 entries

0.00025 - 0.04

CoA

10 entries

additional information

19 entries

-

15

3-trimethylammoniomethyl catechol

-

487280

25

Catecholine

-

487280

0.008

coenzyme A

0.0005

Hg2+

-

pH 7.4, 37°C

659848

0.00031

phenylacetyl-CoA

-

487315

0.8

thioctic acid

-

487326

0.0025

Hg2+

Electrophorus electricus

-

noncompetitive with respect to choline, IC50: 0.0004 mM, mixed type inhibition with respect to acetyl-CoA, IC50: 0.0025 mM, activity can be recovered using 2,3-dimercapto-propanol

659848

0.07742

-

0.19

-

50

-

purified enzyme, pH 7.4

73

142

-

500

Drosophila melanogaster

-

487284

additional information

21 entries

6.3

-

without NaCl in assay medium

7 - 8

-

presence of NaCl

7.2

-

7.4

8.3

-

additional information

37

38

-

5 - 45

-

-

developing antenna during larvae development, enzyme detected in neurons, glia and epidermal cells

-

-

-

-

-

pChAT+ nerve fibers are found exclusively in the trigeminal and solitary systems. The ventral portion of the principal sensory nucleus contains many pChAT+ fibers

-

-

33% of activity membrane associated

-

-

-

-

-

ChAT activity is higher in Ts65Dn mice at both 19 and 24 months of age compared to normogenic animals

-

-

-

eye

-

uvea

487321

fibroblast

-

lung, fetal lung fibroblasts, HFL-1

705317

forebrain

-

impaired spatial working memory and altered choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and nicotinic receptor binding in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia during sleep

-

-

-

-

-

15% of activity membrane associated

-

-

-

strong pChAT signal in intrinsic primary afferent neurons, low immunoreactivity for cChAT

-

-

non-neuronal cholinergic cell

705279

occipital lobe

-

no significant differences of ChAT activity are measured at both 19 and 24 months of age between Ts65Dn mice and normogenic animals

-

-

no significant differences of ChAT activity are measured at both 19 and 24 months of age between Ts65Dn mice and normogenic animals

689183

olfactory lobe

-

enzyme-containing neuronal cell bodies in only two regions, the cell islands of the optic lobe medulla and the cortical layer of the posterior olfactory lobule. Immunoreactive fibers and probable nerve terminals are found in the plexiform layer of the deep retina, within the stroma of the optic gland, and the neuropils of the optic lobe, peduncle lobe, and olfactory lobe

687990

olfactory peduncle

-

enzyme-containing neuronal cell bodies in only two regions, the cell islands of the optic lobe medulla and the cortical layer of the posterior olfactory lobule. Immunoreactive fibers and probable nerve terminals are found in the plexiform layer of the deep retina, within the stroma of the optic gland, and the neuropils of the optic lobe, peduncle lobe, and olfactory lobe

687990

optic lobe

-

enzyme-containing neuronal cell bodies in only two regions, the cell islands of the optic lobe medulla and the cortical layer of the posterior olfactory lobule. Immunoreactive fibers and probable nerve terminals are found in the plexiform layer of the deep retina, within the stroma of the optic gland, and the neuropils of the optic lobe, peduncle lobe, and olfactory lobe

-

in both young adult and middle-aged animals, oestradiol treatment initiates immediately after ovariectomy significantly increased ChAT levels in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex compared to cholesterol control treatment. When oestradiol treatment is initiated 5 months after ovariectomy, it fails to significantly increase ChAT levels in the hippocampus, but does so in the prefrontal cortex

-

-

-

-

-

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the ganglion neurons possess pChAT, but never cChAT, mRNA and protein. pChAT has enzyme activity enough to supply physiological concentrations of acetylcholine in the ganglion. pChAT contributes both to acetylcholine neurotransmission in physiologically identified cholinergic cells and to functions yet unknown in non-cholinergic neurons

-

-

-

pChAT occurs in most CGRP+ SP+ ganglion cells, such sparseness of pChAT+ fibers implies poor transportation of pChAT to axon branchlets

687989

vagus nerve

-

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, contains a peripheral-type pChAT, a splice variant that lacks exons 6-9 of the common-type ChAT, cChAT

704830

whole body

Rhizoglyphus echinopus

-

487286

additional information

-

-

-

ChAT transport in the microtubule, schematic overview

-

associated with synaptic vesicles, can be displaced by treatment with urea or alkaline solutions

additional information

-

immunofluorescent localization study, overview

-

702958

2fy2, download, 3D-view

2fy3, download, 3D-view

2fy4, download, 3D-view

2fy5, download, 3D-view

1q6x, download, 3D-view

1t1u, download, 3D-view

13000

Drosophila melanogaster

-

1 * 54000 + 1 * 13000, major form isolated, may be generated from monomeric form by limited proteolysis, SDS-PAGE

487292

30000 - 300000

Doryteuthis pealeii

-

self-association to large aggregates, gel filtration, sedimentation equilibrium

487299

34000

37000

Doryteuthis pealeii

-

x * 37000 + x * 56000, SDS-PAGE, ultracentrifugation in presence of guanidine-HCl

487299

42000

-

2 * 42000, SDS-PAGE

487327

49000

-

pChAT

660006

54000

56000

Doryteuthis pealeii

-

x * 37000 + x * 56000, SDS-PAGE, ultracentrifugation in presence of guanidine-HCl

62000

65000

66000

66800

Schistocerca gregaria

-

gel filtration

67000

67000 - 69000

68000

68300

-

x * 68300, SDS-PAGE

487282

68500

-

1 * 68500, SDS-PAGE

487285

69000

71000

Caenorhabditis elegans

-

gel filtration

487291

72000

-

x * 72000, isozyme CAT-A, x * 76000, isozyme CAT-B, SDS-PAGE

487283

76000

80000

-

gel filtration

487327

81000

-

x * 81000, common type enzyme, SDS-PAGE

735874

96000

-

cChAT with GFP as fusion protein

660006

106000

-

largest aggregate, formation after ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration

487307

120000 - 125000

Doryteuthis opalescens

-

peaks A, B1, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis

487311

128000

Catfish

-

gel filtration

487296

140000

Catfish

-

gradient polyacrylamide electrophoresis

487296

200000

Doryteuthis opalescens

-

peak B2, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis

487311

additional information

?

dimer

monomer

phosphoprotein

hanging drop vapor diffusion method

-

657464

sitting drop vapor diffusion method

-

658548

vapor diffusion crystallization

-

659816

37

additional information

-

increasing ionic strength increases susceptibility to thermal degradation

487303

acetyl-CoA stabilizes

-

487290

bovine serum albumin stabilizes

4 entries

choline chloride stabilizes

-

487290

EDTA stabilizes

ethylene glycol stabilizes

-

487297

increasing ionic strength increases susceptibility to proteolysis and thermal degradation

-

487303

sucrose stabilizes

extremely sensitive to oxidation due to its cysteine-rich nature, oxidation causes formation of dimers and loss of activity

-

660442

-20°C, partially purified preparation, several months stable, less stable in purified state

-

487300

-20°C, several months

-

4°C, 24 h, less than 10% loss of activity

-

-

2 isozymes

large scale

-

overview procedures

partial

Caenorhabditis elegans

-

487291

placental acidic and basic form

-

487294

recombinant enzyme using His-tag

-

657464

recombinant proteins using His-tag or chitin-binding-domain

-

660442

cDNAs encoding splicing variants cChAT and pChAT, purified from the rat striatum and pterygopalatine ganglion, respectively, expression analysis. Recombinant expression in HEK-293 cells

-

704830

expressed as GFP fusion protein in HEK293 cells

-

660006

expressed in Escherichia coli B834

Drosophila sp. (in: Insecta)

-

657464

expression in Escherichia coli

-

487287

expression in FR3T3 fibroblasts, SN6 cells and transgenic mice, a 3800-bp 5'flanking segment from the rat ChAT gene promotor directed cell type-specific expression of a reporter gene in cholinergic cells. A 2342-bp segment from the 5' flanking region of the ChAT gene behaves as an enhancer in cholinergic cells but as a repressor in noncholinergic cells in an orientation-independent manner

-

487329

expression in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells; expression in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells using a baculovirus expression system

-

487285

expression of wild-type- and S440A mutant-enzyme in HEK293 cells

-

487330

large-scale expression as His-tag or chitin-binding-domain fusion protein in Escherichia coli, His-tag fusion protein expresses in inclusion bodies at 37°C growth temperature and in soluble form at 20°C, chitin-binding-domain fusion protein expressed at 15°C but not at 37°C

-

660442

residues 18-617 of full length DNA expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alphaF’IQ

-

658548

stable expression of the enzyme in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, expression of ChAT and high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 in NIH-3T3 cells giving NIH3T3ChAT 112-1 cells leading to increased binding of the CHT1 inhibitor hemicholinium-3 and greater choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis compared to NIH3T3ChAT 103-1 cells, a CHT1-negative control cell line

-

705279

two fragments of the hChAT gene are used for functional analysis carrying 944 bp (P1) and 4000 bp (P2) of the 5' flanking region in front of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. They are transfected in NG108-15, SN6 and COS-1 cells

-

487320

cerebral spinal fluid enzyme is upregulated in autoimmune neuroinflammation

-

737113

enzyme activity is reduced significantly when neurons are exposed to high levels of beta-amyloid aggregates

-

735984

interleukin-1beta induces the enzyme in HFL-1 cells

-

705317

Nelumbo nucifera semen extract improves memory in rats with scopolamine-induced amnesia through the induction of choline acetyltransferase expression

-

705919

pChAT expression is induced by neuronal damage

-

704830

scopolamine suppresses the enzyme in neurons

-

705919

the administration of 0.5% gamma-aminobutyric acid in the diet of ovariectomized female rats causes an increase in the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the brain