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Information on EC 2.3.1.48 - histone acetyltransferase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q9LXD7
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2.3.1.48 histone acetyltransferaseIUBMB Comments
A group of enzymes acetylating histones. Several of the enzymes can also acetylate lysines in other proteins [3,4].
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- 2.3.1.48
- rhythm
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oscillation
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suprachiasmatic
- chromatin
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entrain
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night
- scn
- sleep
- melatonin
- drosophila
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- retinal
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draw
- hypothalamus
- hdacs
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light-induced
- melanogaster
- photoreceptors
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noise
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bayesian
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nocturnal
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evening
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daytime
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deacetylation
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coherent
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co-activator
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oscillatory
- dementia
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transactivation
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
clock, histone acetyltransferase, n-acetyltransferase, tip60, histone acetyltransferases, cbp/p300, creb-binding protein, ep300, crebbp, creb binding protein, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
acetyltransferase, histone
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-
-
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factor acetyltransferase
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enzyme form A is also able to acetylate nonhistone proteins, mostly transcription factors, overview
FAT
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when acetylating nonhistone transcription factor proteins, factor specific, overview
HAM1
histone acetokinase
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histone acetylase
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histone transacetylase
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nucleosome-histone acetyltransferase
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additional information
additional information
the enzyme belongs to the MYST histone acetyltransferase family
additional information
-
the enzyme belongs to the MYST family histone acetyltransferases which is divided in three sub-families, overview
additional information
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type A enzymes are localized in the nuclei and acetylate nucleosomal histones as well as nonhistone proteins, type B enzymes can be found in the cytoplasmic fraction and are responsible for acetylation of newly synthesized histones before their translocation into the nucleus for chromatin assembly during DNA replication
additional information
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type A enzymes can be grouped into different families based on amino acid sequence comparison and binding motifs, overview
additional information
the enzyme belongs to the MYST histone acetyltransferase family
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Acyl group transfer
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-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
acetyl-CoA:[protein]-L-lysine acetyltransferase
A group of enzymes acetylating histones. Several of the enzymes can also acetylate lysines in other proteins [3,4].
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9054-51-7
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
acetyl-CoA + histone H
CoA + acetylhistone H
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histone acetyltransferase AtGCN5 is required to regulate the floral meristem activity through the WUS/AG pathway
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-
?
acetyl-CoA + [histone H3]-L-lysine14
CoA + [histone H3]-N6-acetyl-L-lysine14
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-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + [histone H3]-L-lysine9
CoA + [histone H3]-N6-acetyl-L-lysine9
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-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + histone
CoA + acetylhistone
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histone H3 is the preferred substrate
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r
acetyl-CoA + histone H3
CoA + acetylhistone H3
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residues K14, K18, and K23 of H3 are acetylated by domain C1 of isoform Idm1 in vitro
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?
acetyl-CoA + histone H3
CoA + acetylhistone H3
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Gcn5 protein: preferred substrate, acetylation at Lys14
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r
acetyl-CoA + histone H3
CoA + acetylhistone H3
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acetylation at Lys9
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + histone H3
CoA + acetylhistone H3
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acetylation at Lys14 of histone H3
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-
?
acetyl-CoA + histone H4
CoA + acetylhistone H4
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Gcn5 protein acetylates H4 when purified and presented separately to the enzyme at Lys8 and Lys16
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r
acetyl-CoA + histone H4
CoA + acetylhistone H4
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acetylation at Lys14
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-
?
histone + acetyl-CoA
acetyl-histone + CoA
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histone acetylation is an important posttranslational modification correlated with gene activation, the HAC1 is involved in the regulation of flowering time via repression of flowering locus C, the enzyme participates in many physiological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis
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-
?
additional information
?
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Gcn5 is a coactivator of transcription
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?
additional information
?
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Gcn5 and PCAF protein are transcription cofactors
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-
?
additional information
?
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affects the inflorescence meristem and stamen development in Arabidopsis thaliana
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-
?
additional information
?
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histone acetylation and deacetylation is an epigenetic mechanism in volved in regulation of mIRNA production. GCN5 has a general repressive effect on microRNAs, miRNAs, and it targets a subset of MIRNA genes, GCN5 is required for acetylation of histone H3 lysine 14 at these loci, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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isoform GCN5 is not the enzyme responsible for histone acetylation at cold-regulated genes COR promoters during cold acclimation
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?
additional information
?
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GCN5 directly targets HSFA3 and UVH6 and affects their H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation levels
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-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
acetyl-CoA + histone
CoA + acetylhistone
-
histone H3 is the preferred substrate
-
r
acetyl-CoA + histone H
CoA + acetylhistone H
-
histone acetyltransferase AtGCN5 is required to regulate the floral meristem activity through the WUS/AG pathway
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + histone H3
CoA + acetylhistone H3
-
acetylation at Lys9
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + histone H4
CoA + acetylhistone H4
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acetylation at Lys14
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-
?
acetyl-CoA + [histone H3]-L-lysine14
CoA + [histone H3]-N6-acetyl-L-lysine14
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-
-
-
?
acetyl-CoA + [histone H3]-L-lysine9
CoA + [histone H3]-N6-acetyl-L-lysine9
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-
-
-
?
histone + acetyl-CoA
acetyl-histone + CoA
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histone acetylation is an important posttranslational modification correlated with gene activation, the HAC1 is involved in the regulation of flowering time via repression of flowering locus C, the enzyme participates in many physiological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
affects the inflorescence meristem and stamen development in Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
histone acetylation and deacetylation is an epigenetic mechanism in volved in regulation of mIRNA production. GCN5 has a general repressive effect on microRNAs, miRNAs, and it targets a subset of MIRNA genes, GCN5 is required for acetylation of histone H3 lysine 14 at these loci, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
isoform GCN5 is not the enzyme responsible for histone acetylation at cold-regulated genes COR promoters during cold acclimation
-
-
?
additional information
?
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-
GCN5 directly targets HSFA3 and UVH6 and affects their H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation levels
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-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
HAM1 or the HAM2 genes display an overlapping expression pattern, mainly in growing organs such as shoots and flower buds
HAM1 or the HAM2 genes display an overlapping expression pattern, mainly in growing organs such as shoots and flower buds
HAM1 or the HAM2 genes display an overlapping expression pattern, mainly in growing organs such as shoots and flower buds
HAM1 or the HAM2 genes display an overlapping expression pattern, mainly in growing organs such as shoots and flower buds
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
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the Arabidopsis genome contains 12 histone acetyltransferase genes
malfunction
-
loss of function of the Arabidopsis histone acetyltransferase GCN5 results in serious defects in terms of thermotolerance, and considerably impairs the transcriptional activation of heat stress-responsive genes. The expression of several key regulators such as the heat stress transcription factors HSFA2 and HSFA3, multiprotein bridging factor 1c (MBF1c) and UV-hypersensitive 6 (UVH6) is downregulated in the gcn5 mutant under heat stress compared with the wild-type. The GCN5 mutation affects H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation of HSFA3 and UVH6 genes under heat stress. Overexpression of the Triticum aestivum TaGCN5 gene restores thermotolerance in Arabidopsis gcn5 mutant plants
physiological function
physiological function
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GCN5 has a general repressive effect on microRNAs, miRNAs, that guide sequence-specific posttranscriptional gene silencing, but is required for expression of a subset of MIRNA genes, overview
physiological function
isoform IDM1is a regulator of DNA demethylation. IDM1 is required for preventing DNA hypermethylation of highly homologous multicopy genes and other repetitive sequences that are normally targeted for active DNA demethylation by Repressor of Silencing 1 and related 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases. IDM1 binds methylated DNA at chromatin sites lacking histone H3K4 di- or trimethylation and acetylates H3 to create a chromatin environment permissible for 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases to function
physiological function
plants homozygous for T-DNA disruption alleles of GCN5 encoding a histone acetyltransferase show diminished expression of cold-regulated genes COR during cold acclimation. H3 acetylation at COR gene promoters is stimulated upon cold acclimation in gcn5 plants as in wild type plants, but the decrease in nucleosome occupancy is diminished. Thus, GCN5 is not the enzyme responsible for histone acetylation at COR gene promoters during cold acclimation
physiological function
protein mediates establishment of leaf polarity independently of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and the trans-acting small interfering RNA-related pathway. Treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylases causes additive polarity defects in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants. Isoform ELO3 may be involved, independent of the HDAC pathway, in the determination of polarity
physiological function
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GCN5 is an important histone acetyltransferase that is required for gene expression changes involved in numerous plant development pathways and responses to environmental conditions in Arabidopsis. Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 is essential for heat stress-responsive gene activation and thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). MYST2_ARATH
445
0
51367
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4)
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
domain organization of the MYST family HATs, overview
additional information
domain organization of the MYST family HATs, overview
additional information
domain organization of the MYST family HATs, overview
additional information
domain organization of the MYST family HATs, overview
additional information
isoform IDM1 is predicted to have a metal-binding domain, a plant homeo finger domain and an N-acetyltransferase domain. The plant homeo finger of IDM1 specifically binds the N-terminal tail of histone H3 and the binding is inhibited by H3K4 di- or trimethylation
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
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GCN5 phosphorylated by activities in cellular extracts can be dephosphorylated by AtPP2C-6-6 in vitro
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
D924A
mutation in conserved residues in the histone acetyltransferase domain, abolishes the in vitro acetyltransferase activity
E451Stop
mutation results in the silencing of 35S-NPTII but not the RD29A-LUC transgene
E941Q
mutation in conserved residues in the histone acetyltransferase domain, abolishes the in vitro acetyltransferase activity
M942A
mutation in conserved residues in the histone acetyltransferase domain, diminishes the in vitro acetyltransferase activity
additional information
additional information
single loss-of-function ham2 mutant displays a wild-type phenotype, while no ham1ham2 double mutant seedling can be recovered, because ham1ham2 double mutation induces severe defects in the formation of male and female gametophyte, resulting in an arrest of mitotic cell cycle at early stages of gametogenesis, phenotypes, overview
additional information
single loss-of-function ham2 mutant displays a wild-type phenotype, while no ham1ham2 double mutant seedling can be recovered, because ham1ham2 double mutation induces severe defects in the formation of male and female gametophyte, resulting in an arrest of mitotic cell cycle at early stages of gametogenesis, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
construction of hac1 mutants by T-DNA insertion, lesions in AtHAC1 cause pleiotropic developmental defects, including delayed flowering, a shortened primary root, and partially reduced fertility, phenotypes, overview, mechanism, histone modifications of FLC chromatin are not affected by mutations in HAC1, HAC1 affects flowering time by epigenetic modification of factors upstream of the flowering locus C, overview
additional information
-
analysis of T-DNA insertion mutant shows that gcn5 mutation seriously reduces acetylation of histone H3K14 and H3K27
additional information
-
using the yeast two-hybrid system it is shown that GCN5 interacts specifically with a phosphatase 2C protein (AtPP2C-6-6). AtPP2C-6-6 may function as a negative regulator of GCN5 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information
-
both male and female Ham1:Ham2 double-mutant gametophytes show abnormal development. Male double-mutant microspore mother cells and female megaspore mother cells undergo meiosis normally. Subsequently, both male and female gametophytes fail at the first post-meiotic, mitotic divisions. Fertile male pollen grains are still formed, although the lack of post-meiotic pollen mitosis I and II leads to fewer Ham1:Ham2 double-mutant pollen grains. Failure of the first post-meiotic, mitotic divisions in the female megagametogenesis, however, results in infertile Ham1:Ham2 double-mutant ovules
additional information
-
construction of T-DNA insertion gcn5 mutants, levels of accumulated miRNAs are increased in gcn5-2 mutant compared to the wild-type enzyme, targets of the increased miRNAs are e.g. DCL1 and AGO1, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
generation of two gcn5 alleles, gcn5-1 and gcn5-5. The gcn5 mutants differ significantly from the wild-type during the earliest stages of bud initiation, gcn5-1/hag1-1 and gcn5-5/hag1-5 mutants display overproliferation of young buds and development of abnormal structures around the inflorescence meristem. Gcn5 mutants also display defects in stamen number and arrangement at later stages, phenotypes, overview
additional information
single loss-of-function ham1 mutant displays a wild-type phenotype, while no ham1ham2 double mutant seedling can be recovered, because ham1ham2 double mutation induces severe defects in the formation of male and female gametophyte, resulting in an arrest of mitotic cell cycle at early stages of gametogenesis, phenotypes, overview
additional information
single loss-of-function ham1 mutant displays a wild-type phenotype, while no ham1ham2 double mutant seedling can be recovered, because ham1ham2 double mutation induces severe defects in the formation of male and female gametophyte, resulting in an arrest of mitotic cell cycle at early stages of gametogenesis, phenotypes, overview
additional information
-
generation of gcn5 mutant plants which show serious defects in thermotolerance under heat-stress treatment conditions. 5% of the gcn5 seedlings recover when exposed to 38°C for 4 days compared to 55% of the wild-type plants. GCN5 mutation induces extensive changes in gene expression patterns under heat stress, overview. The expression levels of hsp101, HSP90.1, HSP70, HSP70b, HSP70T and genes encoding small heat shock proteins are decreased in the gcn5 mutant. Constitutive UVH6 expression in gcn5 mutant plants partially restores heat tolerance
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
HAM2 promoter analysis, expression pattern, phylogenetic analysis of MYST proteins, overview
HAM1 promoter analysis, expression pattern, phylogenetic analysis of MYST proteins, overview
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the expression of HAT family genes in response to hest stress, overview
-
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Hasan, S.; Hottiger, M.O.
Histone acetyl transferases: a role in DNA repair and DNA replication
J. Mol. Med.
80
463-474
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Tetrahymena thermophila, Homo sapiens GCN5
Bertrand, C.; Bergounioux, C.; Domenichini, S.; Delarue, M.; Zhou, D.X.
Arabidopsis histone acetyltransferase AtGCN5 regulates the floral meristem activity through the WUSCHEL/AGAMOUS pathway
J. Biol. Chem.
278
28246-28251
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana
Deng, W.; Liu, C.; Pei, Y.; Deng, X.; Niu, L.; Cao, X.
Involvement of the histone acetyltransferase AtHAC1 in the regulation of flowering time via repression of flowering locus C in Arabidopsis
Plant Physiol.
143
1660-1668
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
Servet, C.; Benhamed, M.; Latrasse, D.; Kim, W.; Delarue, M.; Zhou, D.X.
Characterization of a phosphatase 2C protein as an interacting partner of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 in Arabidopsis
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1779
376-382
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Voss, A.K.; Thomas, T.
MYST family histone acetyltransferases take center stage in stem cells and development
Bioessays
31
1050-1061
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana, Danio rerio, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Danio rerio zMoz
Latrasse, D.; Benhamed, M.; Henry, Y.; Domenichini, S.; Kim, W.; Zhou, D.X.; Delarue, M.
The MYST histone acetyltransferases are essential for gametophyte development in Arabidopsis
BMC Plant Biol.
8
121
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FLF7), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9LXD7)
Kim, W.; Benhamed, M.; Servet, C.; Latrasse, D.; Zhang, W.; Delarue, M.; Zhou, D.X.
Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 interferes with the miRNA pathway in Arabidopsis
Cell Res.
19
899-909
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
Cohen, R.; Schocken, J.; Kaldis, A.; Vlachonasios, K.E.; Hark, A.T.; McCain, E.R.
The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 affects the inflorescence meristem and stamen development in Arabidopsis
Planta
230
1207-1221
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
Kojima, S.; Iwasaki, M.; Takahashi, H.; Imai, T.; Matsumura, Y.; Fleury, D.; Van Lijsebettens, M.; Machida, Y.; Machida, C.
Asymmetric leaves2 and Elongator, a histone acetyltransferase complex, mediate the establishment of polarity in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Cell Physiol.
52
1259-1273
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q93ZR1), Arabidopsis thaliana
Pavangadkar, K.; Thomashow, M.F.; Triezenberg, S.J.
Histone dynamics and roles of histone acetyltransferases during cold-induced gene regulation in Arabidopsis
Plant Mol. Biol.
74
183-200
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9AR19)
Qian, W.; Miki, D.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Tang, K.; Kan, Y.; La, H.; Li, X.; Li, S.; Zhu, X.; Shi, X.; Zhang, K.; Pontes, O.; Chen, X.; Liu, R.; Gong, Z.; Zhu, J.
A histone acetyltransferase regulates active DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis
Science
336
1445-1448
2012
Arabidopsis thaliana (F4IXE7)
Hu, Z.; Song, N.; Zheng, M.; Liu, X.; Liu, Z.; Xing, J.; Ma, J.; Guo, W.; Yao, Y.; Peng, H.; Xin, M.; Zhou, D.X.; Ni, Z.; Sun, Q.
Histone acetyltransferase GCN5 is essential for heat stress-responsive gene activation and thermotolerance in Arabidopsis
Plant J.
84
1178-1191
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana
EXTERNAL LINKS (specific for EC-Number 2.3.1.48)
Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): 1.I.1.1.3
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