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Information on EC 2.3.1.212 - benzalacetone synthase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC2.3.1.212
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EC Tree 2 Transferases
2.3 Acyltransferases
2.3.1 Transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups
2.3.1.212 benzalacetone synthase
IUBMB Comments
A polyketide synthase that catalyses the C6-C4 skeleton of phenylbutanoids in higher plants.
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
- 2.3.1.212
- polyketide
- chalcone
- palmatum
- rheum
-
plant-specific
- raspberry
-
diketide
-
phenylbutanoids
-
flavor
-
unnatural
-
p-coumaric
- 4-coumarate
- synthesis
- stilbene
-
phenylpropanoids
- crispum
- idaeus
- methylmalonyl-coa
- cuspidatum
-
condensations
- naringenin
- arachis
-
polygonum
-
petroselinum
- baicalensis
-
fragrance
- rhubarb
-
scutellaria
-
tetraketide
-
quinolone
-
rubus
- p-coumaroyl-coa
showSynonyms
benzalacetone synthase, rpbas, hspks3, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
bAS
PKS1
RinPKS1
bifunctional enzyme with both chalcone synthase and benzalacetone synthase activity
PKS1
bifunctional enzyme with both chalcone synthase and benzalacetone synthase activity
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O = 2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
-
-
-
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O = 2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
the enzyme shows remarkable substrate tolerance and catalytic versatility, structure-function relationship and functional diversity of type III PKS enzymes, the enzyme catalytic mechanism for the thioester bond cleavage of the enzyme-bound diketide intermediate and the decarboxylation reaction to produce benzalacetone involves Cys164, His33, and Asn336, overview. RpBAS initially accepts the aminoacyl-CoA as a starter, and then recruits malonyl-CoA for a Claisen condensation to generate the gamma-amino-beta-ketothioester. The free gamma-amino group of the enzyme-bound intermediate can cleave the thioester bond, with concomitant intramolecular lactamization
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
4-coumaroyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA 4-coumaryltransferase (4-hydroxybenzalacetone-forming)
A polyketide synthase that catalyses the C6-C4 skeleton of phenylbutanoids in higher plants.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3 (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H2O
6-ethyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrone + ?
Substrates: -
Products: a methylated C9 triketide
Products: a methylated C9 triketide
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-en-3-one + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: an unnatural novel diketide
Products: an unnatural novel diketide
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-en-3-one + 2 CO2
Substrates: one-step decarboxylative condensation of the two substrates
Products: -
Products: -
?
anthraniloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
4-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-2(1H)-quinolone + ?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
anthraniloyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA + H2O
?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
caffeoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
feruloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + (3E)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
feruloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
?
Substrates: 77% activity compared to 4-coumaroyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
L-phenylalanyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA
?
Substrates: -
Products: the enzyme produces a 1:10 mixture of two products from L-phenylalanyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The minor product is a tetramic acid monomer, the major product is a tetramic acid dimer
Products: the enzyme produces a 1:10 mixture of two products from L-phenylalanyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The minor product is a tetramic acid monomer, the major product is a tetramic acid dimer
?
N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA + (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA
4-hydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-2(1H)-quinolone + ?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA + H2O
1,3-dihydroxy-N-methylacridone + ?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA + H2O
?
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
sinapoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: the enzyme catalyzes the formation of unnatural 2-substituted quinolones and 1,3-diketones via head-to-head condensation of two completely different substrates. The broad range of substrate tolerance of HsPKS3 facilitates accessing structurally diverse 2-substituted quinolones and 1,3-diketones
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: one-step decarboxylative condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to produce the diketide 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-but-3-en-2-one
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: a one-step decarboxylative condensation at pH 8.0
Products: i.e. 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one
Products: i.e. 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: BAS catalyzes the decarboxylative coupling of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to produce the diketide benzalacetone
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: one-step condensation
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: high activity with 4-coumaroyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: when incubated with 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates at pH 7.5, the enzyme catalyzes the formation of naringenin chalcone as a major product, along with 4-hydroxybenzalacetone. At pH 9.5, the enzyme effectively yields 4-hydroxybenzalacetone as a dominant product, along with naringenin chalcone
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: the enzyme effectively yields 4-hydroxybenzalacetone as a dominant product at pH 9.5
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: high activity with 4-coumaroyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroylCoA + 2 malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + bisnoryangonin + 2 CO2
Substrates: wild-type and mutant BAS all afford the triketide pyrone bisnoryangonin after two condensations with malonyl-CoA at acidic pH 6.0
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroylCoA + 2 malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + bisnoryangonin + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
cinnamoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
cinnamoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
feruloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: feruloyl-CoA is the best substrate showing 3fold higher activity than 4-coumaroyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
feruloyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + ? + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: feruloyl-CoA is the best substrate showing 3fold higher activity than 4-coumaroyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: RpBAS also accepts a series of aminoacyl-CoA thioesters as starter substrates, and catalyzes their condensation with one molecule of malonyl-CoA to produce the tetramic acid (2,4-pyrrolidinedione)derivatives. RpBAS also accepts (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA as the only substrate to produce a methylated C9 triketide, 6-ethyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrone, as a single product from three molecules of (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA. Substrate specificity, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: RpBAS also accepts a series of aminoacyl-CoA thioesters as starter substrates, and catalyzes their condensation with one molecule of malonyl-CoA to produce the tetramic acid (2,4-pyrrolidinedione)derivatives. RpBAS also accepts (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA as the only substrate to produce a methylated C9 triketide, 6-ethyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-pyrone, as a single product from three molecules of (2RS)-methylmalonyl-CoA. Substrate specificity, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the wild-type enzyme also shows formation of benzalacetone, bisnoryangonin, and naringenin chalcone from 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates, cf. EC 2.3.1.74, as well as formation of triacetic acid lactone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone, and 2,7-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)methyl]-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (SEK4) and 2,7-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (SEK4b), from malonyl-CoA as a substrate, mechanisms, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the wild-type enzyme also shows formation of benzalacetone, bisnoryangonin, and naringenin chalcone from 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates, cf. EC 2.3.1.74, as well as formation of triacetic acid lactone, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone, and 2,7-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)methyl]-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (SEK4) and 2,7-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-6-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one (SEK4b), from malonyl-CoA as a substrate, mechanisms, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli efficiently affords benzalacetone as a single product from 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. BAS does not accept hexanoyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA as a substrates. No conversion of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-CoA to 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli efficiently affords benzalacetone as a single product from 4-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. BAS does not accept hexanoyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA as a substrates. No conversion of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-CoA to 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme reaction with the anthraniloyl-CoA proceeds without the decarboxylation step, and the amide formation immediately follows the condensation reactions of N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA (or anthraniloyl-CoA) and malonyl-CoA (or methylmalonyl-CoA), mechanism, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: the enzyme reaction with the anthraniloyl-CoA proceeds without the decarboxylation step, and the amide formation immediately follows the condensation reactions of N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA (or anthraniloyl-CoA) and malonyl-CoA (or methylmalonyl-CoA), mechanism, overview
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: no activity with succinyl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: RiPKS4 is a bifunctional polyketide synthase producing both 4-hydroxybenzalacetone and naringenin chalcone, the latter by reaction of chalcone synthase, EC 2.3.1.74. The recombinant RiPKS4 protein, like the native protein from raspberry fruits accepts 4-coumaryl-CoA and ferulyl-CoA as starter substrates and catalyzes the formation of both naringenin chalcone, 4-hydroxy-benzalacetone, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzalacetone. The activity of RiPKS4 is higher with ferulyl-CoA than with 4-coumaryl-CoA
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: 4-coumaroyl-CoA and feruloyl-CoA are the only cinnamoyl-CoA derivatives accepted as starter substrates. RinPKS1 does not accept isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA or acetyl-CoA as substrates
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: the enzyme does not accept cinnamoyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, isovaleryl-CoA or acetyl-CoA as substrates
Products: -
Products: -
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
4-coumaroyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H2O
2 CoA + 4-hydroxybenzalacetone + 2 CO2
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0033
D-phenylalanyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0117
L-phenylalanyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0237
N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.01
4-coumaroyl-CoA
pH 8.0, 30°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
additional information
additional information
steady-state enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
steady-state enzyme kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
steady-state kinetics analysis for benzalacetone-, bisnoryangonin-, and chalcone-forming activities, overview
-
additional information
additional information
-
steady-state kinetics analysis for benzalacetone-, bisnoryangonin-, and chalcone-forming activities, overview
-
additional information
additional information
steady-state enzyme kinetics, overview
-
additional information
additional information
-
steady-state enzyme kinetics, overview
-
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.135
D-phenylalanyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.463
L-phenylalanyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0247
N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA
pH 8.0, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0298
4-coumaroyl-CoA
pH 8.0, 30°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
8 - 8.5
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
UniProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
type III polyketide synthases expression patterns during fruit development, overview
brenda
transcript of RiPKS4 accumulates at a lower level during fruit development in comparison to RiPKS1, the gene transcript is not detected during the early stage 1 for RiPKS4 of fruit development
brenda
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
physiological function
additional information
evolution
-
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily
evolution
-
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily, amino acids C164, F215, H303 and N336 are conserved
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily. Comparison of the primary sequences and and secondary structures of BAS and other type III PKSs, overview
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily. Members of the CHS-superfamily enzymes do not form a species-specific cluster, but instead group into subfamilies according to their enzymatic function. BAS lacks the active-site Phe215 residue (numbering in CHS), which has been proposed to help orient substrates and intermediates during the sequential condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA in CHS, while the catalytic cysteine-histidine dyad (Cys164-His303) in CHS is well conserved in BAS
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily. BAS lacks the critical residue Phe215, that is important in the polyketide formation reactions, structure-function relationship of the plant type III PKSs, overview. The absence of Phe215 in BAS accounts for the interruption of the polyketide chain elongation at the diketide stage
evolution
the enzyme is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase of the chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily
physiological function
-
the enzyme is a polyketide synthase, PKS, involved in the raspberry flavor and color polyketide-derivatives biosynthetic pathway, developmental regulation of PKS during fruit ripening, overview
physiological function
-
4-hydroxybenzalacetone, i.e. 4-hydroxyphenylbutan-2-one, the characteristic aroma compound of raspberries, is synthesized from 4-coumaryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in a two-step reaction sequence that is catalyzed by benzalacetone synthase and benzalacetone reductase. 4-Hydroxybenzalacetone inhibits mycelial growth of the raspberry pathogen Phytophthora fragariae var. rub
physiological function
pBAS catalyzes the one-step, decarboxylative condensation of 4-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to produce the C6-C4 benzalacetone scaffold
physiological function
BAS plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically important phenylbutanone glucoside, lindleyin, the active principle of the anti-inflammatory action of the medicinal plant, and it plays a crucial role for the construction of the C6-C4 moiety of a variety of natural products such as medicinally important gingerols in ginger plant
physiological function
benzalacetone synthase from Rheum palmatum efficiently catalyzes condensation of N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA (or anthraniloyl-CoA) with malonyl-CoA (or methylmalonyl-CoA) to produce 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones, a novel alkaloidal scaffold produced by a type III polyketide synthase, PKS. The quinolone alkaloids act as N-methyl-D-aspartate and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Moreover, they are also important intermediates in the chemical synthesis of alkaloids
physiological function
-
4-hydroxybenzalacetone, i.e. 4-hydroxyphenylbutan-2-one, the characteristic aroma compound of raspberries, is synthesized from 4-coumaryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in a two-step reaction sequence that is catalyzed by benzalacetone synthase and benzalacetone reductase. 4-Hydroxybenzalacetone inhibits mycelial growth of the raspberry pathogen Phytophthora fragariae var. rub
-
additional information
pH-dependence of benzalacetone and bisnoryangonin production. Residues Ile214 and Leu215 are responsible for the diketide formation activity, unlike the case of CHS with residues L214 and F215, BAS utilizes an alternative pocket to lock the coumaroyl moiety for the diketide formation reaction, the second active-site Cys is not involved in the enzyme reaction,and Cys197 is not essential for the 4-hydroxybenzalacetone-producing activity, homology modeling
additional information
-
pH-dependence of benzalacetone and bisnoryangonin production. Residues Ile214 and Leu215 are responsible for the diketide formation activity, unlike the case of CHS with residues L214 and F215, BAS utilizes an alternative pocket to lock the coumaroyl moiety for the diketide formation reaction, the second active-site Cys is not involved in the enzyme reaction,and Cys197 is not essential for the 4-hydroxybenzalacetone-producing activity, homology modeling
additional information
structure-function relationship, homology modeling, overview
additional information
-
structure-function relationship, homology modeling, overview
additional information
the absence of Phe215 in BAS accounts for the interruption of the polyketide chain elongation at the diketide stage compared to chalcone synthase, EC 2.3.1.74, structure-function relationship , overview. BAS catalytic residues are Asn336, His303, and Cys164, active site structure, overview
additional information
-
the absence of Phe215 in BAS accounts for the interruption of the polyketide chain elongation at the diketide stage compared to chalcone synthase, EC 2.3.1.74, structure-function relationship , overview. BAS catalytic residues are Asn336, His303, and Cys164, active site structure, overview
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). BAS_RHEPA
384
0
42225
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
PKS1_RUBID
391
0
42781
Swiss-Prot
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 2)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
43000
83000
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
dimer
homodimer
additional information
additional information
three-dimensional homology modeling, structure-function relationship , overview
additional information
-
three-dimensional homology modeling, structure-function relationship , overview
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CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
complex between PKS1 and benzalacetone, to 2.0 A resolution, orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a: 80.23, b: 81.01, c: 122.89 A
-
purified enzyme, sitting drop vapour diffusion method, mixing of 500 nl of protein solution containing 20 mg/ml protein in 20 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, and 2 mM DTT, with 500 nl of reservoir solution containing 100 mM MES-NaOH, pH 6.5, 15% w/v PEG 8000, and 200 mM potassium thiocyanate, and equilibration against 0.1 ml of reservoir solution, 3 days, cryoprotection by 20% v/v glycerol in reservoir solution, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 1.8 A resolution
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
C197G
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows an unaltered product pattern compared to the wild-type enzyme
C197T
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows an unaltered product pattern compared to the wild-type enzyme
G256L
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 50% reduced activity but an unaltered product pattern compared to the wild-type enzyme
I214L/L215F
L132A
site-directed mutagenesis, the substitution expands the product chain length to produce 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone after three condensations with malonyl-CoA, but without the formation of the aromatic ring system
L132C
site-directed mutagenesis, the substitution expands the product chain length to produce 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone after three condensations with malonyl-CoA, but without the formation of the aromatic ring system
L132F
site-directed mutagenesis, replacement of Leu132 with bulky aromatic residues, Phe, Tyr and Trp, causes a 1.2fold increase in the benzalacetone-forming activity at pH 8.0, whereas the bisnoryangonin-forming activity is retained or significantly decreased at pH 6.5
L132G
site-directed mutagenesis, no altered activity compared to the wild-type enzyme
L132P
site-directed mutagenesis, the L132P mutant exhibits drastically decreased benzalacetone- and bisnoryangonin-forming activities
L132S
site-directed mutagenesis, the substitution expands the product chain length to produce 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone after three condensations with malonyl-CoA, but without the formation of the aromatic ring system
L132T
site-directed mutagenesis, the chalcone-forming L132T mutant shows broad substrate specificity. It accepts benzoyl-CoA as the starter substrate to produce a trace amount of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone, after condensations of benzoyl-CoA with three molecules of malonyl-CoA, along with benzoate-primed triketide and tetraketide pyrones as major products
L132T/I214L/L215F
site-directed mutagenesis, the triple mutation does not improve the chalcone-forming activity, but instead results in a significant loss of activity
L132W
site-directed mutagenesis, replacement of Leu132 with bulky aromatic residues, Phe, Tyr and Trp, blocks the entrance of the coumaroyl binding pocket and causes a 1.2fold increase in the benzalacetone-forming activity at pH 8.0, whereas the bisnoryangonin-forming activity is retained or significantly decreased at pH 6.5
L132Y
site-directed mutagenesis, replacement of Leu132 with bulky aromatic residues, Phe, Tyr and Trp, causes a 1.2fold increase in the benzalacetone-forming activity at pH 8.0, whereas the bisnoryangonin-forming activity is retained or significantly decreased at pH 6.5
S338V
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 2fold increased activity but an unaltered product pattern compared to the wild-type enzyme
additional information
I214L/L215F
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant restores chalcone-forming activity
I214L/L215F
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation restores the active site residues of chalcone synthase, the mutant shows chalcone-forming activity, EC 2.3.1.74. The mutant enzyme thus exhibits 36fold decreases in kcat/Km for 4-coumaroyl-CoA and 20fold decreases in kcat/Km for malonyl-CoA compared with wild-type BAS, kinetics of chalcone naringenin-forming activity at pH 6.5, overview
additional information
formation of other products such as a tetraketide pyrone 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone or naringenin chalcone is not detected for all the mutant enzymes
additional information
-
formation of other products such as a tetraketide pyrone 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone or naringenin chalcone is not detected for all the mutant enzymes
additional information
the single amino acid substitution L132T restores the chalcone-forming activity of chalcone synthase, EC 2.3.1.74, in BAS, probably due to restoration of the coumaroyl binding pocket in the active-site cavity, whereas the Ala, Ser, and Cys substitutions expand the product chain length to produce 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone after three condensations with malonyl-CoA, but without the formation of the aromatic ring system
additional information
-
the single amino acid substitution L132T restores the chalcone-forming activity of chalcone synthase, EC 2.3.1.74, in BAS, probably due to restoration of the coumaroyl binding pocket in the active-site cavity, whereas the Ala, Ser, and Cys substitutions expand the product chain length to produce 4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone after three condensations with malonyl-CoA, but without the formation of the aromatic ring system
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
native enzyme 172fold from fruits by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange chromatography, and chromatofocusing
-
recombinant His-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes from Escherichia coli by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic tree, expression of His-tagged wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli
expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) and BL21-Rosetta (DE3) cells
expression in Escherichia coli
overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a C-terminally poly-His-tagged fusion protein
-
PKS genotyping, gene products RiPKS5, RiPKS6 and RiPKS11 show negligible BAS activity
-
RiPKS4, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLYsS
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
rapid induction of the enzyme in cell suspension cultures upon addition of yeast extract
rapid induction of the enzyme in cell suspension cultures upon addition of yeast extract
-
rapid induction of the enzyme in cell suspension cultures upon addition of yeast extract
-
-
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
synthesis
synthesis
possibility of peparation of tetramic acids from various amino acids through the enzyme
synthesis
a heterologous pathway to produce raspberry ketone from p-coumaric acid, including 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1) from plants, is assembled in Escherichia coli. Raspberry ketone is an important ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries. Engineered strain CZ-8 which cooverexpresses At4CL1, RpBAS, and RiRZS1 achieves levels of 90.97 mg/l of raspberry ketone
synthesis
a de novo pathway for the production of raspberry ketone is assembled using four heterologous genes, encoding phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxlase, coumarate-CoA ligase and benzalacetone synthase, in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is possible to produce sensorially-relevant quantities of raspberry ketone in the industrial heterologous host
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Zheng, D.; Hrazdina, G.
Molecular and biochemical characterization of benzalacetone synthase and chalcone synthase genes and their proteins from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
470
139-145
2008
Rubus idaeus (B0LDU5)
brenda
Morita, H.; Shimokawa, Y.; Tanio, M.; Kato, R.; Noguchi, H.; Sugio, S.; Kohno, T.; Abe, I.
A structure-based mechanism for benzalacetone synthase from Rheum palmatum
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
107
669-673
2010
Rheum palmatum
brenda
Morita, H.; Tanio, M.; Kondo, S.; Kato, R.; Wanibuchi, K.; Noguchi, H.; Sugio, S.; Abe, I.; Kohno, T.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a plant type III polyketide synthase that produces benzalacetone
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
64
304-306
2008
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Abe, T.; Morita, H.; Noma, H.; Kohno, T.; Noguchi, H.; Abe, I.
Structure function analysis of benzalacetone synthase from Rheum palmatum
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
17
3161-3166
2007
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Shimokawa, Y.; Morita, H.; Abe, I.
Structure-based engineering of benzalacetone synthase
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
20
5099-5103
2010
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Abe, I.; Takahashi, Y.; Morita, H.; Noguchi, H.
Benzalacetone synthase. A novel polyketide synthase that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of phenylbutanones in Rheum palmatum
Eur. J. Biochem.
268
3354-3359
2001
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Shimokawa, Y.; Morita, H.; Abe, I.
Benzalacetone synthase
Front. Plant Sci.
3
57
2012
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Abe, I.; Sano, Y.; Takahashi, Y.; Noguchi, H.
Site-directed mutagenesis of benzalacetone synthase. The role of the Phe215 in plant type III polyketide synthases
J. Biol. Chem.
278
25218-25226
2003
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Abe, I.; Takahashi, Y.; Noguchi, H.
Enzymatic formation of an unnatural C6-C5 aromatic polyketide by plant type III polyketide synthases
Org. Lett.
4
3623-3626
2002
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7)
brenda
Abe, I.; Abe, T.; Wanibuchi, K.; Noguchi, H.
Enzymatic formation of quinolone alkaloids by a plant type III polyketide synthase
Org. Lett.
8
6063-6065
2006
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7), Rheum palmatum
brenda
Kumar, A.; Ellis, B.E.
A family of polyketide synthase genes expressed in ripening Rubus fruits
Phytochemistry
62
513-526
2003
Rubus idaeus
brenda
Borejsza-Wysocki, W.; Hrazdina, G.
Aromatic polyketide synthases (purification, characterization, and antibody development to benzalacetone synthase from raspberry fruits)
Plant Physiol.
110
791-799
1996
Rubus idaeus, Rubus idaeus Royalty
brenda
Lu, H.; Yang, M.; Liu, C.; Lu, P.; Cang, H.; Ma, L.
Protein preparation, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of Polygonum cuspidatum bifunctional chalcone synthase/benzalacetone synthase
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
69
871-875
2013
Polygonum cuspidatum
brenda
Wang, C.; Zheng, P.; Chen, P.
Construction of synthetic pathways for raspberry ketone production in engineered Escherichia coli
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
103
3715-3725
2019
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7)
brenda
Guo, H.; Yang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Liu, W.; Feng, J.; Luo, Z.; Lu, H.; Liu, C.; Yang, M.; Wang, Y.; Ma, L.
A bifunctional type III polyketide synthase from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) with both chalcone synthase and benzalacetone synthase activity
J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol.
26
80-90
2017
Rubus idaeus (Q9AU11)
-
brenda
Lee, D.; Lloyd, N.; Pretorius, I.; Borneman, A.
Heterologous production of raspberry ketone in the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae via pathway engineering and synthetic enzyme fusion
Microb. Cell Fact.
15
49
2016
Rheum palmatum (Q94FV7)
brenda
Wang, J.; Wang, X.H.; Liu, X.; Li, J.; Shi, X.P.; Song, Y.L.; Zeng, K.W.; Zhang, L.; Tu, P.F.; Shi, S.P.
Synthesis of unnatural 2-substituted quinolones and 1,3-diketones by a member of type III polyketide synthases from Huperzia serrata
Org. Lett.
18
3550-3553
2016
Huperzia serrata
brenda
Ma, W.; Liu, C.; Yang, M.; Xue, F.; Chen, Q.; Ma, L.; L, H.
Preparation and crystallization of Polygonum cuspidatum benzalacetone synthase
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao
32
250-258
2016
Polygonum cuspidatum
brenda
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