the enzymatic reaction likely forms an equilibrium mixture containing the linear form 6-amino-2-oxohexanoic acid, the cyclic imine D1-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, the cyclic enamine D2-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, possibly the linear enol 6-amino-2-hydroxy-hex-2-enoic acid, the alpha-dihydroxyacid 6-amino-2,2-dihydroxy-hexanoic acid, and the cyclic aminol 2-hydroxy-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid, identification and quantification by mass spectrometry and NMR, overview
the ink of sea hares contains escapin, an L-amino acid oxidase that metabolizes L-lysine, thereby producing a mixture that kills microbes and deters attacking predators. This secretion contains H2O2, ammonia, and an equilibrium mixture of socalled escapin intermediate product, EIP-K, that includes 6-amino-2-oxohexanoic acid and several other molecules. Components of the equilibrium mixture react nonenzymatically with H2O2 to form escapin end product, i.e. EEP-K, which contains 2-aminovaleric acid and 2-valerolactam. The proportions of the components in this equilibrium mixture change with pH, and this is biologically important because the secretion has pH 5 when released but becomes pH 8 when fully diluted in seawater, overview
native enzyme inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria, and also inhibits the growth of yeasts and fungi. In minimal media, enzyme is bacteriostatic and not bactericidal, but becomes bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone
native enzyme inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria, and also inhibits the growth of yeasts and fungi. In minimal media, enzyme is bacteriostatic and not bactericidal, but becomes bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone
the ink of sea hares contains escapin, an L-amino acid oxidase that metabolizes L-lysine, thereby producing a mixture that kills microbes and deters attacking predators. This secretion contains H2O2, ammonia, and an equilibrium mixture of socalled escapin intermediate product, EIP-K, that includes 6-amino-2-oxohexanoic acid and several other molecules. Components of the equilibrium mixture react nonenzymatically with H2O2 to form escapin end product, i.e. EEP-K, which contains 2-aminovaleric acid and 2-valerolactam. The proportions of the components in this equilibrium mixture change with pH, and this is biologically important because the secretion has pH 5 when released but becomes pH 8 when fully diluted in seawater, overview
native enzyme inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria, and also inhibits the growth of yeasts and fungi. In minimal media, enzyme is bacteriostatic and not bactericidal, but becomes bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone
native enzyme inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including marine bacteria, and also inhibits the growth of yeasts and fungi. In minimal media, enzyme is bacteriostatic and not bactericidal, but becomes bactericidal in media enriched with Tryptone Peptone
Yang, H.; Johnson, P.M.; Ko, K.C.; Kamio, M.; Germann, M.W.; Derby, C.D.; Tai, P.C.
Cloning, characterization and expression of escapin, a broadly antimicrobial FAD-containing L-amino acid oxidase from ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica
Kamio, M.; Ko, K.C.; Zheng, S.; Wang, B.; Collins, S.L.; Gadda, G.; Tai, P.C.; Derby, C.D.
The chemistry of escapin: identification and quantification of the components in the complex mixture generated by an L-amino acid oxidase in the defensive secretion of the sea snail Aplysia californica
Chemistry
15
1597-1603
2009
Aplysia californica (Q6IWZ0), Aplysia californica, Aplysia californica Cooper 1863 (Q6IWZ0)