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Information on EC 1.3.8.9 - very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession P49748

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IUBMB Comments
Contains FAD as prosthetic group. One of several enzymes that catalyse the first step in fatty acids beta-oxidation. The enzyme is most active toward long-chain acyl-CoAs such as C14, C16 and C18, but is also active with very-long-chain acyl-CoAs up to 24 carbons. It shows no activity for substrates of less than 12 carbons. Its specific activity towards palmitoyl-CoA is more than 10-fold that of the long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase . cf. EC 1.3.8.1, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, EC 1.3.8.7, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
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Homo sapiens
UNIPROT: P49748
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Synonyms
vlcadd, acadvl, very-long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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MCAD
-
-
very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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-
VLCAD
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
very-long-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase
Contains FAD as prosthetic group. One of several enzymes that catalyse the first step in fatty acids beta-oxidation. The enzyme is most active toward long-chain acyl-CoAs such as C14, C16 and C18, but is also active with very-long-chain acyl-CoAs up to 24 carbons. It shows no activity for substrates of less than 12 carbons. Its specific activity towards palmitoyl-CoA is more than 10-fold that of the long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [1]. cf. EC 1.3.8.1, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, EC 1.3.8.7, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and EC 1.3.8.8, long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
palmitoyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
(2E)-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein
show the reaction diagram
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-
-
?
palmitoyl-CoA + electron-transfer flavoprotein
(2E)-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme is a cardiolipin-binding protein
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-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
SIRT3 deacetylates and SIRT5 desuccinylates K299 which serves to stabilize the essential FAD cofactor in the active site of the enzyme
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation. It physically interacts with fatty acid beta-oxidation trifunctional protein (TFP), thereby creating a multifunctional energy protein complex. Reducing equivalents from the enzyme (VLCAD) in the form of FAD (FADH2) are transferred, through a series of redox reactions involving electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and electron flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETFDH), to coenzymeQ (QH2) and then into electron transfer chain complex III
malfunction
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phosphorylation of VLCAD at Ser586 is inhibited in myofibroblasts, resulting in a significant loss of enzyme activity coupled with lipid peroxidation.Thus Ser586 represents a critical site for VLCAD activity, whose dysregulation might contribute to the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF, a chronic interstitial lung disease, and other oxidative-stress mediated diseases
physiological function
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VLCAD is a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid beta-oxidation and is regulated by phosphorylation at Ser586
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
ACADV_HUMAN
655
0
70390
Swiss-Prot
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
phosphoprotein
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phosphorylation of Ser586 is essential for VLCAD function
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
T409M
the mutation is associated with partial carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
S586A
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naturally occuring mutation leading to phosphorylation of VLCAD at Ser586 is inhibited in myofibroblasts, resulting in a significant loss of enzyme activity coupled with lipid peroxidation. The S586A mutant shows a significant reduction in electron transfer activity
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Ni-NTA agarose resin column chromatography
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in Escherichia coli XL1Blue cells
expression of wild-type enzyme and mutant S586A in HEK293 cells
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
diagnostics
maternal riboflavin deficiency in combination with decreased VLCAD activity can result in false-positive VLCADD neonatal screening results with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-like biochemistry
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Tajima, G.; Sakura, N.; Shirao, K.; Okada, S.; Tsumura, M.; Nishimura, Y.; Ono, H.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hata, I.; Naito, E.; Yamaguchi, S.; Shigematsu, Y.; Kobayashi, M.
Development of a new enzymatic diagnosis method for very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency by detecting 2-hexadecenoyl-CoA production and its application in tandem mass spectrometry-based selective screening and newborn screening in Japan
Pediatr. Res.
64
667-672
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kabuyama, Y.; Suzuki, T.; Nakazawa, N.; Yamaki, J.; Homma, M.; Homma, Y.
Dysregulation of very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase coupled with lipid peroxidation
Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.
298
C107-C113
2010
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Zhang, Y.; Bharathi, S.S.; Rardin, M.J.; Uppala, R.; Verdin, E.; Gibson, B.W.; Goetzman, E.S.
SIRT3 and SIRT5 regulate the enzyme activity and cardiolipin binding of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
PLoS ONE
10
e0122297
2015
Homo sapiens (P49748)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Isackson, P.; Sutton, K.; Hostetler, K.; Vladutiu, G.
Novel mutations in the gene encoding very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase identified in patients with partial carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
Muscle Nerve
47
224-229
2013
Homo sapiens (P49748)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kakimoto, P.A.; Tamaki, F.K.; Cardoso, A.R.; Marana, S.R.; Kowaltowski, A.J.
H2O2 release from the very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Redox Biol.
4
375-380
2015
Homo sapiens (P49748)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Wang, Y.; Palmfeldt, J.; Gregersen, N.; Makhov, A.M.; Conway, J.F.; Wang, M.; McCalley, S.P.; Basu, S.; Alharbi, H.; St Croix, C.; Calderon, M.J.; Watkins, S.; Vockley, J.
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the electron transport chain comprise a multifunctional mitochondrial protein complex
J. Biol. Chem.
294
12380-12391
2019
Homo sapiens (P49748), Mus musculus (P50544)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Hagemeijer, M.C.; Oussoren, E.; Ruijter, G.J.G.; Onkenhout, W.; Huidekoper, H.H.; Ebberink, M.S.; Waterham, H.R.; Ferdinandusse, S.; de Vries, M.C.; Huigen, M.C.D.G.; Kluijtmans, L.A.J.; Coene, K.L.M.; Blom, H.J.
Abnormal VLCADD newborn screening resembling MADD in four neonates with decreased riboflavin levels and VLCAD activity
JIMD Rep.
61
12-18
2021
Homo sapiens (P49748), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team