We're sorry, but BRENDA doesn't work properly without JavaScript. Please make sure you have JavaScript enabled in your browser settings.
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
EC Tree
IUBMB Comments Catalyses the two-electron reduction of biliverdin IXalpha. Can use [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins from a number of sources as acceptor but not the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The isomerization of (3Z)-phytochromobilin to (3E)-phytochromobilin is thought to occur prior to covalent attachment to apophytochrome in the plant cell cytoplasm. Flavodoxins can be used instead of ferredoxin.
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
3Z-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase,
At3g09150 , HT-HY2, HY2, PFB synthase, phytochromobilin synthase, PphiB synthase, ZMHy2,
more
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
3Z-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
-
-
phytochromobilin synthase
HY2
-
-
-
-
phytochromobilin synthase
-
-
-
-
phytochromobilin synthase
-
-
phytochromobilin synthase
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = biliverdin IXalpha + 2 reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(3Z)-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Catalyses the two-electron reduction of biliverdin IXalpha. Can use [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins from a number of sources as acceptor but not the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The isomerization of (3Z)-phytochromobilin to (3E)-phytochromobilin is thought to occur prior to covalent attachment to apophytochrome in the plant cell cytoplasm. Flavodoxins can be used instead of ferredoxin.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
?
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
biosynthesis of bilin pigments
-
-
?
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
conserved surface-charged residues on HY2 and Arabidopsis ferredoxin AtFd2 are important in the protein-protein interaction as well as biliverdin reduction activity of HY2, mutational analysis, overview. The C12 propionate group of biliverdin is important for HY2-catalyzed biliverdin reduction
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
r
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
biosynthesis of bilin pigments
-
-
?
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
biliverdin IXa + reduced ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
biliverdin IXalpha + reduced ferredoxin
(3Z)-phytochromobilin + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Ferredoxin
-
-
-
Ferredoxin
one of the six Arabidopsis ferredoxins, AtFd2, is the preferred electron donor for HY2. Activity with ferredoxin AtFd2 mutants D78N, E81Q, E82Q, Y89F, R92Q, and D112N, overview
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NADH
-
stimulates slightly at 1 mM
NADPH
-
stimulates slightly at 1 mM
additional information
-
NADPH regenerating system with glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase stimulates
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
0.0012 - 0.0035
reduced ferredoxin
additional information
additional information
-
sub-micromolar Km for biliverdin IXa
-
0.0012
reduced ferredoxin
-
Porphyra umbilicalis ferredoxin
0.0035
reduced ferredoxin
-
Spinacia oleracea ferredoxin
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
1.67
biliverdin IXa
-
above
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
0.0000004
-
in etiolated plastids
0.0000011
-
specific activity of plastid protein
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
oat
-
-
brenda
cucumber
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
aurea is a mutant of phytochromobilin synthase
Uniprot
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
UniProt
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
UniProt
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
UniProt
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
etiolated
brenda
-
-
brenda
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
evolution
-
synthesis of linear tetrapyrrole chromophores in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, overview
physiological function
HY2 synthesizes the open chain tetrapyrrole chromophore for light-sensing phytochromes. It catalyzes the double bond reduction of a heme-derived tetrapyrrole intermediate biliverdin IXalpha at the A-ring diene system
physiological function
-
plants utilize 3Z-phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase to reduce the diene system of the A ring of biliverdin IXalpha to form PthetaB
physiological function
-
Hy2 mutants display a long hypocotyl in white light. Mutant seedlings grown under continuous far-red light display a typical blind phenotype showing very long hypocotyls and closed cotyledons. When grown in short-day regime, wild-type bolts after having produced about 44 leaves whereas the null mutants flower after 18 to 20 leaves
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
PFBS_ARATH
329
0
38130
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2 )
A0A0B2QW10_GLYSO
273
1
31935
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4 )
A0A0B2PZ30_GLYSO
140
0
16556
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5 )
A0A7C8YV50_OPUST
218
0
25116
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
A0A7C9CVP1_OPUST
141
0
15974
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
A0A7C8YVD8_OPUST
195
0
22444
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
Q588D6_SOLLC
342
0
39405
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2 )
A0A0B2SFY0_GLYSO
334
0
38524
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4 )
A0A7C9CVJ7_OPUST
325
0
37618
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
G7KEL5_MEDTR
329
0
37282
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 1 )
B9RSJ6_RICCO
330
0
38083
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4 )
A0A2I0BGT6_9ASPA
302
0
34728
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 3 )
A0A2G9G9M1_9LAMI
343
0
39524
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7C9CWU5_OPUST
329
0
38060
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5 )
A0A2P6QF80_ROSCH
336
0
38807
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 2 )
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
33000
calculated from amino acid sequence, mature protein
38100
calculated from amino acid sequence, precursor protein with putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
monomer
-
1 * 29000, SDS-PAGE
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
D116N
-
mutant still retains the ability of substrate binding, but with only 1.5% relative activity of wild type protein
D146N
-
mutant completely loses catalytic activity and also the ability of biliverdin binding
D256E
-
mutant retains only partial activity
E110Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 321.7% of wild-type activity
E187Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 20.3% of wild-type activity
H259Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 123.4% of wild-type activity
K183Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 24.6% of wild-type activity
K255Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 11.7% of wild-type activity
K263Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 25.8% of wild-type activity
N133
-
mutant produces only partial activity
R200Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 12.5% of wild-type activity
R200Q/R264Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 11.9% of wild-type activity
R252Q
-
mutant loses catalytic activity and the ability of substrate binding
R264Q
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant shows 18.9% of wild-type activity
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
HPLC Phenomenex Ultracarb reverse phase column chromatography
-
Superdex 200 gel filtration
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
development of a system to produce phytochromobilin in Escherichia coli by coexpression of heme oxygenase and phytochromobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase in a single operon in conjunction with apophytochrome using two compatible plasmids
-
expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21
-
expression in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Escherichia coli
-
expression in Pichia pastoris
overexpression in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002, from endogenous plasmid pAQ1 under the control of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 cpcBA promoter, leads to overproduction of phytochromobilin, the cells show a phenotype only slightly less pigmented and blue-green than the wild-type, the strain producing phycobiliproteins carrying phytochromobilin grow much more slowly at low light intensity. Transformant colonies in which pcyA is inactivated in the HY2 overexpression background does not develop a chlorotic appearance, and segregation of the mutant and wild-type alleles is rapidly achieved
-
recombinant functional expression of HT-HY2 in Escherichia coli with production of phytochromobilin, functional co-expression with cyanobacterial heme oxygenase, and the phycocyanin alpha-subunit, CpcA, from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 or Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, and with the phycocyanin alpha-subunit phycocyanobilin lyase, CpcE/CpcF, or the phycoerythrocyanin alpha-subunit phycocyanobilin isomerizing lyase, PecE/PecF, from Noctoc sp. PCC 7120. Production levels of fluorescent pigments and chromophore analysis, overview
-
wild type and mutant allels
-
-
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
biotechnology
-
transposon-based directed tagging strategy using maize Ds element generates a wide diversity of tagged and non-tagged alleles that can be used to generate allelic series or deletion of clustered genes
synthesis
production of full-length plant phytochrome assembled with phytochromobilin in Pichia pastoris by coexpressing apophytochromes and chromophore biosynthetic genes, heme oxygenase (HY1) and phytochromobilin oxidoreductase (HY2) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mitochondria localization of the phytochromobilin biosynthetic genes increases the efficiency of holophytochrome biosynthesis
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
Frankenberg, N.; Mukougawa, K.; Kohchi, T.; Lagarias, J.C.
Functional genomic analysis of the HY2 family of ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductases from oxygenic photosynthetic organisms
Plant Cell
13
965-978
2001
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SR43)
brenda
Kohchi, T.; Mukougawa, K.; Frankenberg, N.; Masuda, M.; Yokota, A.; Lagarias, J.C.
The Arabidopsis hy2 gene encodes phytochromobilin synthase, a ferredoxin-dependent biliverdin reductase
Plant Cell
13
425-436
2001
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SR43)
brenda
McDowell, M.T.; Lagarias, J.C.
Purification and biochemical properties of phytochromobilin synthase from etiolated oat seedlings
Plant Physiol.
126
1546-1554
2001
Avena sativa
brenda
Terry, M.J.; Lagarias, J.C.
Holophytochrome assembly. Coupled assay for phytochromobilin synthase in organello
J. Biol. Chem.
266
22215-22221
1991
Cucumis sativus
brenda
Sawers, R.J.; Linley, P.J.; Gutierrez-Marcos, J.F.; Delli-Bovi, T.; Farmer, P.R.; Kohchi, T.; Terry, M.J.; Brutnell, T.P.
The Elm1 (ZmHy2) gene of maize encodes a phytochromobilin synthase
Plant Physiol.
136
2771-2781
2004
Zea mays
brenda
Mukougawa, K.; Kanamoto, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Yokota, A.; Kohchi, T.
Metabolic engineering to produce phytochromes with phytochromobilin, phycocyanobilin, or phycoerythrobilin chromophore in Escherichia coli
FEBS Lett.
580
1333-1338
2006
Escherichia coli
brenda
Muramoto, T.; Kami, C.; Kataoka, H.; Iwata, N.; Linley, P.J.; Mukougawa, K.; Yokota, A.; Kohchi, T.
The tomato photomorphogenetic mutant, aurea, is deficient in phytochromobilin synthase for phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis
Plant Cell Physiol.
46
661-665
2005
Solanum lycopersicum (Q588D6), Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Tu, S.L.; Rockwell, N.C.; Lagarias, J.C.; Fisher, A.J.
Insight into the radical mechanism of phycocyanobilin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA) revealed by X-ray crystallography and biochemical measurements
Biochemistry
46
1484-1494
2007
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Tu, S.L.; Chen, H.C.; Ku, L.W.
Mechanistic studies of the phytochromobilin synthase HY2 from Arabidopsis
J. Biol. Chem.
283
27555-27564
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Chiu, F.Y.; Chen, Y.R.; Tu, S.L.
Electrostatic interaction of phytochromobilin synthase and ferredoxin for biosynthesis of phytochrome chromophore
J. Biol. Chem.
285
5056-5065
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SR43), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Alvey, R.M.; Biswas, A.; Schluchter, W.M.; Bryant, D.A.
Attachment of noncognate chromophores to CpcA of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli
Biochemistry
50
4890-4902
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Alvey, R.M.; Biswas, A.; Schluchter, W.M.; Bryant, D.A.
Effects of modified phycobilin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002
J. Bacteriol.
193
1663-1671
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Shin, A.Y.; Han, Y.J.; Song, P.S.; Kim, J.I.
Expression of recombinant full-length plant phytochromes assembled with phytochromobilin in Pichia pastoris
FEBS Lett.
588
2964-2970
2014
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SR43)
brenda
Creff, A.; Léonard, B.; Desnos, T.
Targeted Ds-tagging strategy generates high allelic diversity at the Arabidopsis HY2 locus
Plant Mol. Biol.
61
603-613
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Select items on the left to see more content.
html completed