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Information on EC 1.3.5.6 - 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
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1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturaseIUBMB Comments
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria.
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Word Map
- 1.3.5.6
-
carotenoid
-
virus-induced
- lycopene
-
herbicide
- beta-carotene
-
desaturation
-
carotenogenic
-
geranylgeranyl
-
desaturases
- norflurazon
-
rattle
-
bleach
- benthamiana
- zeaxanthin
- astaxanthin
-
virus-based
- chelatase
- neurosporene
- chromoplast
- uredovora
-
carotenogenesis
- pluvialis
-
phytofluene
-
provitamin
- haematococcus
-
beta-cyclase
-
ketolase
- fluridone
- crtiso
- agriculture
-
agroinfiltration
-
photo-bleaching
- violaxanthin
-
apocarotenoids
- canthaxanthin
-
ketocarotenoids
- protoporphyrinogen
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
Carotene 7,8-desaturase, carotene desaturase, CrtI, CrtQa, CrtQb, Desaturase, zeta-carotene, Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Capsicum annuum clone pCapZDS precursor reduced), Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Nostoc muscorum clone pZDS1A reduced), Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 clone cs0223/cs0128/ps0014/cs0681/cs0294 gene ctrQ-2 reduced), EutZds, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
Carotene 7,8-desaturase
-
-
-
-
CrtI
CrtQa
CrtQb
Desaturase, zeta-carotene
-
-
-
-
Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Capsicum annuum clone pCapZDS precursor reduced)
-
-
-
-
Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Nostoc muscorum clone pZDS1A reduced)
-
-
-
-
Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 clone cs0223/cs0128/ps0014/cs0681/cs0294 gene ctrQ-2 reduced)
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-
-
-
genBank D90914-derived protein GI 1653487
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-
-
-
phytoene desaturase
ZDS
zeta-carotene desaturase
zeta-carotene desaturase (Anabaena strain PCC 7120 clone pZDS1A)
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-
-
-
zeta-carotene desaturase (Capsicum annuum clone pCapZDS precursor reduced)
-
-
-
-
zeta-carotene desaturase (Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 gene crtQ-2)
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-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
-
-
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
-
-
-
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
9,9'-dicis-zeta-corotene:quinone oxidoreductase
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
lycopene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
-
zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-ubiquinone
lycopene + 2 decyl-ubiquinone
-
zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
lycopene + 2 quinol
-
zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + decyl-plastoquinone
neurosporene + decyl-plastoquinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
mutant activity
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
-
mutant activity
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
-
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 AH2 + 2 O2
lycopene + 2 A + 4 H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
-
-
?
additional information
?
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-
the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQb converts (9Z)-zeta-carotene efficiently into (7Z,9Z)-neurosporene but stops at this stage without substantial lycopene formation. (all-E)-zeta-carotene cannot be converted by CrtQb. Similarly to (9Z)-zeta-carotene, the (all-E)-isomer is efficiently converted by CrtQa, substrate specificities, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQb converts (9Z)-zeta-carotene efficiently into (7Z,9Z)-neurosporene but stops at this stage without substantial lycopene formation. (all-E)-zeta-carotene cannot be converted by CrtQb. Similarly to (9Z)-zeta-carotene, the (all-E)-isomer is efficiently converted by CrtQa, substrate specificities, overview
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
lycopene + 2 quinol
-
zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
-
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 AH2 + 2 O2
lycopene + 2 A + 4 H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
addition of the dinucleotides FAD, NADP+ or NAD+ alone or the latter in combination with ATP results in a negligible increase in zeta-carotene desaturase activity
-
quinone
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
decyl-plastoquinone
-
enhances zeta-carotene desaturase activity significantly and increases the ratio of lycopene to neurosporene among the reaction products. Quinones other than decyl-plastoquinone and decyl-ubiquinone do not stimulate
decyl-ubiquinone
-
enhances zeta-carotene desaturase activity significantly and increases the ratio of lycopene to neurosporene among the reaction products. Quinones other than decyl-plastoquinone and decyl-ubiquinone do not stimulate
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Albinism
Disruption of a horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase abolishes carotenoid accumulation and diapause in Tetranychus urticae.
Cysts
Differential expression of carotenogenic genes and associated changes in pigment profile during regeneration of Haematococcus pluvialis cysts.
Infections
Chalcone synthase as a reporter in virus-induced gene silencing studies of flower senescence.
Infections
Development of a virus-induced gene-silencing system for hexaploid wheat and its use in functional analysis of the Lr21-mediated leaf rust resistance pathway.
Infections
Expression of functional elements inserted into the 35S promoter region of infectious cauliflower mosaic virus replicons.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0331
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
0.0417
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant mutant L208P
0.0658
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant mutant L208F
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
28
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, encoded by genes crtQa and crtQb
-
-
brenda
contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, encoded by genes crtQa and crtQb
-
-
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
semi-quantitative RT-PCR tissue expression analysis
brenda
additional information
-
semi-quantitative RT-PCR tissue expression analysis
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
Zds is a nonsecretory and nonmembraneous protein
-
brenda
additional information
-
Zds is a nonsecretory and nonmembraneous protein
-
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
evolution
-
approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene. These two types of enzymes, although similar in function, have relatively low similarity, below 60%, in terms of nucleotide or amino acid sequence. Phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme
evolution
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
-
approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene. These two types of enzymes, although similar in function, have relatively low similarity, below 60%, in terms of nucleotide or amino acid sequence. Phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme
-
metabolism
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
metabolism
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
metabolism
carotene desaturation, an essential step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, is catalyzed by two carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase, PDS, and zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
metabolism
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, that is made up of three main parts: geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis, lycopene generation, and the formation of carotenoids with cyclohexene and their derivatives, overview
metabolism
-
phytoene desaturase CrtI from Rubrivivax gelatinosus catalyzes simultaneously a three- and four-step desaturation producing both neurosporene and lycopene. These carotenes are intermediates for the synthesis of spheroidene and spirilloxanthin, respectively
metabolism
-
the enzyme is important in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus fruits, overview
metabolism
-
ZDS is a key enzyme in carotenogenesis serving downstream of zeta-carotene in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, overview
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
-
metabolism
-
phytoene desaturase CrtI from Rubrivivax gelatinosus catalyzes simultaneously a three- and four-step desaturation producing both neurosporene and lycopene. These carotenes are intermediates for the synthesis of spheroidene and spirilloxanthin, respectively
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is important in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus fruits, overview
-
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, that is made up of three main parts: geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis, lycopene generation, and the formation of carotenoids with cyclohexene and their derivatives, overview
-
metabolism
-
ZDS is a key enzyme in carotenogenesis serving downstream of zeta-carotene in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, overview
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physiological function
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phytoene desaturase encoded by crtI catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene, mechanism controlling the product specificity, phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme, overview
physiological function
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Zds is a key gene important in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation, including the early steps of the pathway, regulated during fruit maturation. Altered flow of carotenoid precursors during fruit maturation due to abscission agents is suggested by changes in phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase gene expression. As fruit mature, increased phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase (Zds) gene expression result in increased downstream carotenoid content
physiological function
three functional units, comprising genes PSY1, PDS/ZISO, and ZDS/CrtISO, are responsible for the synthesis of 15-cis-phytoene, 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, and all-trans-lycopene, respectively. All-trans-z-carotene is detectable in nonsilenced fruits and greatly increases in ZDS-silenced ones
physiological function
-
Zds is a key gene important in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation, including the early steps of the pathway, regulated during fruit maturation. Altered flow of carotenoid precursors during fruit maturation due to abscission agents is suggested by changes in phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase gene expression. As fruit mature, increased phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase (Zds) gene expression result in increased downstream carotenoid content
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physiological function
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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phytoene desaturase encoded by crtI catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene, mechanism controlling the product specificity, phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme, overview
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additional information
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the differential accumulation of carotenoids in red- and yellow-fleshed papaya varieties, being higher in the red-fleshed variant, might be partly explained by the transcriptional level of CpPDS, encoding phytoene desaturase, and CpZDS
additional information
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Leu208, located in a highly hydrophobic membrane-integrated region, is important in substrate binding
additional information
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the differential accumulation of carotenoids in red- and yellow-fleshed papaya varieties, being higher in the red-fleshed variant, might be partly explained by the transcriptional level of CpPDS, encoding phytoene desaturase, and CpZDS
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additional information
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Leu208, located in a highly hydrophobic membrane-integrated region, is important in substrate binding
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Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (1185 entries)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
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the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
additional information
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the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
additional information
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the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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additional information
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the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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additional information
three-dimensional structure of Zds, comparative modeling, overview
additional information
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three-dimensional structure of Zds, comparative modeling, overview
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
E508G
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random mutagenesis, the mutation has little effect on the enzyme activity
F166I
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random mutagenesis, a beneficial mutation that helps the conversion of product from neurosporene to lycopene
F220S
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random mutagenesis, the mutation has little effect on the enzyme activity
H12Q
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random mutagenesis, the mutation has little effect on the enzyme activity
L148H
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random mutagenesis, the beneficial mutation is highly increasing the production of lycopene to over 80%
M402T
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random mutagenesis, the mutation reduces the lycopene production rate
V68D
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random mutagenesis, a beneficial mutation that helps the conversion of product from neurosporene to lycopene
F166I
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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random mutagenesis, a beneficial mutation that helps the conversion of product from neurosporene to lycopene
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H12Q
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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random mutagenesis, the mutation has little effect on the enzyme activity
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V68D
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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random mutagenesis, a beneficial mutation that helps the conversion of product from neurosporene to lycopene
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L153P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
L208F
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
L208P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
L278P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
L424P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
P134L
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
L153P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
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L208F
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
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L208P
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
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P134L
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naturally occuring mutation, which influences the secondary structure of the enzyme
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additional information
additional information
ZDS is not a major target gene to increase carotenoid contents in kiwifruit, overview
additional information
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alteration of product specificity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides phytoene desaturase by directed evolution combining random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis, DNA sequence determinations. Beneficial mutations increase the percent of lycopene production to 90%
additional information
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introduction of stop mutations, M1, M2 and M3
additional information
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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alteration of product specificity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides phytoene desaturase by directed evolution combining random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis, DNA sequence determinations. Beneficial mutations increase the percent of lycopene production to 90%
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additional information
Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
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introduction of stop mutations, M1, M2 and M3
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additional information
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in mutant EP21, zeta-carotene and phytofluene, which are both early intermediates of the desaturation pathway and which are absent in the wild-type, are the main carotene products
additional information
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in mutant EP21, zeta-carotene and phytofluene, which are both early intermediates of the desaturation pathway and which are absent in the wild-type, are the main carotene products
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
crtI gene, construction of different mutation libraries used for screening for mutants which synthesize almost exclusively either neurosporene or lycopene, cloning n Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha
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expression in Escherichia coli
gene crtQa, expressionin Escherichia coli, gene crtQb, expression of CrtQB in Escherichia coli strain JM101
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gene ZDS, cotransformation of the Citrus unshiu carotinoid biosynthetic genes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, i.e. GGPS, phytoene desaturase, i.e. PDS, zeta-carotene desaturase, i.e. ZDS, beta-carotene hydroxylase, i.e. CHX, and phytoene synthase, i.e. PSY, into Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa, kiwi, fruits using the micro-cross section technique for the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfection system, method evaluation, overview
gene zds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, a single copy gene located on chromosome LG3
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gene zds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis
gene zds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, suncloning in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha
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gene zds, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole induces Zds expression from early to midmaturation stages, overview
presence of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole activates phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase Zds gene expression from early to midmaturation stages of fruit
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
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the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
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the zds gene expression is upregulated in response to light
5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole induces Zds expression from early to midmaturation stages, overview
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5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole induces Zds expression from early to midmaturation stages, overview
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presence of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole activates phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase Zds gene expression from early to midmaturation stages of fruit
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presence of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole activates phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase Zds gene expression from early to midmaturation stages of fruit
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the zds gene expression is upregulated in response to light
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
agriculture
agriculture
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fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date
agriculture
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fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Breitenbach, J.; Sandmann, G.
zeta-Carotene cis isomers as products and substrates in the plant poly-cis carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to lycopene
Planta
220
785-793
2005
Gentiana lutea
brenda
Breitenbach, J.; Kuntz, M.; Takaichi, S.; Sandmann, G.
Catalytic properties of an expressed and purified higher plant type zeta-carotene desaturase from Capsicum annuum
Eur. J. Biochem.
265
376-383
1999
Capsicum annuum
brenda
Josse, E.M.; Simkin, A.J.; Gaffé, J.; Labouré, A.M.; Kuntz, M.; Carol, P.
A plastid terminal oxidase associated with carotenoid desaturation during chromoplast differentiation
Plant Physiol.
123
1427-1436
2000
Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Stickforth, P.; Sandmann, G.
Structural and kinetics properties of a mutated phytoene desaturase from Rubrivivax gelatinosus with modified product specificity
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
505
118-122
2011
Rubrivivax gelatinosus
brenda
Wang, C.W.; Liao, J.C.
Alteration of product specificity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides phytoene desaturase by directed evolution
J. Biol. Chem.
276
41161-41164
2001
Luteovulum sphaeroides, Luteovulum sphaeroides ATCC 17025
brenda
Cong, L.; Wang, C.; Li, Z.; Chen, L.; Yang, G.; Wang, Y.; He, G.
cDNA cloning and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytoene and zeta-carotene desaturase genes
Mol. Biol. Rep.
37
3351-3361
2010
Triticum aestivum (B6DU63), Triticum aestivum
brenda
Ye, Z.; Jiang, J.
Analysis of an essential carotenogenic enzyme: zeta-carotene desaturase from unicellular alga Dunaliella salina
J. Agric. Food Chem.
58
11477-11482
2010
Dunaliella salina (E0AE54), Dunaliella salina UTEX LB 200 (E0AE54)
-
brenda
Yan, P.; Gao, X.Z.; Shen, W.T.; Zhou, P.
Cloning and expression analysis of phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase genes in Carica papaya
Mol. Biol. Rep.
38
785-791
2011
Carica papaya, Carica papaya Dwarf solo
brenda
Kim, M.; Kim, S.C.; Song, K.J.; Kim, H.B.; Kim, I.J.; Song, E.Y.; Chun, S.J.
Transformation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes using a micro-cross section method in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward)
Plant Cell Rep.
29
1339-1349
2010
Citrus unshiu (Q2PPX8)
brenda
Breitenbach, J.; Bruns, M.; Sandmann, G.
Contribution of two zeta-carotene desaturases to the poly-cis desaturation pathway in the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7120
Arch. Microbiol.
195
491-498
2013
Nostoc sp., Nostoc sp. PCC 7120
brenda
Alferez, F.; Pozo, L.V.; Rouseff, R.R.; Burns, J.K.
Modification of carotenoid levels by abscission agents and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in valencia sweet orange
J. Agric. Food Chem.
61
3082-3089
2013
Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis valencia
brenda
Li, M.; Gan, Z.; Cui, Y.; Shi, C.; Shi, X.
Cloning and characterization of the zeta-carotene desaturase gene from Chlorella protothecoides CS-41
J. Biomed. Biotechnol.
2011
731542
2011
Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Auxenochlorella protothecoides CS-41
brenda
Alferez, F.; Pozo, L.; Rouseff, R.; Burns, J.
Modification of carotenoid levels by abscission agents and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Valencia sweet orange
J. Agric. Food Chem.
61
3082-3089
2013
Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck
brenda
Fantini, E.; Falcone, G.; Frusciante, S.; Giliberto, L.; Giuliano, G.
Dissection of tomato lycopene biosynthesis through virus-induced gene silencing
Plant Physiol.
163
986-998
2013
Solanum lycopersicum (Q9SE20)
brenda
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