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Information on EC 1.3.5.6 - 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
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EC Tree
1.3.5.6 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturaseIUBMB Comments
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria.
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Word Map
- 1.3.5.6
-
carotenoid
- lycopene
-
virus-induced
-
desaturation
-
herbicide
- beta-carotene
-
carotenogenic
- benthamiana
-
rattle
- norflurazon
-
bleach
-
desaturases
-
geranylgeranyl
-
agrobacterium-mediated
- astaxanthin
- zeaxanthin
- pluvialis
- uredovora
-
provitamin
-
ketolase
- fluridone
- haematococcus
- chelatase
-
carotenogenesis
- neurosporene
-
phytofluene
- chromoplast
-
beta-cyclase
-
virus-based
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photo-bleaching
- canthaxanthin
- agriculture
- crtiso
-
agroinfiltration
- protoporphyrinogen
-
ketocarotenoids
- violaxanthin
- dendrorhous
-
apocarotenoids
-
xanthophyllomyces
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, carotene desaturase, crtqa, crtqb, 
more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
Carotene 7,8-desaturase
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-
-
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CrtI
CrtQa
CrtQb
Desaturase, zeta-carotene
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-
-
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Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Capsicum annuum clone pCapZDS precursor reduced)
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-
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Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Nostoc muscorum clone pZDS1A reduced)
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Desaturase, zeta-carotene (Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 clone cs0223/cs0128/ps0014/cs0681/cs0294 gene ctrQ-2 reduced)
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EC 1.14.99.30
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formerly
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genBank D90914-derived protein GI 1653487
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phytoene desaturase
ZDS
zeta-carotene desaturase
zeta-carotene desaturase (Anabaena strain PCC 7120 clone pZDS1A)
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zeta-carotene desaturase (Capsicum annuum clone pCapZDS precursor reduced)
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zeta-carotene desaturase (Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 gene crtQ-2)
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-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
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9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
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-
-
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9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
9,9'-dicis-zeta-corotene:quinone oxidoreductase
This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-plastoquinone
lycopene + 2 decyl-plastoquinol
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zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 decyl-ubiquinone
lycopene + 2 decyl-ubiquinone
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zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
lycopene + 2 quinol
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zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + decyl-plastoquinone
neurosporene + decyl-plastoquinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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mutant activity
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
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-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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-
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-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
-
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 AH2 + 2 O2
lycopene + 2 A + 4 H2O
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-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the deduced protein possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
the deduced protein sequence possesses a dinucleotide-binding site at the N-terminus and a carotenoid-binding domain at the C-terminus
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-
?
additional information
?
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strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
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-
?
additional information
?
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zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQb converts (9Z)-zeta-carotene efficiently into (7Z,9Z)-neurosporene but stops at this stage without substantial lycopene formation. (all-E)-zeta-carotene cannot be converted by CrtQb. Similarly to (9Z)-zeta-carotene, the (all-E)-isomer is efficiently converted by CrtQa, substrate specificities, overview
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-
?
additional information
?
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-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
additional information
?
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zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQb converts (9Z)-zeta-carotene efficiently into (7Z,9Z)-neurosporene but stops at this stage without substantial lycopene formation. (all-E)-zeta-carotene cannot be converted by CrtQb. Similarly to (9Z)-zeta-carotene, the (all-E)-isomer is efficiently converted by CrtQa, substrate specificities, overview
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
lycopene + 2 quinol
-
zeta-carotene desaturase has no preference for certain isomers. The nature of the isomers formed during catalysis depends strictly on the isomeric composition of the substrate. Different lycopene isomers are formed, including substantial amounts of the all-trans form, together with 7,7',9,9'-tetracis prolycopene via the corresponding neurosporene isomers
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturase CrtQa, very poorly by CrtQb
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + 2 quinol
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
-
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
-
catalyzed by zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
via phytofluene and zeta-carotene
-
-
?
phytoene + quinone
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + quinol
-
-
-
-
?
zeta-carotene + 2 AH2 + 2 O2
lycopene + 2 A + 4 H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strain PCC 7120 contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, which differ in their preferred utilization of zeta-carotene Z isomers. CrtQa converts zeta-carotene isomers that are poorly metabolized by CrtQb and CrtQa still possesses the Z to E isomerase function of the ancestral desaturase CrtI. CrtQb is an enzyme with one molecule of tightly bound FAD and acts as a dehydrogenase transferring hydrogen to oxidized plastoquinone. CrtQb yields only trace amounts of 7,9-Z neurosporene and 7,9,7',9'-Z lycopene
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
addition of the dinucleotides FAD, NADP+ or NAD+ alone or the latter in combination with ATP results in a negligible increase in zeta-carotene desaturase activity
-
quinone
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
decyl-plastoquinone
-
enhances zeta-carotene desaturase activity significantly and increases the ratio of lycopene to neurosporene among the reaction products. Quinones other than decyl-plastoquinone and decyl-ubiquinone do not stimulate
decyl-ubiquinone
-
enhances zeta-carotene desaturase activity significantly and increases the ratio of lycopene to neurosporene among the reaction products. Quinones other than decyl-plastoquinone and decyl-ubiquinone do not stimulate
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Albinism
Disruption of a horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase abolishes carotenoid accumulation and diapause in Tetranychus urticae.
Cysts
Differential expression of carotenogenic genes and associated changes in pigment profile during regeneration of Haematococcus pluvialis cysts.
Infections
Chalcone synthase as a reporter in virus-induced gene silencing studies of flower senescence.
Infections
Development of a virus-induced gene-silencing system for hexaploid wheat and its use in functional analysis of the Lr21-mediated leaf rust resistance pathway.
Infections
Expression of functional elements inserted into the 35S promoter region of infectious cauliflower mosaic virus replicons.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0331
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme
0.0417
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant mutant L208P
0.0658
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene
-
pH 8.0, 28°C, recombinant mutant L208F
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
28
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, encoded by genes crtQa and crtQb
-
-
brenda
contains two completely unrelated zeta-carotene desaturases CrtQa and CrtQb, encoded by genes crtQa and crtQb
-
-
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
semi-quantitative RT-PCR tissue expression analysis
brenda
additional information
-
semi-quantitative RT-PCR tissue expression analysis
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
Zds is a nonsecretory and nonmembraneous protein
-
brenda
additional information
-
Zds is a nonsecretory and nonmembraneous protein
-
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
-
approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene. These two types of enzymes, although similar in function, have relatively low similarity, below 60%, in terms of nucleotide or amino acid sequence. Phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
metabolism
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening
metabolism
-
the expression of zeta-carotene desaturase paralleles plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX, quinol:oxygen oxidoreductase) and zeta-carotene desaturase. The three genes are expressed when carotinoid biosynthesis is enhanced during fruit ripening. Tomato ghost mutant with impaired plastid terminal oxidase accumulate phytoene in leaves and fruits
metabolism
carotene desaturation, an essential step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, is catalyzed by two carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase, PDS, and zeta-carotene desaturase, ZDS
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
metabolism
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, that is made up of three main parts: geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis, lycopene generation, and the formation of carotenoids with cyclohexene and their derivatives, overview
metabolism
-
phytoene desaturase CrtI from Rubrivivax gelatinosus catalyzes simultaneously a three- and four-step desaturation producing both neurosporene and lycopene. These carotenes are intermediates for the synthesis of spheroidene and spirilloxanthin, respectively
metabolism
-
the enzyme is important in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus fruits, overview
metabolism
-
ZDS is a key enzyme in carotenogenesis serving downstream of zeta-carotene in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, overview
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, overview
-
metabolism
-
phytoene desaturase CrtI from Rubrivivax gelatinosus catalyzes simultaneously a three- and four-step desaturation producing both neurosporene and lycopene. These carotenes are intermediates for the synthesis of spheroidene and spirilloxanthin, respectively
-
metabolism
-
the enzyme is important in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in citrus fruits, overview
-
metabolism
-
the zeta-carotene desaturase is involved in the carotenogenic pathway, that is made up of three main parts: geranylgeranyl diphosphate biosynthesis, lycopene generation, and the formation of carotenoids with cyclohexene and their derivatives, overview
-
metabolism
-
ZDS is a key enzyme in carotenogenesis serving downstream of zeta-carotene in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, overview
-
physiological function
-
phytoene desaturase encoded by crtI catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, approximately 10% of known phytoene desaturases, as in Rhodobacter, produce neurosporene, whereas the rest produce lycopene, mechanism controlling the product specificity, phytoene desaturase encoded by gene crtI is a neurosporene-producing enzyme, overview
physiological function
-
Zds is a key gene important in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation, including the early steps of the pathway, regulated during fruit maturation. Altered flow of carotenoid precursors during fruit maturation due to abscission agents is suggested by changes in phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase gene expression. As fruit mature, increased phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase (Zds) gene expression result in increased downstream carotenoid content
physiological function
three functional units, comprising genes PSY1, PDS/ZISO, and ZDS/CrtISO, are responsible for the synthesis of 15-cis-phytoene, 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, and all-trans-lycopene, respectively. All-trans-z-carotene is detectable in nonsilenced fruits and greatly increases in ZDS-silenced ones
physiological function
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Zds is a key gene important in the regulation of carotenoid accumulation, including the early steps of the pathway, regulated during fruit maturation. Altered flow of carotenoid precursors during fruit maturation due to abscission agents is suggested by changes in phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase gene expression. As fruit mature, increased phytoene desaturase (Pds) and zeta-carotene desaturase (Zds) gene expression result in increased downstream carotenoid content
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additional information
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the differential accumulation of carotenoids in red- and yellow-fleshed papaya varieties, being higher in the red-fleshed variant, might be partly explained by the transcriptional level of CpPDS, encoding phytoene desaturase, and CpZDS
additional information
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Leu208, located in a highly hydrophobic membrane-integrated region, is important in substrate binding
additional information
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the differential accumulation of carotenoids in red- and yellow-fleshed papaya varieties, being higher in the red-fleshed variant, might be partly explained by the transcriptional level of CpPDS, encoding phytoene desaturase, and CpZDS
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additional information
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Leu208, located in a highly hydrophobic membrane-integrated region, is important in substrate binding
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