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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments Contains molybdenum, [2Fe-2S] centres and FAD. The enzyme from liver exhibits a broad substrate specificity, and is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including the oxidation of N-heterocycles and aldehydes and the reduction of N-oxides, nitrosamines, hydroxamic acids, azo dyes, nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfoxides [4,6].
The enzyme is also responsible for the oxidation of retinal, an activity that was initially attributed to a distinct enzyme (EC 1.2.3.11, retinal oxidase) [5,7].
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana The enzyme appears in selected viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
aldehyde oxidase, aldehyde oxidase 1, retinal oxidase, formate oxidase, maox3, atraaox2, aldehyde oxidase 3, aldehyde oxidase 2, aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase,
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quinoline oxidase
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aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase
Contains molybdenum, [2Fe-2S] centres and FAD. The enzyme from liver exhibits a broad substrate specificity, and is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including the oxidation of N-heterocycles and aldehydes and the reduction of N-oxides, nitrosamines, hydroxamic acids, azo dyes, nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfoxides [4,6].
The enzyme is also responsible for the oxidation of retinal, an activity that was initially attributed to a distinct enzyme (EC 1.2.3.11, retinal oxidase) [5,7].
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1-naphthaldehyde + H2O + O2
1-naphthalene carboxylic acid + H2O2
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?
4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal + H2O + O2
4-hydroxy-2-nonenoate + H2O2
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-
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?
acrolein + H2O + O2
acrylic acid + H2O2
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?
benzaldehyde + H2O + O2
benzoic acid + H2O2
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?
cinnamaldehyde + H2O + O2
cinnamic acid + H2O2
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-
-
?
citral + H2O + O2
(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid + H2O2
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?
dodecyl aldehyde + H2O + O2
dodecanoic acid + H2O2
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-
-
?
hexanal + H2O + O2
hexanoic acid + H2O2
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-
-
?
indol-3-carboxyaldehyde + H2O + O2
indol-3-carboxylic acid + H2O2
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-
-
?
propionaldehyde + H2O + O2
propionic acid + H2O2
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-
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?
vanillin + H2O + O2
vanillic acid + H2O2
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-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O2
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38.2% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
abscisic aldehyde + H2O + O2
abscisic acid + H2O2
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four aldehyde oxidases are known that have varying affinities to abscisic aldehyde. AOdelta, endcoded by AAO3 specifically catalyses this step in rosette leaves
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?
benzaldehyde + H2O + O2
benzoic acid + H2O2
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?
cinnamaldehyde + H2O + O2
cinnamic acid + H2O2
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44.2% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
indole 3-acetaldehyde + H2O + O2
indole 3-acetic acid + H2O2
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48.0% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
indole 3-carbaldehyde + H2O + O2
indole 3-carboxylate + H2O2
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?
p-anisaldehyde + H2O + O2
p-anisic acid + H2O2
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40.2% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
p-hydroxybenzoate + H2O2
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54.8% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
vanillin + H2O + O2
vanillic acid + H2O2
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43.3% of the rate with benzaldehyde
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?
additional information
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no substrate: citral, hexanal
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?
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abscisic aldehyde + H2O + O2
abscisic acid + H2O2
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four aldehyde oxidases are known that have varying affinities to abscisic aldehyde. AOdelta, endcoded by AAO3 specifically catalyses this step in rosette leaves
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?
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NAD+
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enzyme is able to oxidize benzaldehyde without NAD+, but its activity increases by 50% when the cofactor is added. Km value 0.0581 mM
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Cu2+
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1 mM, 95% inhibition
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0.0238
benzaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
0.1039
cinnamylaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
2.07
Indole-3-acetaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
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95.2
benzaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
436.5
cinnamylaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
1904
Indole-3-acetaldehyde
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partially purified protein, pH 7.0, 30°C
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30
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UniProt
brenda
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drastic drought imposed on rosette leaves results in a 19.5fold enhancement of Aao4 transcript
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high and specific expression in developing seed
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physiological function
exogenous application of several aldehydes to siliques in AAO4 knockout plants induces severe tissue damage and enhance malondialdehyde levels and senescence symptoms, but not in wild-type siliques. Abiotic stresses such as dark and ultraviolet C irradiation causes an increase in endogenous reactive carbonyl species and higher expression levels of senescence marker genes, leading to premature senescence of knockout siliques. In naturally senescent knockout siliques, higher endogenous reactive carbonyl species levels are associated with enhanced senescence molecular markers, chlorophyll degradation, and earlier seed shattering compared with the wild type
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ALDO4_ARATH
1337
0
147304
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 3 )
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additional information
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plants homozygous for a null allele in AAO4 show a reduction of 30% to 45% in the total levels of benzoic acid in seeds as well as 7% to 9% and 32% to 38% decreases in the levels of 3-benzoyloxypropylglucosinolate and 4-benzoyloxybutylglucosinolate, respectively
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recombinant enzyme inactivated by KCN treatment
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expression in Pichia pastoris of the AOalpha gene
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expression is induced by hydrogen peroxide. Drastic drought imposed on rosette leaves results in a 19.5fold enhancement of Aao4 transcript
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after inactivation with KCN, anaerobic reconstitution by sulfide and dithionite were succesful
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Bittner, F.; Oreb, M.; Mendel, R.R.
ABA3 is a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase required for activation of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana
J. Biol. Chem.
276
40381-40384
2001
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Seo, M.; Peeters, A.J.M.; Koiwai, H.; Oritani, T.; Marion-Poll, A.; Zeevaart, J.A.D.; Koornneef, M.; Kamiya, Y.; Koshiba, T.
The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene product catalyzes the final step in abscisic acid biosynthesis in leaves
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97
12908-12913
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Garattini, E.; Fratelli, M.; Terao, M.
Mammalian aldehyde oxidases: genetics, evolution and biochemistry
Cell. Mol. Life Sci.
65
1019-1048
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q7G191), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q7G192), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q7G193), Bos taurus (P48034), Caenorhabditis elegans (O61198), Caenorhabditis elegans (Q960A1), Canis lupus familiaris (Q2QB47), Canis lupus familiaris (Q2QB48), Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila melanogaster (Q9VF53), Equus caballus, Gallus gallus (Q2QB49), Gallus gallus (Q2QB50), Homo sapiens, Macaca fascicularis (Q5FB27), Macaca mulatta, Mamestra brassicae (Q4VGM3), Monodelphis domestica, Mus musculus, Mus musculus (O54754), Mus musculus (Q5SGK3), Mus musculus (Q6V956), Mus musculus (Q8VJ15), no activity in Aspergillus nidulans, Oryctolagus cuniculus (P80456), Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus (Q5QE78), Rattus norvegicus (Q5QE79), Rattus norvegicus (Q5QE80), Rattus norvegicus (Q9Z0U5), Solanum lycopersicum (Q9FV23), Solanum lycopersicum (Q9FV24), Solanum lycopersicum (Q9FV25), Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Xenopus laevis (Q6GMC5), Zea mays (O23887), Zea mays (O23888)
brenda
Ibdah, M.; Chen, Y.T.; Wilkerson, C.G.; Pichersky, E.
An aldehyde oxidase in developing seeds of Arabidopsis converts benzaldehyde to benzoic acid
Plant Physiol.
150
416-423
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Srivastava, S.; Brychkova, G.; Yarmolinsky, D.; Soltabayeva, A.; Samani, T.; Sagi, M.
Aldehyde oxidase 4 plays a critical role in delaying silique senescence by catalyzing aldehyde detoxification
Plant Physiol.
173
1977-1997
2017
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q7G191)
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