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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.2.1.82 - beta-apo-4'-carotenal oxygenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.2.1.82
Word Map on EC 1.2.1.82
- 1.2.1.82
- neurospora
- crassa
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carotenoid
- neurosporaxanthin
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carotenogenesis
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apocarotenoids
- aldehyde
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carotene
- torulene
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cross-pathway
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.2.1.82
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
beta-apo-4'-carotenal oxygenase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
4'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-4'-al + NAD+ + H2O = neurosporaxanthin + NADH + 2 H+
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
4'-apo-beta,psi-carotenal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Neurosporaxanthin is responsible for the orange color of of Neurospora.
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
physiological function
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enzyme is involved in the biosynthetic pathway to neurosporaxanthin. First step is the cleavage of 3,4-didehydrolycopene into apo-4'-lycopenal by Cao2, which is then oxidized by YLO-1 to yield apo-4'-lycopenoic acid, the last intermediate in the pathway. The final step is then catalyzed by the cyclase activity of AL-2. An Ylo-1 mutant accumulates three major pigments, i.e. lycopene, apo-4'-lycopenal and apo-4'-lycopenol. The pigments accumulating in the Ylo-1 mutant are non-cyclic and represent lycopene and apolycopenoids, indicating that the in vivo substrate of Ylo-1 is apo-4'-lycopenal rather than its cyclic isomer beta-apo-4'-carotenal
physiological function
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Ylo-1 mutant strain exhibits a yellow colour, lacks neurosporaxanthin and accumulates several carotenes
physiological function
targeted disruption of CarD in a Gibberella fujikuroi carotenoid-overproducing strain results in the loss of neurosporaxanthin and the accumulation of beta-apo-4'-carotenal, its derivative beta-apo-4'-carotenol, and minor amounts of other carotenoids. Strains harboring the CarD mutation acquire a yellowish pigmentation
physiological function
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dominating carotenoids in the Ylo mutant are 4'-apolycopene-4'-myristate and 4'-apo-gamma-carotene-4'-myristate. In vivo, the aldehyde intermediates 4'-apo-gamma-carotene-4'-al and 4'-apo-lycopene-4'-al do not accumulate substantially but are reduced instead to the corresponding alcohols, 4'-apolycopene-4'-ol and 4'-apo-gamma-carotene-4'-ol, and both further esterified with mainly myristic acid yielding 4'-apolycopene-4'-myristate and 4'-apo-gamma-carotene-4'-myristate
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
apo-4'-lycopenal + NAD+ + H2O
apo-4'-lycopenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
the in vivo substrate of Ylo-1 is apo-4'-lycopenal rather than its cyclic isomer beta-apo-4'-carotenal
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-
?
apo-8'-lycopenal + NAD+ + H2O
apo-8'-lycopenoic acid + NADH + H+
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?
beta-apo-10'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-10'-carotenoic acid + NADH + H+
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-
-
?
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-4'-carotenoic acid + NADH + H+
carD function substantiated by its targeted disruption in a Fusarium fujikuroi carotenoid-overproducing strain, which resulted in the loss of neurosporaxanthin and the accumulation of beta-apo-4'-carotenal
beta-apo-4'-carotenoic acid i.e. neurosporaxanthin
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?
beta-apo-8'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
apo-8'-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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?
beta-apo-8'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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?
beta-apo-8'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-8'-carotenoic acid + NADH + H+
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?
apo-8'-lycopenal + NAD+ + H2O
apo-8'-lycopenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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?
apo-8'-lycopenal + NAD+ + H2O
apo-8'-lycopenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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?
beta-apo-10'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-10'-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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-
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?
beta-apo-10'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-10'-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
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-
-
?
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
neurosporaxanthin + NADH + 2 H+
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?
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
neurosporaxanthin + NADH + 2 H+
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?
additional information
?
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C20-retinal i.e. beta-apo-15'-carotenal is not converted by carD enzymatic activity, indicating the requirement for a minimal length of the substrate chain
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?
additional information
?
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no substrates: nonanal, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, retinal
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
beta-apo-4'-carotenoic acid + NADH + H+
F6IBC7
carD function substantiated by its targeted disruption in a Fusarium fujikuroi carotenoid-overproducing strain, which resulted in the loss of neurosporaxanthin and the accumulation of beta-apo-4'-carotenal
beta-apo-4'-carotenoic acid i.e. neurosporaxanthin
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?
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Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
partial purification by generating of a crude lysate for in vitro assays
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
carD expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 strain; generation of an Escherichia coli strain producing beta-apo-4'-carotenal, which is converted into neurosporaxanthin upon expression of carD
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
CarD mRNA content is enhanced by light, and CarD mRNA levels are higher in carotenoid-overproducing mutants; carD mRNA levels increase about 3fold after 30 min of illumination
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.2.1.82)
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