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Information on EC 1.2.1.36 - retinal dehydrogenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.2.1.36
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EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
1.2.1 With NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor
1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase
IUBMB Comments
A metalloflavoprotein (FAD). Acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of retinal.
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
- 1.2.1.36
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retinoic
- raldhs
- mesoderm
- dendritic
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all-trans
- aldh1a2
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ventral
-
ra-synthesizing
-
all-trans-retinoic
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cyp26s
- hindbrain
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retinol-binding
- somite
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anterior-posterior
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gut-homing
-
otic
-
crabps
-
ra-dependent
-
ra-responsive
- molecular biology
-
somitogenesis
- all-trans-retinal
-
rhombomere
- synthesis
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acid-synthesizing
- diagnostics
-
dorsoventral
-
epicardium
- degradation
- citral
-
anteroposterior
-
paraxial
-
ra-mediated
-
rarbeta
-
retinyl
-
retinoid-dependent
- medicine
-
foxp3+
-
raralpha
showSynonyms
raldh2, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, raldh3, retinal dehydrogenase, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, retinaldehyde dehydrogenases, rdh13, retinal dehydrogenase 1, xctbp, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1
ALDH1A1
Aldh1a2
Aldh1a3
cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase
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-
-
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dehydrogenase, retinal
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-
-
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NAD-dependent retinal dehydrogenases
RALDH
RalDH1
RALDH2
RALDH3
Raldh4
Retinal dehydrogenase
retinal dehydrogenase 1
retinal dehydrogenase 2
retinal dehydrogenase 3
retinalaldehyde dehydrogenase 2
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2
retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
participates in vitamin A metabolism
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
does not catalyze 13-cis-retinal oxidation
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
acts on both the all-trans- and 13-cis-form of retinal
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
catalytic active nucleophil Cys302, not responsible for substrate specificity
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
sulfhydryl group involved in activity
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
acts on both the all-trans- and 13-cis-form of retinal
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-
retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH + H+
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
redox reaction
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-
-
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reduction
oxidation
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-
-
-
reduction
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-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
retinal:NAD+ oxidoreductase
A metalloflavoprotein (FAD). Acts on both the 11-trans- and 13-cis-forms of retinal.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37250-99-0
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
10'-apo-beta-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
10'-apo-beta-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: i.e. (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E)-4,9,13-trimethyl-15-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenal
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12'-apo-beta-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
12'-apo-beta-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: i.e. (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E)-2,7,11-trimethyl-13-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)trideca-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenal
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14'-apo-beta-carotenal + NAD+ + H2O
14'-apo-beta-carotenoic acid + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: i.e. (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E)-5,9-dimethyl-11-(2,6,6trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)undeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenal
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2,4-decadienal + NAD+ + H2O
2,4-decadienoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: RALDH3 oxidizes all-trans retinal with high catalytic efficiency
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all-trans retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans retinaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans retinoic acid + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NADH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NAD+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinaldehyde + NAD(P)H
NAD(P)+ + H2O + all-trans-retinoate
-
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinol + NAD(P)H
NAD(P)+ + H2O + all-trans-retinaldehyde
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Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinol + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinol + NADP+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADPH + H+
Substrates: -
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?
benzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
benzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
Substrates: -
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citral + NAD+ + H2O
3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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?
dihydrolipoic acid + H2O + NAD+
? + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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hexanal + H2O + NAD+
hexanoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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propionaldehyde + NAD+
propionate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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retinol + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
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Substrates: -
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13-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
13-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: type-2 isozyme
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13-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
13-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: type-2 isozyme, 2fold lower activity compared to all-trans-retinal
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13-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
13-cis-retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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13-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
13-cis-retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: isoform RALDH4 oxidizes 13-cis retinal with lower catalytic efficiency than 9-cis retinal
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2,4-decadienal + NAD+ + H2O
2,4-decadienoate + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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2,4-decadienal + NAD+ + H2O
2,4-decadienoate + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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3-deoxyglucosone + NAD+ + H2O
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate + NADH + H+
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Substrates: -
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3-deoxyglucosone + NAD+ + H2O
2-keto-3-deoxygluconate + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
-
Substrates: -
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: step in biosynthesis of vitamin A, transduction by nuclear retinoid receptors, required for ontogenesis and homeostasis of numerous tissues
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: type-2 isozyme
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: type-2 isozyme, 5fold lower activity compared to all-trans-retinal
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
-
Substrates: -
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: poortly active with
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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9-cis-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
9-cis-retinoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: isoform RALDH4 catalyzes 9-cis retinal oxidation with 3fold higher efficiency than 13-cis retinal
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acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
Substrates: acetaldehyde is not a substrate
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acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
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Substrates: no substrate inhibition
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all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + H2O + NAD+
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
-
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: second step in retinol clearance in adult mice, null mutants show retinol clearance reduced by 7%, and a lower LD50 concentration for all-trans-retinol compared to the wild-type mice
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: step in biosynthesis of vitamin A, transduction by nuclear retinoid receptors, required for ontogenesis and homeostasis of numerous tissues
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: type-2 isozyme
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: preferred substrate of recombinant isozyme type-1
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: preferred substrate, type-2 isozyme
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH
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Substrates: -
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all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH
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Substrates: key enzyme in retinoic acid biosynthesis, essential in developing diaphragm, enzyme inhibition or disfunction causes the serious developmental anomaly congenital diaphragmatic hernia, i.e. CDH
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benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
Substrates: -
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benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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citral + NAD+ + H2O
(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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citral + NAD+ + H2O
(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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decanal + NAD+ + H2O
decanoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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decanal + NAD+ + H2O
decanoic acid + NADH
Substrates: -
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hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
-
Substrates: -
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H+
Substrates: -
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
Substrates: -
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: preferred substrate
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: efficiency of conversion of all-trans-retinal to retinoic acid is 2fold and 5fold higher than 13-cis and 9-cis-retinal, respectively
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: a null mutation of RALDH2 is embryonic lethal, eliminating most mesodermal synthesis of retinoic acid. Loss of RALDH1 eliminates synthesis od retinoic acid only in the embryonic dorsal retina with no obvious effect on development
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: -
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: enzyme also accounts for about 90% of the 9-cis-retinal dehydrogenase activity
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: acts on both the all-trans- and 13-cis-form of retinal, all-trans retinal more actively oxidized than 13-cis retinal
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: enzyme also accounts for about 90% of the 9-cis-retinal dehydrogenase activity
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retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoate + NADH
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Substrates: acts on both the all-trans- and 13-cis-form of retinal, all-trans retinal more actively oxidized than 13-cis retinal
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ir