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6,8-dihydroxypurine + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
6,8-dihydroxypurine binding structure, overview
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
hypoxanthine binding structure, overview
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + NAD+ + H2O
xanthine + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
(carboxymethyl)cellulose with endohydrolysed (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
r
1,3-dimethylxanthine + H2O + O2
1,3-dimethylurate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
1,7-dimethylxanthine + H2O + O2
1,7-dimethylurate + H2o2
-
-
-
-
?
1-methyl-2-hydroxypurine + H2O + O2
1-methyl-2-hydroxy-7,9-dihydropurin-8-one + H2O2
-
-
-
?
1-methylxanthine + H2O + O2
1-methylurate + H2O2
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
2,6-diaminopurine + H2O + O2
2,6-diamino-7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one
-
-
-
-
?
2-amino-4-hydroxypterin + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
substrate inhibition kinetic pattern
-
-
?
2-amino-6-chloro-purine + H2O + O2
2-amino-6-chloro-7,9-dihydro-purin-8-one + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
2-hydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-mercaptopurine + H2O + O2
8-hydroxy-2-mercaptopurine + H2O2
-
no conversion to 2-thioxanthine
-
-
?
2-methoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
2-methoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-methylbenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
2-methylbenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-nitrobenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
2-nitrobenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-oxo-6-methylpurine + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
low activity
-
-
?
2-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
2-thiourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
2-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
2-thiouric acid + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3,4-dimethoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3-hydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-methoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3-methoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-methylbenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3-methylbenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-methylhypoxanthine + H2O + O2
3-methylxanthine + H2O2
-
-
-
?
3-methylxanthine + H2O + O2
3-methylurate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
3-nitrobenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
3-nitrobenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
4-hydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxyphenylglycoaldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
4-methoxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
4-methoxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
4-methylbenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
4-methylbenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
4-nitrobenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
5-chloro-6-[(2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]-3H-pyrimidin-4-one + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6,8-dihydroxypurine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-amino-5-bromo-1H-pyrimidin-2-one + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-amino-5-bromo-3H-pyrimidin-4-one + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-amino-5-bromopyrimidine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-cyanopurine + H2O + O2
6-cyano-7,9-dihydropurine-8-one
-
-
-
?
6-formylpterin + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
6-formylpterin + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
6-mercaptopurine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
6-thiouric acid + 2 H2O2
6-mercaptopurine + H2O + O2
?
-
an anticancer drug
-
-
?
6-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
6-thiourate + H2O2
6-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
6-thiouric acid + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
7-alkylpteridin-4-one + H2O + O2
7-alkyllumazine + H2O2
-
-
-
?
7-methylxanthine + H2O + O2
7-methylurate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
7-phenylpteridin-4-one + H2O + O2
7-phenyllumazine + H2O2
-
-
-
?
7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + H2O + O2
acetic acid + H2O2
adenine + H2O + O2
6-amino-7,9-dihydropurin-8-one + H2O2
-
-
-
?
adenine + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
substrate inhibition kinetic pattern
-
-
?
aldehyde + indophenol
?
-
-
-
-
r
allopurinol + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
allopurinol + H2O + O2
oxypurinol + H2O2
-
-
allopurinol is a conventional substrate that generates superoxide radicals during its oxidation
-
?
benzaldehyde + H2O + O2
benzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
butanal + H2O + O2
butanoate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
carboxylic aldehyde + H2O + O2
carboxylic acid + H2O2
-
enzyme is implicated in the control of various redox reactions in the cell, in milk: assures absorption of iron from the gut, coupling antibacterial effect via the lactoperoxidase system
-
?
dibromoacetonitrile + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
r
formaldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
r
FYX-051 + O2 + H2O
?
-
the structure of bovine XOR exposed to the slow-reacting substrate FYX-051 shows a covalent intermediate of the hydroxylation reaction, in which the hydroxyl oxygen bridged the molybdenumatom and the acceptor carbon atom of the aromatic ring of the substrate
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
glyceryl trinitrate + 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
?
-
-
-
-
?
glyceryl trinitrate + NADH
? + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
further reaction of organic nitrite with thiols or ascorbate leads to generation of NO or nitrosothiols
-
?
glyceryl trinitrate + xanthine
urate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
guanine + H2O + O2
2-amino-7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-6,8-dione + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
indole-3-acetaldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
indole-3-aldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
isosorbide dinitrate + 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
?
-
-
-
-
?
isosorbide dinitrate + NADH
? + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
further reaction of organic nitrite with thiols or ascorbate leads to generation of NO or nitrosothiols
-
?
isosorbide dinitrate + xanthine
urate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
lumazine + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
classical Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic saturation kinetic pattern
-
-
?
N1-methylnicotinamide + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
NADH + H2O + O2
NAD+ + H2O2
NADPH + indophenol
?
-
-
-
-
r
nitrate + 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
nitrite + ?
-
-
-
-
?
nitrate + NADH
nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
nitrate + xanthine
nitrite + urate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
nitrite + 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
NO + ?
-
NO generation occurs under aerobic conditions and is regulated by O2 tension, pH, nitrite, and reducing substrate concentrations
-
-
?
nitrite + NADH
NO + NAD+ + H2O
nitrite + O2 + hypoxanthine
peroxynitrite + ?
-
-
-
-
?
nitrite + O2 + pterin
peroxynitrite + ?
-
-
-
-
?
nitrite + xanthine
NO + ?
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde + H2O + O2
o-hydroxybenzoate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
organic nitrate + NADH
organic nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
-
organic nitrite is the initial product in the process of xanthine oxidase mediated organic nitrate biotransformation and is the precursor of NO and nitrosothiols, serving as the link between organic nitrate and soluble guanylyl cyclase
-
-
?
propanal + H2O + O2
propanoate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
pterin + H2O + O2
isoxanthopterin + H2O2
-
-
-
?
purine + H2O + O2
7,9-dihydropurin-8-one + H2O2
-
purine and derivatives
-
?
purine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine 3-aldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
r
pyridine-2-aldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-3-aldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyridine-4-aldehyde + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
pyrimidine derivatives + H2O + O2
?
salicylaldehyde + H2O + O2
salicylic acid + H2O2
-
-
-
?
succinate semialdehyde + H2O + O2
succinate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol + H2O
urate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + cytochrome c + H2O
urate + reduced cytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
superoxide + urate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
xanthine + methylene blue + O2
urate + reduced methylene blue
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + NO2-
uric acid + NO
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
xanthine + thionine + O2
urate + reduced thionine
-
-
-
-
?
xanthopterin + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
xanthopterin + H2O + O2
? + H2O2
-
substrate activation kinetic pattern
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
orientation of xanthine in the active site of xanthine oxidoreductase,structure, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
substrate orientation and catalytic specificity, overview
-
-
?
1-methylxanthine + H2O + O2
1-methylurate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
1-methylxanthine + H2O + O2
1-methylurate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
6-mercaptopurine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
6-thiouric acid + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
6-mercaptopurine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
6-thiouric acid + 2 H2O2
-
production of superoxide radicals
-
-
?
6-mercaptopurine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
6-thiouric acid + 2 H2O2
-
a two-step reaction with 6-thioxanthine as intermediate
-
-
?
6-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
6-thiourate + H2O2
-
-
-
?
6-thioxanthine + H2O + O2
6-thiourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + H2O + O2
acetic acid + H2O2
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + H2O + O2
acetic acid + H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
a two-step reaction with xanthine as intermediate, production of superoxide radicals
-
-
?
hypoxanthine + 2 H2O + 2 O2
urate + 2 H2O2
-
via intermediate xanthine formation, production of superoxide radicals
-
-
?
NADH + H2O + O2
NAD+ + H2O2
-
-
-
?
NADH + H2O + O2
NAD+ + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
nitrate + NADH
nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
nitrate + NADH
nitrite + NAD+ + H2O
-
reaction can be an important source of NO production in ischemic tissues
-
-
?
nitrite + NADH
NO + NAD+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
nitrite + NADH
NO + NAD+ + H2O
-
reaction can be an important source of NO production in ischemic tissues
-
-
?
nitrite + NADH
NO + NAD+ + H2O
-
NO generation occurs under aerobic conditions and is regulated by O2 tension, pH, nitrite, and reducing substrate concentrations
-
-
?
nitrite + xanthine
NO + ?
-
-
-
-
?
nitrite + xanthine
NO + ?
-
NO generation occurs under aerobic conditions and is regulated by O2 tension, pH, nitrite, and reducing substrate concentrations
-
-
?
pteridine + H2O + O2
?
-
-
-
-
?
pteridine + H2O + O2
?
-
and derivatives, e.g.: 4-amino-7-hydroxy pteridine, 4-hydroxy-7-azapteridine
-
-
?
pyrimidine derivatives + H2O + O2
?
-
e.g. 2-hydroxypyrimidine
-
-
?
pyrimidine derivatives + H2O + O2
?
-
6-hydroxy-6-aminepyrimidine
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
-
658734, 660329, 673434, 675050, 684878, 685300, 686525, 689276, 714464, 714785, 715264, 716010 -
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
from dead cancer cells
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
production of superoxide radicals
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
active site structure, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
production of superoxide radicals, determination of a reactive intermediate oxygen species relevant to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, method optimization using electron transfer via H2O2, luminol, and aminophthallate, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
catalytically relevant binding mode of the substrate xanthine, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
effects of variations in the cofactor, the substrate, and the active site residue Glu802 on the reaction mechanism, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
urate + H2O2
-
substrate inhibition kinetic pattern
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor methylene blue
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor methylene blue
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor NAD+
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor NAD+
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor O2
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor quinones
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
specificity for electron acceptor is low
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
specificity for electron acceptor is low
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor triphenyltetrazolium chloride, phenazine methosulfate, nitrate, cytochrome c, ferritin
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
enzyme also oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines, pterines and aldehydes, i.e. possesses the activity of EC 1.2.3.1, probably acts on the hydrated derivatives of these substrates
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
low specificity to substrate
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
low specificity to substrate
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor ferricyanide
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor ferricyanide
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 H+ + 2 O2-
?
xanthine + H2O + O2
uric acid + H2O2
-
the enzyme accelerates reaction rate via base-catalyzed chemistry in which a Mo-OH group undertakes nucleophilic attack on the carbon center to be hydroxylated, with concomitant hydride transfer to a catalytically essential Mo=S group in the molybdenum coordination sphere. This chemistry appears to proceed via obligate two-electron chemistry rather than in individual steps to yield a reduced enzyme product complex with product coordinmated to the active site molybdenum by means of the newly introduced hydroxyl group in a sinple end-on fashion. Product displacement by hydroxide and electron transfer to other redox-active centers in the enzyme complete the catalytic sequence
-
-
?
xanthine + NO2-
uric acid + NO
-
-
-
?
xanthine + NO2-
uric acid + NO
-
oxidation of the enzyme by NO2- or reduction by xanthine take place at the molybdenum site
-
-
?
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
-
xanthine oxidoreductase exists in two forms. The protein normally exists as xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, and utilizes NAD+ as its final electron acceptor in catalysis. Under certain conditions, most notably schemia and/or hypoxia, XDH can be converted to an oxidase form, XO, which can no longer reduce NAD+ and instead utilizes O2 exclusively as the terminal electron acceptor in the course of turnover. This conversion may occur either by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and/or by limited proteolysis
-
-
?
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
-
binding modes of the substrate xanthine and mechanism of its hydroxylation, overview
-
-
?
xanthine + O2 + H2O
urate + H2O2
-
conversion of xanthine to uric acid at the molybdenum-containing active site
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
scavenging activities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and O2 generated with phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and NADH,overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
addition of xanthine oxidase to a solution of acetaldehyde and ascorbate increases the rate of ascorbate oxidation, due to the action of superoxide radicals generated in the process
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
hydroxyl free radicals generated by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system are implicated in oxidation of dibromoacetonitrile to CN-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
5-chloro-6-methyl-3H-pyrimidin-4-one is no substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
evaluation of a HPLC detection method for enzyme reaction products, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
nature and position of functional group on thiopurine substrates influence activity of xanthine oxidase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme also catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine as xanthine dehydrogenase, EC 1.17.1.4, using NAD+ a oxidant substrate, XDH, mechanism of transition between XOR and XDH, after conversion reversibly via disulfide formation or irreversibly via proteolytic cleavage involving residues R335, R427, W336, and F549, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
during inflammatory conditions, reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues or limited proteolysis converts xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.17.1.4, to xanthine oxidase, XO, which reduces O2 to superoxide and H2O2. Conversion to XO, however, is not requisite for reactive oxygen species production, as XDH displays partial oxidase activity. Xanthine oxidoreductase generates proinflammatory oxidants and secondary nitrating species, with inhibition of XOR proving beneficial in a variety of disorders
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the oxidation of xanthine takes place at the molybdenum center, and the electrons thus introduced are rapidly transferred to FAD via the Fe-SI and Fe-SII centers. Glu1261, located near the Mo-OH in the salicylate bound-form of XOR, initiates catalysis by deprotonating the Mo-OH group
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study of the reductive half-reaction of wild-type xanthine oxidase, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
role of Glu802 is facilitating the tautomerization of hypoxanthine in the course of hydroxylation by the enzyme, substrate binding structures, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
xanthine and lumazine are good substrates, while 2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine is a slow and poor substrate
-
-
?
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1-(3-(furan-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrazol-1-yl)ethanone
-
2,4-dichloro-6-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)phenol
-
2-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)aniline
-
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine
interacts with Arg880 in both active sites of the enzyme dimer, binding structure, overview
2-methoxy-4-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)phenol
-
2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]aniline
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl dodecanoate
sigmoidal inhibition of superoxide anion formation
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl octanoate
-
4-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)benzonitrile
-
4-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)phenol
-
4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
-
4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]phenol
-
5-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
5-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
-
apigenin
binding structure, thermodynamic, and kinetic analysis, computational docking
butyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
catechin
inhibits at lower concentration
chrysin
strong reversible competitive inhibition, inhibition mechanism. Chrysin interacts with the amino acid residues Leu648, Phe649, Glu802, Leu873,Ser876, Glu879, Arg880, Phe1009, Thr1010, Val1011 and Phe1013 located within the active cavity of the enzyme, insertion of chrysin into the active site occupying the catalytic center of xanthine oxidase to avoid the entrance of xanthine and causing conformational changes in the enzyme. Binding structure, thermodynamic, and kinetic analysis, computational docking. Molecular modeling of enzyme-drug interaction
decyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
decyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation at0.097 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0039 mM
epicatechin
inhibits at lower concentration
gallic acid
50% inhibition of urate formation above 0.2 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0026 mM
heptyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
hexyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
hexyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation above 0.2 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0052 mM
kaempferol
inhibits at lower concentration
menthyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation above 0.2 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0049 mM
methyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosinate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosinate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-D-tryptophanate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alaninate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalaninate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosinate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-(1H-inden-3-yl)-D-alaninate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosinate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosinate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alaninate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalaninate
-
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosinate
-
N'-[(E)-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(2-bromophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(2-fluorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(2-methylphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N'-[(E)-phenylmethylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
-
N-(1-(3-bromophenyl)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3-oxopropyl)acetamide
-
n-dodecyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation at 0.049 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0036 mM
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-D-tryptophan
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alanine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalanine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alanine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalanine
-
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosine
-
naringin
about 15% inhibition at 0.045 mM
naringin decanoate
about 24% inhibition at 0.045 mM
naringin hexanoate
about 15% inhibition at 0.045 mM
naringin laurate
below 10% inhibition at 0.045 mM
naringin octanoate
about 26% inhibition at 0.045 mM
naringin oleate
below 10% inhibition at 0.045 mM
octyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation at 0.262 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0045 mM
octyl protocatechuate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
pentyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
propyl caffeate
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
propyl gallate
50% inhibition of urate formation above 0.2 mM, 50% inhibition of superoxide anion generation at 0.0064 mM
propyl protocatechuate
sigmoidal inhibition of superoxide anion formation
protocatechuic acid
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
(E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-en-1-ol
-
slight inhibition
(E)-9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid
-
strong inhibition
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene 3,5-disulfonic acid
-
inhibits reaction with cytochrome c
1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3,4-diphenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-4-m-totylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-4-p-tolylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
1-O-(4''-O-caffeoyl)-beta-glucopyranosyl-1,4-dihydroxy-2-(3',3'-dimethylallyl)benzene
-
-
1-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(2-bromobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(2-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(2-fluorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(3-bromobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(3-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(4-bromobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
1-[3-cyano-4-(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid
-
-
10-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
-
10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid
-
-
12-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
-
13-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
-
2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxy-s-triazine
-
-
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene
-
-
2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00022 mM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00124 mM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one
2-Amino-4-hydroxypterine-6-aldehyde
-
-
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
-
mixed-type inhibition, the inhibitor specifically blocks the enzyme activity with the drug 6-mercaptopurine, but does affect activity with xanthine and hypoxanthine to a lesser extent, overview
2-amino-6-purine thiol
-
competitive inhibitor, the inhibitor specifically blocks the enzyme activity with the drug 6-mercaptopurine, but does affect activity with xanthine and hypoxanthine to a lesser extent, overview
2-chloroadenine
-
substrate analogue
2-[(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(2-bromophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(2-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(2-fluorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(3-bromophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(3-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(3-fluorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(4-bromophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(4-chloro-3-methylphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(4-fluorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
2-[3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl]-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid
-
i.e. febuxostat, TEI-6720, or TMX-67, mixed-type inhibition of both the oxidized and reduced form of xanthine oxidase
2-[[(3,6,7-trihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]benzonitrile
-
-
3,3',4,4'-Tetrahydroxychalcone
-
-
3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester
-
reversible inhibition, IC50: 0.0036 mM
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
-
mixed type inhibition, 50% inhibition at 0.0568 mM
3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(2-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(2-nitrobenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(3-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(3-nitrobenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(4-nitrobenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
-
-
3-[[(3,6,7-trihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]benzonitrile
-
-
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
-
-
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester
-
reversible inhibition
4-(2-bromophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
-
-
4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one
-
-
4-[[(3,6,7-trihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]benzonitrile
-
-
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00051 mM
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00133 mM
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00013 mM
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-dimethoxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00115 mM
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00036 mM
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.080016mM
5-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-(4-benzyloxy-3-cyanophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-(4-benzyloxy-3-nitrophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-(4-isobutoxy-3-nitrophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[3-cyano-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)phenyl]-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[4-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-3-cyanophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[4-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[4-(4-tert-butylbenzyloxy)-3-cyanophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
5-[4-(4-tert-butylbenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
-
6-(N-benzoylamino)purine
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00045 mM. Hydrogen bonding interaction involves N7 of the purine ring and N-H of R880, the N-H of the purine ring and OH of T1010
7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(3-methylphenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(3-nitrophenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(4-methylphenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
7-methyl-2-[(4-nitrophenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
-
-
9-nitro-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid
-
-
9-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid
-
strong inhibition
acacetin 7-O-(3-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
-
flavone glucoside from Chrysanthemum sinense, 50% inhibition at 0.080 mM
aldehydes
-
e.g. formaldehyde, 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, propionaldehyde, glycolaldehyde
alloxanthine
-
a mechanism-based inhibitor, binding structure, overview. Inhibition mechanism involves binding to molybdenum, overview
anacardic acid
-
inhibits generation of superoxide radicals by xanthine oxicasein a sigmoidal inhibition, binds to allosteric sites near the xanthine-binding domain in xanthine oxidase
apigenin
-
mixed type inhibition of xanthine, strong inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, weak inhibition of monoamine oxidase
chicoric acid
-
i.e. dicaffeoyltartaric acid
chlorogenic acid
-
i.e. 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
Cichorium intybus extract
-
leaves from var. silvestre, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids show antioxidant activity, activity and contents of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids decrease by less than 20% during storage of the minimally processed red chicory products, inhibitory compound overview
-
cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside)
-
-
cyanidin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside
-
-
desferrioxamine
-
significant decrease in CN- formation from dibromoacetonitrile by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system
dimethylthiourea
-
significant decrease in rate of oxidation of dibromoacetonitrile by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system
diphenylene iodonium
-
inhibits peroxynitrite generation
diphenylene iodonium chloride
dopamine
-
23% inhibition at 1 mM and at 0.1 mM
folic acid
-
uncompetitive inhibition of oxidation of dibromoacetonitrile by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system
hesperetin
-
50% inhibition at 0.039 mM
hydroxychavicol
-
i.e. 4-allyl-1,3-hydroxybenzene, a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle. Structure-activity relationships, the dihydroxyl group is required for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, overview
luteolin 7-methyl ether
-
-
luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide
-
-
mannitol
-
significant decrease in rate of oxidation of dibromoacetonitrile by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system
myoglobin
-
inhibits reaction with cytochrome c as acceptor
-
noradrenaline
-
15% inhibition at 0.1 mM, 30% inhibition at 1 mM
O2
-
competitive inhibitor of NO production
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
-
Pterines
-
or other heterocyclic compounds, which are either not oxidized or oxidized rather slowly
-
quercetin
-
competitive inhibition
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside
-
-
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide
-
-
silibinin
-
a mixed-type, not-time-dependent inhibitor
Superoxide dismutase
-
inhibits peroxynitrite generation
-
theaflavin-3,3'-di-O-gallate
-
50% inhibition at 0.049 mM
Trolox
-
a radical scavenger compound
xanthine
-
at high concentrations
allopurinol
-
allopurinol
59.2% inhibition at 0.05 mM
allopurinol
90% inhibition at 0.045 mM
caffeic acid
-
caffeic acid
competitive inhibition of urate and superoxide anion formation
quercetin
inhibits at lower concentration
quercetin
structure analysis of quercetin in complex with the enzyme, overview. The inhibitor adopts a single orientation with its benzopyran moiety sandwiched between Phe 914 and Phe 1009 and ring B pointing toward the solvent channel leading to the molybdenum active center. The favorable steric complementarity of the conjugated three-ring structure of quercetin with the active site and specific hydrogen-bonding interactions of exocyclic hydroxy groups with catalytically relevant residues Arg 880 and Glu 802 correlate well with a previously reported structure-activity relationship of flavonoid inhibitors of xanthine oxidase
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00019 mM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.00020 mM
allopurinol
-
-
allopurinol
-
IC50: 0.0026 mM
allopurinol
-
used as anti-gout drug
allopurinol
-
inhibits substrate binding at the molybdenum site
allopurinol
-
competitive inhibition of oxidation of dibromoacetonitrile by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase/Fe system
allopurinol
-
inhibits peroxynitrite generation, IC50: 0.007 mM
allopurinol
-
allopurinol is a conventional substrate that generates superoxide radicals during its oxidation to oxypurinol
allopurinol
-
competitive, 50% inhibition at 0.0025 mM
allopurinol
-
a suicide inhibitor of XOD, a pyrazolopyrimidine derivative, and an analogue of hypoxanthine
allopurinol
-
a time-dependent inhibitor
diphenylene iodonium chloride
-
inhibits nitrate reduction only when NADH is used as reducing substrate and does not inhibit nitrite generation when xanthine is used
diphenylene iodonium chloride
-
strongly inhibits xanthine oxidase mediated NO generation with NADH serving as reducing substrate, with xanthine or 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as reducing substrates, NO generation is increased more than six times
formaldehyde
-
-
formaldehyde
-
determination and analysis of the structure of the formaldehyde-inhibited Mo(V) state of xanthine oxidase, overview
luteolin
-
competitive inhibition
luteolin
-
mixed type inhibition of xanthine, strong inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, weak inhibition of monoamine oxidase
oxypurinol
-
-
oxypurinol
-
inhibits NO generation triggered by xanthine, NADH or 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
oxypurinol
-
the suicide inhibitor allopurinol is oxidized to oxypurinol by XOR at the molybdenum cofactor, where oxypurinol then noncompetitively inhibits enzyme activity. Complete inhibition of free enzyme at 0.1 mM, 50% inhibition of heparin resin-bound enzyme
additional information
alkyl caffeates are strong antioxidants and inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Caffeic acid derivatives equally suppressed O2- generation, and the suppression is stronger than inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Suppression of O2- generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase with caffeic acid derivatives is not due to enzyme inhibition or O2 - scavenging but due to the reduction of xanthine oxidase molecules. Alkyl caffeates are effective inhibitors of uric acid and O2- catalyzed by xanthine oxidase as well as antioxidants for edible oil
-
additional information
chrysin and its structural analogue apigenin exhibit an additive effect on inhibition of the enzyme, computational docking, overview. Structurally, both chrysin and apigenin possess two-benzene rings, which is very important in the inhibition on the activity of xanthine oxidase, whereas apigenin possesses an extra C-4' hydroxy group which might be the main reason of causing different inhibition compared to chrysin
-
additional information
effects of quercetin, kaempferol, (+) catechin, and (-) epicatechin on superoxide radical production through the modulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase activities, structure-activity relationships, overview
-
additional information
natural flavonoids are attractive leads for rational design of preventive and therapeutic xanthine oxidase inhibitors due to their beneficial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities in addition to their micromolar inhibitory activities toward xanthine oxidase
-
additional information
rational design, synthesis, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives, molecular docking into the enzyme's active site, structure activity relationship, overview. Mode of binding and important interactions such as hydrogen bonding, Pi-Pi stacking with amino acid residues like Ser876, Thr1010, Phen914, Phe1009, and Phe649 with close proximity to dioxothiomolybdenum
-
additional information
synthesis and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 2-arylbenzo[b]furan derivatives based on salvianolic acid C, mode of XO inhibition, molecular modeling, Structure-activity relationships, overview. Molecular docking simulations of compounds methyl-(E)-(3-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxybenzofuran-4-yl)acryloyl)-L-phenylalaninate, (E)-(3-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxybenzofuran-4-yl)acryloyl)-L-phenylalanine, and (E)-(3-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxybenzofuran-4-yl)acryloyl)-L-phenylalanine into the binding pocket of the bovine milk XDH/Febuxostat complex, PDB ID 1N5X
-
additional information
xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides, in vitro, in silico, and in vivo studies, overview. No inhibition by N'-[(E)-(2-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-phenylmethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(4-ethoxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-fluorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, N'-[(E)-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide, and N'-[(E)-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
-
additional information
-
study on the effect of food extracts on enzyme activity in vitro. Extract of black tea, extract of rooibus herbal tea, purple grape juice, extract of clove, and cranberry juice are inhibitory
-
additional information
-
substrate-dependent inhibitory potencies, overview
-
additional information
-
enzyme inhibition by aqueous extract from Pieris brassicae larvae reared on Brassica oleracea L. var. costata, phenolic profiles of plant and insect larvae, overview. The extract shows an effective concentration-dependent protective activity against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, kinetics, overview
-
additional information
-
eugenol, methyleugenol, and dihydromethyleugenol are poor inhibitors
-
additional information
-
inhibitory effects of Tamus communis root extracts, traditionally used in folk medicine in Algeria and containing polyphenols and flavonoids, on the enzyme, extracts with methanol, chloroform, or ethyl acetate and distilled water as solvents, overview
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by (9Z,11E)-13-(hydroxyimino)octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadec-9,11-dienoic acid, (E)-12-nitrooctadec-12-enoic acid, (Z)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enoic acid, 9-nitrooctadecanoic acid, (E)-9-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-10-nitrooctadec-9-enamide, (E)-9-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide, and (E)-10-nitro-N'-biotinyl-octadec-9-enehydrazide. Irreversible inhibition, e.g. by thiol reagents, including glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol, and dithiothreitol, inhibits XOR activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition is specific to site of fatty acid nitration and conformation in vivo. Structure-function study, inhibition of electron transfer reactions at the molybdenum cofactor, overview
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by curcumin in vitro
-
additional information
-
synthesis and inhibitory activity of 7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives, molecular modeling and docking studies, overview
-
additional information
-
synthesis of some 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors, molecular modeling using 5-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid and febuxostat, overview. No inhibition by 5-[4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid and 5-[3-cyano-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)phenyl]-isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
-
additional information
-
xanthone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, synthesis of a series of xanthone derivatives, overview. No inhibition by 8d, 8e, 8f, 8h, 8j, 8k, 8m, 8n, 8o, 8p, 8q, 8s, and 8t
-
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0.011
2,4-dichloro-6-(2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)phenol
Bos taurus
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.0417
2-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)aniline
Bos taurus
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.2 - 92.5
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl dodecanoate
0.2
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl octanoate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0437
5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
Bos taurus
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.021
5-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
Bos taurus
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.00293 - 0.0316
allopurinol
0.00357
apigenin
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.026 - 110
butyl caffeate
0.0115 - 0.2
caffeic acid
0.00126
chrysin
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.01 - 0.0164
decyl caffeate
0.0076 - 0.0125
heptyl caffeate
0.0108 - 0.019
hexyl caffeate
0.012 - 0.143
methyl caffeate
0.004
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0099
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0317
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-D-tryptophanate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0108
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alaninate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0149
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalaninate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0135
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-(1H-inden-3-yl)-D-alaninate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alaninate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalaninate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
methyl N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosinate
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0009
N'-[(E)-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.198
N'-[(E)-(2-bromophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.174
N'-[(E)-(2-fluorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.1755
N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.021
N'-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.18
N'-[(E)-(2-methylphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.01
N'-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.0124
N'-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.161
N'-[(E)-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.205
N'-[(E)-(3-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.206
N'-[(E)-(3-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.264
N'-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.055
N'-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.184
N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.174
N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.195
N'-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.179
N'-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.242
N'-[(E)-(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.33
N'-[(E)-(4-ethoxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.184
N'-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.0211
N'-[(E)-phenylmethylidene]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 30°C
0.0121
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosine
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0048
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.005
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-D-tryptophan
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0064
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alanine
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.00604
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalanine
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.0045
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosine
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-D-tyrosine
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-3-hydroxy-L-tyrosine
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-alanine
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-phenylalanine
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.06
N-[(2E)-3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]-L-tyrosine
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.11751
naringin decanoate
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.11035
naringin octanoate
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.082 - 0.125
octyl protocatechuate
0.01 - 0.018
pentyl caffeate
0.0115 - 0.03
propyl caffeate
0.0627 - 0.125
propyl protocatechuate
0.022 - 0.125
protocatechuic acid
0.0083
salvianolic acid A
Bos taurus
above, pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.02173
1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.03477
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3,4-diphenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0367
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-4-m-totylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.04742
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-4-p-tolylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.03037
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.03808
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0244
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.04124
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0316
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0327
1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.00641
1-[(2-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.02006
1-[(4-bromobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0047
1-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-3,6,7-trihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00054 - 0.0177
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
0.0026 - 0.0164
2-amino-6-purine thiol
0.0018
2-[(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.000603
2-[(2-bromophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00165
2-[(2-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.000634
2-[(4-chloro-3-methylphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.000461
2-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.000269
2-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-7-methyl-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.0036
3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester
Bos taurus
-
reversible inhibition, IC50: 0.0036 mM
0.00708
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(2-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.01356
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(3-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00573
3,6,7-trihydroxy-1-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.05804
4-(2-bromophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0386
4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.0216
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylazetidin-2-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.6, 37°C
0.00467
4-[[(3,6,7-trihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]benzonitrile
Bos taurus
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00036
5-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00059
5-(4-benzyloxy-3-cyanophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00097
5-(4-benzyloxy-3-nitrophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.001
5-(4-isobutoxy-3-nitrophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00063
5-[4-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-3-cyanophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00283
5-[4-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.00101
5-[4-(4-tert-butylbenzyloxy)-3-cyanophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.01275
5-[4-(4-tert-butylbenzyloxy)-3-nitrophenyl]isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.000326
7-methyl-2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00103
7-methyl-2-[(3-methylphenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.002501
7-methyl-2-[(4-nitrophenoxy)methyl]-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00073 - 0.0307
allopurinol
0.00074
apigenin
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0167
hydroxychavicol
Bos taurus
-
-
0.00059
luteolin
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, 25°C
additional information
additional information
-
0.2
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl dodecanoate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
92.5
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl dodecanoate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.00293
allopurinol
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.00361
allopurinol
Bos taurus
pH not specified in the publication, 37°C
0.01467
allopurinol
Bos taurus
pH 7.4, 37°C
0.0316
allopurinol
Bos taurus
pH 7.5, 22°C
0.026
butyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
110
butyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0115
caffeic acid
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.2
caffeic acid
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.01
decyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0164
decyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0076
heptyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0125
heptyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0108
hexyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.019
hexyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.012
methyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.143
methyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.082
octyl protocatechuate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.125
octyl protocatechuate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.01
pentyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.018
pentyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0115
propyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.03
propyl caffeate
Bos taurus
pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.0627
propyl protocatechuate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.125
propyl protocatechuate
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.022
protocatechuic acid
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.125
protocatechuic acid
Bos taurus
above, pH 10.0, 25°C, inhibition of urate formation
0.00054
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate 6-mercaptopurine
0.0051
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate hypoxanthine
0.0177
2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate xanthine
0.0026
2-amino-6-purine thiol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate 6-mercaptopurine
0.0073
2-amino-6-purine thiol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate hypoxanthine
0.0164
2-amino-6-purine thiol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate xanthine
0.00073
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.5, temperature not specified in the publication
0.00091
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate hypoxanthine
0.00192
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate 6-mercaptopurine
0.00236
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
pH 7.4, versus substrate xanthine
0.0026
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
IC50: 0.0026 mM
0.007
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
inhibits peroxynitrite generation, IC50: 0.007 mM
0.0307
allopurinol
Bos taurus
-
-
additional information
additional information
Bos taurus
-
-
-
additional information
additional information
Bos taurus
-
in vitro bi-substrate-inhibitor-enzyme simulation and kinetics, overview
-
additional information
additional information
Bos taurus
-
IC50 values for Tamnus communis root extract on cytochrome C reduction by the enzyme, overview
-
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Kramer, S.P.; Johnson, J.L.; Ribeiro, A.A.; Millington, D.S.; Rajagopalan, K.V.
The structure of the molybdenum cofactor. Characterization of di-(carboxamidomethyl)molybdopterin from sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase
J. Biol. Chem.
262
16357-16363
1987
Bos taurus
brenda
Johnson, J.L.; Hainline, B.E.; Rajagopalan, K.V.
Characterization of the molybdenum cofactor of sulfite oxidase, xanthine, oxidase, and nitrate reductase. Identification of a pteridine as a structural component
J. Biol. Chem.
255
1783-1786
1980
Bos taurus
brenda
Bray, R.C.
Molybdenum iron-sulfur flavin hydroxylases and related enzymes
The Enzymes, 3rd Ed. (Boyer, P. D. , ed. )
12
299-419
1975
Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Drosophila melanogaster
-
brenda
Eger, B.T.; Okamoto, K.; Enroth, C.; Sato, M.; Nishino, T.; Pai, E.F.; Nishino, T.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase isolated from bovine milk
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
56
1656-1658
2000
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Enroth, C.; Eger, B.T.; Okamoto, K.; Nishino, T.; Nishino, T.; Pai, E.F.
Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: Structure-based mechanism of conversion
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
97
10723-10728
2000
Bos taurus
brenda
Nathans, G.R.; Hade, E.P.K.
Bovine milk xanthine oxidase: purification by ultrafiltration and conventional methods which omit addition of proteases: some criteria for homogeneity of native xanthine oxidase
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
526
328-344
1978
Bos taurus
brenda
Bruder, G.; Heid, H.; Jarasch, E.D.; Keenan, T.W.; Mather, I.H.
Characteristics of membrane-bound and soluble forms of xanthine oxidase from milk and endothelial cells of capillaries
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
701
357-369
1982
Bos taurus
brenda
Berglund, L.; Rasmussen, J.T.; Andersen, M.D.; Rasmussen, M.S.; Petersen, T.E.
Purification of the bovine xanthine oxidoreductase from milk fat globule membranes and cloning of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
J. Dairy Sci.
79
198-204
1996
Bos taurus
brenda
zer, N.; Muftuoglu, M.; Ataman, D.; Ercan, A.; gus, I.H.
Simple, high-yield purification of xanthine oxidase from bovine milk
J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods
39
153-159
1999
Bos taurus
brenda
Houston, M.; Esteveze, A.; Chumley, P.; Aslan, M.; Marklund, S.; Parks, D.A.; Freeman, B.A.
Binding of xanthine oxidase to vascular endothelium
J. Biol. Chem.
274
4985-4994
1999
Bos taurus
brenda
Pritsos, C.A.
Cellular distribution, metabolism and regulation of the xanthine oxidoreductase enzyme system
Chem. Biol. Interact.
129
195-208
2000
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
brenda
Zikakis, J.P.; Dressel, M.A.; Silver, M.R.
Bovine, caprine, and human milk xanthine oxidases: isolation, purification, and characterization
Instrum. Anal. Foods, Recent Prog. (Proc. Symp. Int. Flavor Conf. , 3rd Ed. , Charalambous, G. , Inglett, G. , eds. )
2
243-303
1983
Bos taurus, Canis lupus familiaris, Capra hircus, Cavia porcellus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Equus asinus, Equus caballus, Erythrocebus patas, Felis catus, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Erythrocebus patas Patas monkey
-
brenda
Avis, P.G.; Bergel, F.; Bray, R.C.
Cellular constituents. The chemistry of xanthine oxidase. Part I. The preparation of a crystalline xanthine oxidase from cow's milk
J. Chem. Soc.
2
1100-1105
1955
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Coughlan, M.P.; Rajagopalan, K.V.; Handler, P.
The role of molybdenum in xanthine oxidase and related enzymes. Reactivity with cyanide, arsenite, and methanol
J. Biol. Chem.
244
2658-2663
1969
Bos taurus
brenda
Stirpe, F.; Della Corte, E.
The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase: conversion of type D (dehydrogenase) into type O (oxidase) by a thermolabile factor, and reversibility by dithioerythritol
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
212
195-197
1970
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Li, H.; Samouilov, A.; Liu, X.; Zweier, J.L.
characterization of the magnitude and kinetics of xanthine oxidase-catalyzed nitrite reduction
J. Biol. Chem.
276
24482-24489
2001
Bos taurus
brenda
Bray, R.C.
Xanthine oxidase
The Enzymes, 2nd Ed. (Boyer, P. D. , Lardy, H. , Myrbck, K. , eds. )
7
533-556
1963
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Batelli, M.G.; Lorenzoni, E.; Stirpe, F.
Milk xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) and type O (oxidase). Purification, interconversion and some properties
Biochem. J.
131
191-198
1973
Bos taurus
brenda
De Renzo, E.C.
Chemistry and biochemistry of xanthine oxidase
Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem.
17
293-328
1956
Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Tramper, J.
Preparation of immobilized milk xanthine oxidase and application in organic synthesis
Methods Enzymol.
136
254-262
1987
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Waud, W.R.; Brady, F.O.; Wiley, R.D.; Rajagopalan, K.V.
A new purification procedure for bovine milk xanthine oxidase: effect of proteolysis on the subunit structure
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
169
695-701
1975
Bos taurus
brenda
Van Spanning, R.J.M.; Wansell-Bettenhaussen, C.W.; Oltmann, L.F.; Stouthamer, A.H.
Extraction and purification of molybdenum cofactor from milk xanthine oxidase
Eur. J. Biochem.
169
349-352
1987
Bos taurus
brenda
Cabre, F.; Canela, E.I.
Purification properties and functional groups of bovine liver xanthine oxidase
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
15
511-512
1987
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Morpeth, F.F.; Bray, R.C.
Mechanism-based inactivation of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by N-(1-methylcyclopropyl)benzylamine
Biochemistry
23
1322-1338
1984
Bos taurus
brenda
Morpeth, F.F.
Studies on the specificity toward aldehyde substrates and steady-state kinetics of xanthine oxidase
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
744
328-334
1983
Bos taurus
brenda
Briley, M.S.; Eisenthal, R.
Association of xanthine oxidase with the bovine milk-fat-globule membrane. Nature of the enzyme-membrane association
Biochem. J.
147
417-423
1975
Bos taurus
brenda
Panoutsopoulos, G.I.; Beedham, C.
Kinetics and specificity of guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase towards substituted benzaldehydes
Acta Biochim. Pol.
51
649-663
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Mohamadin, A.M.; Abdel-Naim, A.B.
In vitro activation of dibromoacetonitrile to cyanide: role of xanthine oxidase
Arch. Toxicol.
77
86-93
2003
Bos taurus
brenda
Li, H.; Samouilov, A.; Liu, X.; Zweier, J.L.
Characterization of the magnitude and kinetics of xanthine oxidase-catalyzed nitrate reduction: evaluation of its role in nitrite and nitric oxide generation in anoxic tissues
Biochemistry
42
1150-1159
2003
Bos taurus
brenda
Tai, L.A.; Hwang, K.C.
Cooperative catalysis in the homodimer subunits of xanthine oxidase
Biochemistry
43
4869-4876
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Masuoka, N.; Kubo, I.
Characterization of xanthine oxidase inhibition by anacardic acids
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1688
245-249
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Lovstad, R.A.
A kinetic study on iron stimulation of the xanthine oxidase dependent oxidation of ascorbate
BioMetals
16
435-439
2003
Bos taurus
brenda
Millar, T.M.
Peroxynitrite formation from the simultaneous reduction of nitrite and oxygen by xanthine oxidase
FEBS Lett.
562
129-133
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Li, H.; Samouilov, A.; Liu, X.; Zweier, J.L.
Characterization of the effects of oxygen on xanthine oxidase-mediated nitric oxide formation
J. Biol. Chem.
279
16939-16946
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Li, H.; Cui, H.; Liu, X.; Zweier, J.L.
Xanthine oxidase catalyzes anaerobic transformation of organic nitrates to nitric oxide and nitrosothiols: characterization of this mechanism and the link between organic nitrate and guanylyl cyclase activation
J. Biol. Chem.
280
16594-16600
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Choi, E.Y.; Stockert, A.L.; Leimkuhler, S.; Hille, R.
Studies on the mechanism of action of xanthine oxidase
J. Inorg. Biochem.
98
841-848
2004
Bos taurus
brenda
Gongora, L.; Manez, S.; Giner, R.M.; Recio, M.d.C.; Schinella, G.; Rios, J.L.
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by phenolic conjugates of methylated quinic acid
Planta Med.
69
396-401
2003
Bos taurus
brenda
Casero, E.; de Quesada, A.M.; Jin, J.; Quintana, M.C.; Pariente, F.; Abruna, H.D.; Vazquez, L.; Lorenzo, E.
Comprehensive study of bioanalytical platforms: xanthine oxidase
Anal. Chem.
78
530-537
2006
Bos taurus
brenda
Galbusera, C.; Orth, P.; Fedida, D.; Spector, T.
Superoxide radical production by allopurinol and xanthine oxidase
Biochem. Pharmacol.
71
1747-1752
2006
Bos taurus
brenda
Noro, T.; Oda, Y.; Miyase, T.; Ueno, A.; Fukushima, S.
Inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from the flowers and buds of Daphne genkwa
Chem. Pharm. Bull.
31
3984-3987
1983
Bos taurus
brenda
Veskoukis, A.S.; Kouretas, D.; Panoutsopoulos, G.I.
Substrate specificity of guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase for methyl- and nitrobenzaldehydes
Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.
31
11-16
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Dew, T.P.; Day, A.J.; Morgan, M.R.
Xanthine oxidase activity in vitro: effects of food extracts and components
J. Agric. Food Chem.
53
6510-6515
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Kalra, S.; Paul, M.K.; Balaram, H.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K.
Application of HPLC to study the kinetics of a branched bi-enzyme system consisting of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and xanthine oxidase - an important biochemical system to evaluate the efficiency of the anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine
J. Chromatogr. B
850
7-14
2007
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
brenda
Tamta, H.; Thilagavathi, R.; Chakraborti, A.K.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K.
6-(N-benzoylamino)purine as a novel and potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: inhibition mechanism and molecular modeling studies
J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.
20
317-324
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Takano, Y.; Hase-Aoki, K.; Horiuchi, H.; Zhao, L.; Kasahara, Y.; Kondo, S.; Becker, M.A.
Selectivity of febuxostat, a novel non-purine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase
Life Sci.
76
1835-1847
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Masuoka, N.; Nihei, K.; Kubo, I.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of alkyl gallates
Mol. Nutr. Food Res.
50
725-731
2006
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Banach, K.; Bojarska, E.; Kazimierczuk, Z.; Magnowska, L.; Bzowska, A.
Kinetic model of oxidation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase-the final enzyme in degradation of purine nucleosides and nucleotides
Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
24
465-469
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Nguyen, M.T.; Awale, S.; Tezuka, Y.; Ueda, J.Y.; Tran, Q.; Kadota, S.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the flowers of Chrysanthemum sinense
Planta Med.
72
46-51
2006
Bos taurus
brenda
Silanikove, N.; Shapiro, F.; Leitner, G.
Posttranslational ruling of xanthine oxidase activity in bovine milk by its substrates
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
363
561-565
2007
Bos taurus
brenda
Tamta, H.; Kalra, S.; Thilagavathi, R.; Chakraborti, A.K.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K.
Nature and position of functional group on thiopurine substrates influence activity of xanthine oxidase - enzymatic reaction pathways of 6-mercaptopurine and 2-mercaptopurine are different
Biochemistry (Moscow)
72
170-177
2007
Bos taurus
brenda
Ly, M.H.; Hoang, L.C.; Belin, J.M.; Wache, Y.
Improved co-oxidation of beta-carotene to beta-ionone using xanthine oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species in a multiphasic system
Biotechnol. J.
3
220-225
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Kalra, S.; Jena, G.; Tikoo, K.; Mukhopadhyay, A.K.
Preferential inhibition of xanthine oxidase by 2-amino-6-hydroxy-8-mercaptopurine and 2-amino-6-purine thiol
BMC Biochem.
8
8
2007
Bos taurus
brenda
Sato, E.; Mokudai, T.; Niwano, Y.; Kamibayashi, M.; Kohno, M.
Existence of a new reactive intermediate oxygen species in hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction
Chem. Pharm. Bull.
56
1194-1197
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Reigan, P.; Gbaj, A.; Stratford, I.J.; Bryce, R.A.; Freeman, S.
Xanthine oxidase-activated prodrugs of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors
Eur. J. Med. Chem.
43
1248-1260
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Lavelli, V.
Antioxidant activity of minimally processed red chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) evaluated in xanthine oxidase-, myeloperoxidase-, and diaphorase-catalyzed reactions
J. Agric. Food Chem.
56
7194-7200
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Pauff, J.M.; Zhang, J.; Bell, C.E.; Hille, R.
Substrate orientation in xanthine oxidase: crystal structure of enzyme in reaction with 2-hydroxy-6-methylpurine
J. Biol. Chem.
283
4818-4824
2008
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Tsujii, A.; Nishino, T.
Mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase: Effect of guanidine-HCl or urea on the activity
Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
27
881-887
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Hadizadeh, M.; Keyhani, E.; Keyhani, J.; Khodadadi, C.
Functional and structural alterations induced by copper in xanthine oxidase
Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin.
41
603-617
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Rashidi, M.R.; Soruraddin, M.H.; Taherzadeh, F.; Jouyban, A.
Catalytic activity and stability of xanthine oxidase in aqueous-organic mixtures
Biochemistry (Moscow)
74
97-101
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Nishino, T.; Okamoto, K.; Eger, B.T.; Pai, E.F.; Nishino, T.
Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase
FEBS J.
275
3278-3289
2008
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Sousa, C.; Pereira, D.M.; Valentao, P.; Ferreres, F.; Pereira, J.A.; Seabra, R.M.; Andrade, P.B.
Pieris brassicae inhibits xanthine oxidase
J. Agric. Food Chem.
57
2288-2294
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Kelley, E.E.; Batthyany, C.I.; Hundley, N.J.; Woodcock, S.R.; Bonacci, G.; Del Rio, J.M.; Schopfer, F.J.; Lancaster, J.R.; Freeman, B.A.; Tarpey, M.M.
Nitro-oleic acid, a novel and irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase
J. Biol. Chem.
283
36176-36184
2008
Bos taurus
brenda
Murata, K.; Nakao, K.; Hirata, N.; Namba, K.; Nomi, T.; Kitamura, Y.; Moriyama, K.; Shintani, T.; Iinuma, M.; Matsuda, H.
Hydroxychavicol: a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle
J. Nat. Med.
63
355-359
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Pauff, J.M.; Hille, R.
Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin
J. Nat. Prod.
72
725-731
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Boumerfeg, S.; Baghiani, A.; Messaoudi, D.; Khennouf, S.; Arrar, L.
Antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of Tamus communis L. root extracts
Phytother. Res.
23
283-288
2009
Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens
brenda
Hu, L.; Hu, H.; Wu, W.; Chai, X.; Luo, J.; Wu, Q.
Discovery of novel xanthone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
21
4013-4015
2011
Bos taurus
brenda
Sathisha, K.R.; Khanum, S.A.; Chandra, J.N.; Ayisha, F.; Balaji, S.; Marathe, G.K.; Gopal, S.; Rangappa, K.S.
Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 7-methyl-2-(phenoxymethyl)-5H-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives
Bioorg. Med. Chem.
19
211-220
2011
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Tai, L.A.; Hwang, K.C.
Regulation of xanthine oxidase activity by substrates at active sites via cooperative interactions between catalytic subunits: implication to drug pharmacokinetics
Curr. Med. Chem.
18
69-78
2011
Bos taurus
brenda
Wang, S.; Yan, J.; Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Zhang, T.; Zhao, Y.; Xue, M.
Synthesis of some 5-phenylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors
Eur. J. Med. Chem.
45
2663-2670
2010
Bos taurus
brenda
Cao, H.; Pauff, J.; Hille, R.
Substrate orientation and the origin of catalytic power in xanthine oxidoreductase
Indian J. Chem.
50A
355-362
2011
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Shanmugam, M.; Zhang, B.; McNaughton, R.L.; Kinney, R.A.; Hille, R.; Hoffman, B.M.
The structure of formaldehyde-inhibited xanthine oxidase determined by 35 GHz 2H ENDOR spectroscopy
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
132
14015-14017
2010
Bos taurus
brenda
Okamoto, K.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Eger, B.; Pai, E.; Nishino, T.
Crystal structures of urate bound form of xanthine oxidoreductase: Substrate orientation and structure of the key reaction intermediate
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
132
17080-17083
2010
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus (P22985)
brenda
Cao, H.; Pauff, J.M.; Hille, R.
Substrate orientation and catalytic specificity in the action of xanthine oxidase: the sequential hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to uric acid
J. Biol. Chem.
285
28044-28053
2010
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Metz, S.; Thiel, W.
QM/MM studies of xanthine oxidase: variations of cofactor, substrate, and active-site Glu802
J. Phys. Chem. B
114
1506-1517
2010
Bos taurus
brenda
Bytyqi-Damoni, A.; Genc, H.; Zengin, M.; Beyaztas, S.; Gencer, N.; Arslan, O.
In vitro effect of novel beta-lactam compounds on xanthine oxidase enzyme activity
Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol.
40
369-377
2012
Bos taurus
brenda
Cao, H.; Hall, J.; Hille, R.
Substrate Orientation and Specificity in Xanthine Oxidase: Crystal structures of the enzyme in complex with indole-3-acetaldehyde and guanine
Biochemistry
53
533-541
2014
Bos taurus
brenda
Kumar, D.; Kaur, G.; Negi, A.; Kumar, S.; Singh, S.; Kumar, R.
Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives
Bioorg. Chem.
57
57-64
2014
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Zafar, H.; Hayat, M.; Saied, S.; Khan, M.; Salar, U.; Malik, R.; Choudhary, M.I.; Khan, K.M.
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of nicotino/isonicotinohydrazides a systematic approach from in vitro, in silico to in vivo studies
Bioorg. Med. Chem.
25
2351-2371
2017
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Tang, H.J.; Zhang, X.W.; Yang, L.; Li, W.; Li, J.H.; Wang, J.X.; Chen, J.
Synthesis and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 2-arylbenzo[b]furan derivatives based on salvianolic acid C
Eur. J. Med. Chem.
124
637-648
2016
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Lin, S.; Zhang, G.; Liao, Y.; Pan, J.
Inhibition of chrysin on xanthine oxidase activity and its inhibition mechanism
Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
81
274-282
2015
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Di Majo, D.; La Guardia, M.; Leto, G.; Crescimanno, M.; Flandina, C.; Giammanco, M.
Flavonols and flavan-3-ols as modulators of xanthine oxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase activity
Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.
65
886-892
2014
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Masuoka, N.; Kubo, I.
Suppression of superoxide anion generation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase with alkyl caffeates and the scavenging activity
Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr.
67
283-287
2016
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Beyaztas, S.; Arslan, O.
Purification of xanthine oxidase from bovine milk by affinity chromatography with a novel gel
J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.
30
442-447
2015
Bos taurus (P80457), Bos taurus
brenda
de Araujo, M.E.M.B.; Franco, Y.E.M.; Alberto, T.G.; Messias, M.C.F.; Leme, C.W.; Sawaya, A.C.H.F.; Carvalho, P.O.
Kinetic study on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by acylated derivatives of flavonoids synthesised enzymatically
J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.
32
978-985
2017
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda
Cao, H.; Pauff, J.M.; Hille, R.
X-ray crystal structure of a xanthine oxidase complex with the flavonoid inhibitor quercetin
J. Nat. Prod.
77
1693-1699
2014
Bos taurus (P80457)
brenda