Contains FAD. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of bound ferric iron in a variety of iron chelators (siderophores), resulting in the release of ferrous iron. The plant enzyme is involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes. The enzyme from the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans can also reduce chromate. cf. EC 1.16.1.9, ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.16.1.10, ferric-chelate reductase [NAD(P)H].
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
Fe(II)-siderophore:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Contains FAD. The enzyme catalyses the reduction of bound ferric iron in a variety of iron chelators (siderophores), resulting in the release of ferrous iron. The plant enzyme is involved in the transport of iron across plant plasma membranes. The enzyme from the bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans can also reduce chromate. cf. EC 1.16.1.9, ferric-chelate reductase (NADPH) and EC 1.16.1.10, ferric-chelate reductase [NAD(P)H].
ferric reductase oxidase 7 is a chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase required for survival under ironlimiting conditions, for efficient photosynthesis, and for proper chloroplast iron acquisition in young seedlings
expression of isoforms AtFRO2, AtFRO3, AtFRO5. Expression of AtFRO3 is elevated in iron-deficient plants. When copper is limited, expression of AtFRO3 is induced, predominantly in the vascular cylinder of roots
expression of isoforms AtFRO3, AtFRO8. Expression of AtFRO3 is elevated in iron-deficient plants. When copper is limited, expression of AtFRO6 is reduced, of AtFRO3 is induced
isoform AtFRO6 is specifically expressed in green-aerial tissues in a light-dependent manner. Both light and cell differentiation are required for expression
structure contains 8 transmembrane helices, 4 of which build up the highly conserved core of the protein. The large water soluble domain contains NADPH, FAD and oxidoreductase sequence motifs and is situated on the inside of the membrane
ferric reductase activity in leaves of transgenic plants grown under iron-sufficient or iron-deficient conditions is 2.13 and 1.26fold higher than in control plants, respectively. The enhanced ferric reductase activity leads to increased concentrations of ferrous iron and chlorophyll, and reduces the iron deficiency chlorosis in the transgenic plants, compared to the control plants. In roots, the concentration of ferrous iron and ferric reductase activity are not significantly different in the transgenic plants compared to the control plants, phenotype, overview
frd4 mutations reside in cpFtsY, which encodes a component of one of the pathways responsible for the insertion of proteins into the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. In frd4 mutants, ferric-chelate reductase FRO2 mRNA is expressed normally in the root, but plants do not induce the enzyme under iron deficiency
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expression the gene AtFRO6 under the control of a 35S promoter in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi plants using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 for transfection. Ferric reductase activity in leaves of transgenic plants grown under iron-sufficient or iron-deficient conditions is 2.13 and 1.26fold higher than in control plants, respectively. Light-responsive elements within the FRO6 promoter regionmediate gene activation on exposure to light
transient expression of yeast ferric reductase oxidase FRO6-GFP or FRO7-GFP in Arabidopsis protoplasts, generation of transgenic plants expressing glucuronidase reporter gene fused to the FRO7 promoter, generation of Fro7 mutants missing the Fe(III) chelate reductase
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
nitric oxide acts downstream of auxin to trigger root ferric-chelate reductase activity in response to iron deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana, signal pathway leading to FCR induction, overview. The induction is suppressed by either polar auxin transport inhibition with 1-naphthylphthalamic acid or NO scavenging with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, tungstate, or Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride
heterologous expression of isoform AtFRO2 in Glycine max significantly enhances Fe3+ reduction in roots and leaves. Root ferric reductase activity is up to tenfold higher in transgenic plants than in control and is not subject to post-transcriptional regulation. In leaves, enzyme activity is threefold higher than in control. Enhanced ferric reductase activity leads to reduced chlorosis, increased chlorophyll concentration and a lessening in biomass loss. However, constitutive heterologous expression of AtFRO2 under non-iron stress conditions may result in decrease in plant productivity
ferric reductase oxidase 7 is a chloroplast Fe(III) chelate reductase required for survival under ironlimiting conditions, for efficient photosynthesis, and for proper chloroplast iron acquisition in young seedlings
Arabidopsis cpFtsY mutants exhibit pleiotropic defects including an inability to increase iron deficiency-inducible root Fe(III) chelate reductase activity
Overexpression of AtFRO6 in transgenic tobacco enhances ferric chelate reductase activity in leaves and increases tolerance to iron-deficiency chlorosis