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Information on EC 1.14.99.63 - beta-carotene 4-ketolase
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1.14.99.63 beta-carotene 4-ketolaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid beta ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on beta rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase.
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Word Map
- 1.14.99.63
- astaxanthin
-
carotenoid
-
ketocarotenoids
- canthaxanthin
- zeaxanthin
-
chlamydomonas
- reinhardtii
- nostoc
-
cyanobacterium
-
algal
- punctiforme
-
haematococcus
- synthesis
-
ketolated
- pluvialis
-
high-value
-
astaxanthin-producing
- nutrition
-
haploid
- chlorophyll
-
photoprotection
-
3-hydroxylated
- phytoene
-
microalgae
-
abscisic
-
value-added
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
+
2
+
2
=
+
2
+
3
+
2
+
2
=
+
2
+
3
Synonyms
crbkt, crtw148, crtw38, crtw ketolase, dr0093, obktm, beta-c-4 oxygenase, scrbkt, crto beta-carotene ketolase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
beta-C-4 oxygenase
-
-
-
-
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
beta-carotene ketolase
bkt
CrtO
CrtO ketolase
crtS
CrtW
CrtW ketolase
DR0093
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase/4-ketolase
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
beta-carotene ketolase
-
-
-
-
bkt
-
-
ambiguous
-
crtS
-
-
-
-
CrtW
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
(1)
-
-
-
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2 = canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
(2)
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
beta-carotene,donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (echinenone-forming)
The enzyme, studied from algae, plants, fungi, and bacteria, adds an oxo group at position 4 of a carotenoid beta ring. It is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and flexixanthin. The enzyme does not act on beta rings that are hydroxylated at position 3, such as in zeaxanthin (cf. EC 1.14.99.64, zeaxanthin 4-ketolase). The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifuntional and also catalyses the activity of EC 1.14.15.24, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
(3S,3'S,5'R,6'S)-5',6'-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + acceptor + O2
canthaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
enzymes CrtW38 and CrtW148
via echinenone as intermediate
-
?
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
astaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + acceptor + O2
astaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme CrtW148
via adonixanthin as intermediate
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
efficient conversion by CrtW of Brevundimonas sp. SD212 from adonixanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme introduces an oxo group on only one of the two beta-ionone rings of beta-carotene to generate echinenone. No production of the the dioxo carotenoid canthaxanthin
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
-
-
-
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Phaffia rhodozyma ATCC 96815
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
Sphingomonas sp. DC18
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
