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(+)-catechin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-trans-dihydroquercetin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + O2
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3S,4R)-trans-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
trans-dihydroquercetin + cis-dihydroquercetin + quercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3S,4S)-leucoanthocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
anthocyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
-
r
2R,3S,4R-trans-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
2R,3S-cis-dihydroquercetin + 2R,3R-trans-dihydroquercetin + cyanidin + quercetin
-
-
55% 2R,3S-cis-dihydroquercetin + 11% 2R,3R-trans-dihydroquercetin + 4% cyanidin + 30% quercetin
-
?
2R,3S,4S-cis-leucoanthocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis- and trans-dihydroquercetins + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
catalyses the penultimate step in anthocyanin biosynthesis by oxidation of the 2R,3S,4S-cis-leucoanthocyanidins
both quercetin and dihydroquercetin are products with the distribution being dependent on the C-4 stereochemistry of the leucocyanidin substrates
-
?
2R,3S,4S-cis-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
2R,3S-cis-dihydroquercetin + 2R,3R-trans-dihydroquercetin + cyanidin + quercetin
-
-
10% 2R,3S-cis-dihydroquercetin + 2% 2R,3R-trans-dihydroquercetin + 3% cyanidin + 85% quercetin
-
?
2R-naringenin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
apigenin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
2S-naringenin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
apigenin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
3,4-cis-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cyanidin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + CO2
eriodictyol + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
dihydroquercetin + luteolin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H+
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
naringenin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
apigenin + 2R,3R-trans-dihydrokaempferol + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
trans-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
additional information
?
-
dihydroquercetin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
quercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
?
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
using (2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin or (2R,3S,4R)-leucopelargonidin as substrates
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
more detail to stereochemistry
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
-
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
more detail to stereochemistry
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
using (2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin or (2R,3S,4R)-leucopelargonidin as substrates
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
using (2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin or (2R,3S,4R)-leucopelargonidin as substrates
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
using (2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin or (2R,3S,4R)-leucopelargonidin as substrates
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cis-dihydroquercetin + trans-dihydroquercetin + succinate + CO2
-
using (2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin or (2R,3S,4R)-leucopelargonidin as substrates
-
ir
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H+
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H+
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
trans-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
trans-leucocyanidin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2
cyanidin + succinate + CO2 + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
product formation is essentially dependent on the presence of ferrous ions and 2-oxoglutarate. No substrates: ent(-)-catechin (2S,3R-trans-catechin), (-)-epicatechin, ent(+)-epicatechin (2S,3S-cis-epicatechin) and (-)-gallocatechin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
product formation is essentially dependent on the presence of ferrous ions and 2-oxoglutarate. No substrates: ent(-)-catechin (2S,3R-trans-catechin), (-)-epicatechin, ent(+)-epicatechin (2S,3S-cis-epicatechin) and (-)-gallocatechin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of the anthocyanin class of flavonoids, from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins to the colored anthocyanidins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of the anthocyanin class of flavonoids, from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins to the colored anthocyanidins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
expression in abiotic stress responses. Up-regulated by all of the six tested abiotic stresses, UV-B, abscisic acid, sucrose, salicylic acid, cold and ethylene, consistent with the promoter region analysis of GbANS
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
expression in abiotic stress responses. Up-regulated by all of the six tested abiotic stresses, UV-B, abscisic acid, sucrose, salicylic acid, cold and ethylene, consistent with the promoter region analysis of GbANS
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. This reaction is responsible for the formation of the colored anthocyanidins from the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
-
-
?
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Wilmouth, R.C.; Turnbull, J.J.; Welford, R.W.D.; Clifton, I.J.; Prescott, A.G.; Schofield, C.J.
Structure and mechanism of anthocyanidin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana
Structure
10
93-103
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Saito, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Gong, Z.; Tanaka, Y.; Yamazaki, M.
Direct evidence for anthocyanidin synthase as a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase: molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNA from a red forma of Perilla frutescens
Plant J.
17
181-189
1999
Perilla frutescens
brenda
Nakajima, J.I.; Tanaka, Y.; Yamazaki, M.; Saito, K.
Reaction mechanism from leucoanthocyanidin to anthocyanidin 3-glucoside, a key reaction for coloring in anthocyanin biosynthesis
J. Biol. Chem.
276
25797-25803
2001
Antirrhinum majus, Perilla frutescens, Petunia x hybrida, Torenia fournieri, Zea mays
brenda
Turnbull, J.J.; Prescott, A.G.; Schofield, C.J.; Wilmouth, R.C.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction of anthocyanidin synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
57
425-427
2001
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Turnbull, J.J.; Sobey, W.J.; Aplin, R.T.; Hassan, A.; Schofield, C.J.; Firmin, J.L.; Prescott, A.G.
Are anthocyanidins the immediate products of anthocyanidin synthase?
Chem. Commun. (Camb.)
2000
2473-2474
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana, Perilla frutescens
-
brenda
Turnbull, J.J.; Nakajima, J.; Welford, R.W.; Yamazaki, M.; Saito, K.; Schofield, C.J.
Mechanistic studies on three 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases of flavonoid biosynthesis: anthocyanidin synthase, flavonol synthase, and flavanone 3beta-hydroxylase
J. Biol. Chem.
279
1206-1216
2004
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Turnbull, J.J.; Nagle, M.J.; Seibel, J.F.; Welford, R.W.; Grant, G.H.; Schofield, C.J.
The C-4 stereochemistry of leucocyanidin substrates for anthocyanidin synthase affects product selectivity
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
13
3853-3857
2003
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Zhou, B.; Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Yan, H.; Homma, S.; Kawabata, S.
Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa)
J. Exp. Bot.
58
1771-1781
2007
Brassica rapa
brenda
Reddy, A.M.; Reddy, V.S.; Scheffler, B.E.; Wienand, U.; Reddy, A.R.
Novel transgenic rice overexpressing anthocyanidin synthase accumulates a mixture of flavonoids leading to an increased antioxidant potential
Metab. Eng.
9
95-111
2007
Oryza sativa (Q93VC3), Oryza sativa
brenda
Cheng, L.; Xu, Y.; Grotewold, E.; Jin, Z.; Wu, F.; Fu, C.; Zhao, D.
Characterization of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene and anthocyanidin in rare medicinal plant-Saussurea medusa
Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.
89
63-73
2007
Saussurea medusa (Q6QD85)
-
brenda
Pang, Y.; Peel, G.J.; Wright, E.; Wang, Z.; Dixon, R.A.
Early steps in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula
Plant Physiol.
145
601-615
2007
Medicago truncatula (A8RRU3), Medicago truncatula
brenda
Li, H.; Flachowsky, H.; Fischer, T.C.; Hanke, M.V.; Forkmann, G.; Treutter, D.; Schwab, W.; Hoffmann, T.; Szankowski, I.
Maize Lc transcription factor enhances biosynthesis of anthocyanins, distinct proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)
Planta
226
1243-1254
2007
Malus domestica
brenda
Preuss, A.; Stracke, R.; Weisshaar, B.; Hillebrecht, A.; Matern, U.; Martens, S.
Arabidopsis thaliana expresses a second functional flavonol synthase
FEBS Lett.
583
1981-1986
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Xu, F.; Cheng, H.; Cai, R.; Li, L.L.; Chang, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, F.X.; Chen, L.J.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, S.H.; Cheng, S.Y.
Molecular cloning and function analysis of an anthocyanidin synthase gene from Ginkgo biloba, and its expression in abiotic stress responses
Mol. Cells
26
536-547
2008
Ginkgo biloba (B2M0X8), Ginkgo biloba
brenda
Khlestkina, E.K.; Tereshchenko, O.Y.; Salina, E.A.
Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes location and expression in wheat-rye hybrids
Mol. Genet. Genomics
282
475-485
2009
Secale cereale (C7S854), Secale cereale
brenda
Zhou, W.; Huang, C.; Gong, Y.; Feng, Q.; Gao, F.
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of an ANS gene encoding anthocyanidin synthase from purple-fleshed sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]
Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
28
112-121
2009
Ipomoea batatas
-
brenda
Stracke, R.; De Vos, R.C.; Bartelniewoehner, L.; Ishihara, H.; Sagasser, M.; Martens, S.; Weisshaar, B.
Metabolomic and genetic analyses of flavonol synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana support the in vivo involvement of leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase
Planta
229
427-445
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Szankowski, I.; Flachowsky, H.; Li, H.; Halbwirth, H.; Treutter, D.; Regos, I.; Hanke, M.V.; Stich, K.; Fischer, T.C.
Shift in polyphenol profile and sublethal phenotype caused by silencing of anthocyanidin synthase in apple (Malus sp.)
Planta
229
681-692
2009
Malus domestica (P51091), Malus domestica
brenda
Nakatsuka, A.; Mizuta, D.; Kii, Y.; Miyajima, I.; Kobayashi, N.
Isolation and expression analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in evergreen azalea
Sci. Hortic.
118
314-320
2008
Rhododendron x pulchrum (A9ZMJ5)
-
brenda
Wang, H.; Wang, W.; Li, H.; Zhang, P.; Zhan, J.; Huang, W.
Expression and tissue and subcellular localization of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) in grapevine
Protoplasma
248
267-279
2010
Vitis vinifera, Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon
brenda
Yan, M.; Liu, X.; Guan, C.; Chen, X.; Liu, Z.
Cloning and expression analysis of an anthocyanidin synthase gene homolog from Brassica juncea
Mol. Breed.
28
313-322
2011
Brassica juncea (B5M077)
-
brenda
Zhang, J.; Han, Z.; Tian, J.; Zhang, X.; Song, T.; Yao, Y.
The expression level of anthocyanidin synthase determines the anthocyanin content of crabapple (Malus sp.) petals
Acta Physiol. Plant.
37
109
2015
Malus hybrid cultivar (A0A0K0PXP9), Malus hybrid cultivar (C3UZH3)
-
brenda
Shi, S.G.; Li, S.J.; Kang, Y.X.; Liu, J.J.
Molecular characterization and expression analyses of an anthocyanin synthase gene from Magnolia sprengeri Pamp
Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
175
477-488
2015
Magnolia sprengeri (X4RA14), Magnolia sprengeri
brenda
Kim, E.; Kim, C.; Kim, S.
Identification of two novel mutant ANS alleles responsible for inactivation of anthocyanidin synthase and failure of anthocyanin production in onion (Allium cepa L.)
Euphytica
212
427-437
2016
Allium cepa (A2ICD1)
-
brenda
Rafique, M.Z.; Carvalho, E.; Stracke, R.; Palmieri, L.; Herrera, L.; Feller, A.; Malnoy, M.; Martens, S.
Nonsense mutation inside anthocyanidin synthase gene controls pigmentation in yellow raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)
Front. Plant Sci.
7
1892
2016
Rubus idaeus (A0A1S5VYV1)
brenda
Li, X.G.; Wang, J.; Yu, Z.Y.
Cloning of an anthocyanidin synthase gene homolog from blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) and its expression at different fruit stages
Genet. Mol. Res.
14
2726-2734
2015
Ribes nigrum (A0A075BHH6)
brenda
Chawla, N.; Kumari, A.; Dhatt, A.; Chawla, R.
Anthocyanidin synthase in leaves and fruits of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)
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30
105-106
2017
Solanum melongena, Solanum melongena (A0A140D2R7)
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brenda
Zhang, H.; Du, C.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zheng, L.; Wang, Y.
The Reaumuria trigyna leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (RtLDOX) gene complements anthocyanidin synthesis and increases the salt tolerance potential of a transgenic Arabidopsis LDOX mutant
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
106
278-287
2016
Reaumuria trigyna (A0A0K2SF19), Reaumuria trigyna
brenda
Ben-Simhon, Z.; Judeinstein, S.; Trainin, T.; Harel-Beja, R.; Bar-Yaakov, I.; Borochov-Neori, H.; Holland, D.
A "White" anthocyanin-less pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) caused by an insertion in the coding region of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX; ANS) Gene
PLoS ONE
10
e0142777
2015
Punica granatum (A0A059VLJ3), Punica granatum
brenda
Cao, L.; Xu, X.; Chen, S.; Ma, H.
Cloning and expression analysis of Ficus carica anthocyanidin synthase 1 gene
Sci. Hortic.
211
369-375
2016
Ficus carica
-
brenda
Sahay, A.; Shakya, M.
Structure prediction of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and anthocyanidin synthase from spinach
Bioinformation
5
259-263
2010
Spinacia oleracea (Q2V2G4), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Liu, Y.; Shi, Z.; Maximova, S.; Payne, M.; Guiltinan, M.
Proanthocyanidin synthesis in Theobroma cacao Genes encoding anthocyanidin synthase, anthocyanidin reductase, and leucoanthocyanidin reductase
BMC Plant Biol.
13
202
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Theobroma cacao (D3XFG2), Theobroma cacao
brenda
Wellmann, F.; Griesser, M.; Schwab, W.; Martens, S.; Eisenreich, W.; Matern, U.; Lukacin, R.
Anthocyanidin synthase from Gerbera hybrida catalyzes the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin and a novel procyanidin
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580
1642-1648
2006
Gerbera hybrid cultivar (Q52MZ9), Gerbera hybrid cultivar
brenda
Giampieri, F.; Gasparrini, M.; Forbes-Hernandez, T.Y.; Mazzoni, L.; Capocasa, F.; Sabbadini, S.; Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Afrin, S.; Rosati, C.; Pandolfini, T.; Molesini, B.; Sanchez-Sevilla, J.F.; Amaya, I.; Mezzetti, B.; Battino, M.
Overexpression of the anthocyanidin synthase gene in strawberry enhances antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effects on human hepatic cancer cells
J. Agric. Food Chem.
66
581-592
2018
Matthiola incana
brenda
Kim, S.; Binzel, M.L.; Yoo, K.S.; Park, S.; Pike, L.M.
Pink (P), a new locus responsible for a pink trait in onions (Allium cepa) resulting from natural mutations of anthocyanidin synthase
Mol. Genet. Genomics
272
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2004
Allium cepa (A6MJM9)
brenda
Welford, R.W.; Clifton, I.J.; Turnbull, J.J.; Wilson, S.C.; Schofield, C.J.
Structural and mechanistic studies on anthocyanidin synthase catalysed oxidation of flavanone substrates the effect of C-2 stereochemistry on product selectivity and mechanism
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3
3117-3126
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q96323)
brenda
Shimada, S.; Inoue, Y.T.; Sakuta, M.
Anthocyanidin synthase in non-anthocyanin-producing Caryophyllales species
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44
950-959
2005
Spinacia oleracea (A8C8M0), Spinacia oleracea, Phytolacca americana (Q2V2G3)
brenda