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Information on EC 1.14.15.21 - zeaxanthin epoxidase and Organism(s) Arabidopsis thaliana and UniProt Accession Q9FGC7

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IUBMB Comments
A flavoprotein (FAD) that is active under conditions of low light. Along with EC 1.23.5.1, violaxanthin de-epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle, which is involved in protecting the plant against damage by excess light. It will also epoxidize lutein in some higher-plant species.
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This record set is specific for:
Arabidopsis thaliana
UNIPROT: Q9FGC7
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
hide(Overall reactions are displayed. Show all >>)
+
4
reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
+
4
+
2
=
+
4
oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
+
2
Synonyms
lhcii, zeaxanthin epoxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, lipocalin-like protein, chloroplastic lipocalin, aba2 protein, zea-epoxidase, zeaxanthin-epoxidase, violaxanthin cycle enzyme, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
zeaxanthin epoxidase
-
zeaxanthin epoxidase
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
zeaxanthin,reduced ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
A flavoprotein (FAD) that is active under conditions of low light. Along with EC 1.23.5.1, violaxanthin de-epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle, which is involved in protecting the plant against damage by excess light. It will also epoxidize lutein in some higher-plant species.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
149718-34-3
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2
antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
show the reaction diagram
additional information
?
-
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
up-regulation of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene ABA1/ZEP at higher temperatures leads to increased abscisic acid production, overview
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin contents in wild-type and enzyme-overexpressing mutant plants, overview
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
highest levels of ZEP protein in leaf chloroplasts and root plastids
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
additional information
the ZEP protein is detected in all plant tissues (except flowers) concomitant with xanthophylls
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
localized predominantly in the thylakoid membrane and stroma, while only a small fraction is bound by the envelope membrane
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
physiological function
physiological function
-
part of the xanthophyll biosynthetic pathway and the xanthophyll cycle
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
ZEP_ARATH
667
0
73842
Swiss-Prot
Chloroplast (Reliability: 3)
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
-
sequence analysis establishes the enzyme as a member of the lipocalin family of proteins, a diverse group of proteins that bind small hydrophobic molecules and share a conserved tertiary structure of eight beta-strands forming a barrel configuration
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
genetic mapping of aba1 mutants, complementation of a mutant strain
Polyphyletic analyses of the presence of photoprotective compounds and zeaxanthin epoxidase ZE sequences across a wide representation of the plant kingdom reveals no correlation between the presence of lutein-epoxide and recurrent mutations in ZE sequences, including the duplications. There is an evolutionary trend to increase the content of alpha-tocopherol and to decrease the total amount of violaxanthin-cycle pigments.
gene ABA1/ZEP, expression analysis
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
drought stress leads to a degradation of ZEP in leaves
drought stress leads to an increase of ZEP in roots
light stress affects neither the accumulation nor the relative distribution of ZEP in chloroplasts
Polyphyletic analyses of the presence of photoprotective compounds and zeaxanthin epoxidase ZE sequences across a wide representation of the plant kingdom reveals no correlation between the presence of lutein-epoxide and recurrent mutations in ZE sequences, including the duplications. There is an evolutionary trend to increase the content of alpha-tocopherol and to decrease the total amount of violaxanthin-cycle pigments.
ZEP is differentially expressed in a haplotype-specific fashion during late seed development
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Bugos, R.C.; Hieber, A.D.; Yamamoto, H.Y.
Xanthophyll cycle enzymes are members of the lipocalin family, the first identified from plants
J. Biol. Chem.
273
15321-15324
1998
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Barrero, J.M.; Piqueras, P.; Gonzalez-Guzman, M.; Serrano, R.; Rodriguez, P.L.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L.
A mutational analysis of the ABA1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana highlights the involvement of ABA in vegetative development
J. Exp. Bot.
56
2071-2083
2005
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FGC7), Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Park, H.Y.; Seok, H.Y.; Park, B.K.; Kim, S.H.; Goh, C.H.; Lee, B.H.; Lee, C.H.; Moon, Y.H.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis ZEP enhances tolerance to osmotic stress
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
375
80-85
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Toh, S.; Imamura, A.; Watanabe, A.; Nakabayashi, K.; Okamoto, M.; Jikumaru, Y.; Hanada, A.; Aso, Y.; Ishiyama, K.; Tamura, N.; Iuchi, S.; Kobayashi, M.; Yamaguchi, S.; Kamiya, Y.; Nambara, E.; Kawakami, N.
High temperature-induced abscisic acid biosynthesis and its role in the inhibition of gibberellin action in Arabidopsis seeds
Plant Physiol.
146
1368-1385
2008
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Nowicka, B.; Strzalka, W.; Strzalka, K.
New transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana with partly disabled zeaxanthin epoxidase activity displays changed carotenoid composition, xanthophyll cycle activity and non-photochemical quenching kinetics
J. Plant Physiol.
166
1045-1056
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Esteban, R.; Olano, J.M.; Castresana, J.; Fernandez-Marin, B.; Hernandez, A.; Becerril, J.M.; Garcia-Plazaola, J.I.
Distribution and evolutionary trends of photoprotective isoprenoids (xanthophylls and tocopherols) within the plant kingdom
Physiol. Plant.
135
379-389
2009
Solanum tuberosum (A0N062), Solanum tuberosum (Q3HNF5), Solanum lycopersicum (A5JV19), Solanum lycopersicum (P93236), Citrus unshiu (Q766F5), Citrus unshiu (Q8W3L2), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FGC7)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Schwarz, N.; Armbruster, U.; Iven, T.; Brueckle, L.; Melzer, M.; Feussner, I.; Jahns, P.
Tissue-specific accumulation and regulation of zeaxanthin epoxidase in Arabidopsis reflect the multiple functions of the enzyme in plastids
Plant Cell Physiol.
56
346-357
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FGC7)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Gonzalez-Jorge, S.; Mehrshahi, P.; Magallanes-Lundback, M.; Lipka, A.E.; Angelovici, R.; Gore, M.A.; DellaPenna, D.
ZEAXANTHIN EPOXIDASE activity potentiates carotenoid degradation in maturing seed
Plant Physiol.
171
1837-1851
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9FGC7)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team