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Information on EC 1.13.11.63 - beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
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1.13.11.63 beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenaseIUBMB Comments
Requires Fe2+. The enzyme cleaves beta-carotene symmetrically, producing two molecules of all-trans-retinal. Both atoms of the oxygen molecule are incorporated into the products . The enzyme can also process beta-cryptoxanthin, 8'-apo-beta-carotenal, 4'-apo-beta-carotenal, alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene in decreasing order. The presence of at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring in a substrate greater than C(30) is mandatory . A prokaryotic enzyme has been reported from the uncultured marine bacterium 66A03, where it is involved in the proteorhodopsin system, which uses retinal as its chromophore [6,7].
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
beta-cd, bcmo1, ninab, beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase, beta-carotene oxygenase 2, betaco, beta-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase, beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1, beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase, bcmo2, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
BCMO
Bcmo1
Bcmo2
BCO1
Bcox
beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase
beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1
beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase-1
beta,beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase 1
beta,beta-carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase
beta,beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase
beta-carotene 15,15' oxygenase
beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase
beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase
beta-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase
beta-carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase
beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase
beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase-1
beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase-2
BLH
carotenoid oxygenase
CMO1
EC 1.13.11.21
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-
formerly
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EC 1.14.99.36
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-
formerly
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NinaB
BLH
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-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal
-
-
-
-
beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans retinal
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-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
reduction
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
beta-carotene:oxygen 15,15'-dioxygenase (bond-cleaving)
Requires Fe2+. The enzyme cleaves beta-carotene symmetrically, producing two molecules of all-trans-retinal. Both atoms of the oxygen molecule are incorporated into the products [8]. The enzyme can also process beta-cryptoxanthin, 8'-apo-beta-carotenal, 4'-apo-beta-carotenal, alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene in decreasing order. The presence of at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring in a substrate greater than C(30) is mandatory [5]. A prokaryotic enzyme has been reported from the uncultured marine bacterium 66A03, where it is involved in the proteorhodopsin system, which uses retinal as its chromophore [6,7].
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
13-cis-beta-carotene + O2
retinal
-
11.4% of the activity with all-trans-beta-carotene
-
-
?
alpha-carotene + ?
11-cis-retinal + all-trans-retinal + all-trans-alpha-retinal
-
-
32.7% 11-cis-retinal + 17.3% all-trans-retinal + 50.0% all-trans-alpha-retinal
-
?
alpha-carotene + O2
retinal
-
8.2% of the activity with all-trans-beta-carotene
-
-
?
alpha-carotene + O2
retinal + alpha-retinal
one molecule retinal is formed
-
-
?
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + O2
retinal + ?
one molecule retinal is formed
-
-
?
beta-carotene + ?
11-cis-retinal + all-trans-retinal
-
-
41.2% 11-cis-retinal + 58.8% all-trans-retinal
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
11-cis-retinal + 13-cis-retinal + all-trans-retinal
-
-
-
?
cryptoxanthin + O2
11-cis-retinal + all-trans-retinal + 11-cis-3-hydroxy-retinal + all-trans-3-hydroxy-retinal
-
-
4.2% 11-cis-retinal + 45.8% all-trans-retinal + 35.1% 11-cis-3-hydroxy-retinal + 14.9% all-trans-3-hydroxy-retinal
-
?
gamma-carotene + O2
retinal + acycloretinal
-
one molecule retinal is formed
-
?
lutein + O2
11-cis-3-hydroxy-retinal + all-trans-3-hydroxy-retinal + all-trans-3-hydroxy-alpha-retinal
-
-
39.9% 11-cis-3-hydroxy-retinal + 10.1% all-trans-3-hydroxy-retinal + 47.7% all-trans-3-hydroxy-alpha-retinal
-
?
beta-apo-10'-carotenol + O2
?
beta-apo-10'-carotenol is the major long-chain beta-apocarotenoid in mouse liver
-
-
?
beta-apo-8'-carotenal + O2
retinal + ?
one molecule retinal is formed
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
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-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
-
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
-
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
BCMO1 cleaves at the central 15,15' position of the polyene chain producing two molecules of retinal
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 all-trans-retinal
-
the oxygen atom of retinal originates from molecular oxygen
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
2 retinal
-
tyrosine Y235 and Y326 in mouse BCMO1 fix the position of the substrate on the two sides of the 15,15'-double bond most likely due to a mechanism implicating cation pi-stabilization
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-
?
beta-carotene + O2
all-trans-retinal
-
BCMO1 is a key enzyme in the pathway of retinoid synthesis from carotenoids, regulation of BCMO1 activity, overview
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
all-trans-retinal
-
BCMO1 is a key enzyme in the pathway of retinoid synthesis from carotenoids, and is responsible for metabolically limiting the amount of intact beta-carotene that can be absorbed by mice from their diet, regulation of BCMO1 activity, overview
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
the enzyme is essential for pattern formation and differentation during zebrafish embryogenesis
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-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
key enzyme in the metabolism of beta,beta-carotene to vitamin A
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of vitamin A from dietary carotenoids. May also play a role in peripheral vitamin A synthesis from plasma-borne provitamin A carotenoids
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
enzyme plays an important role in retinoid synthesis. BCDO may also be a candidate gene for retinal degenerative disease
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
crucial enzyme in development and metabolism that governs the de novo entry of vitamin A from plant-derived precursors, enzyme may play a critical role in gastrulation
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
retinal
enzyme may play a critical role in gastrulation
-
-
?