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Information on EC 1.1.2.4 - D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
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EC Tree
1.1.2.4 D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)IUBMB Comments
A flavoprotein (FAD).
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Word Map
- 1.1.2.4
-
l-ildh
-
kluyveromyces
-
hansenula
- polymorpha
- lactis
-
1.1.2.3
- euglena
- gracilis
-
amperometric
- dl-lactate
-
protist
- ruminantium
-
d-lactic
-
c-oxidoreductase
-
rumen
-
mixed-type
-
methylotrophic
-
non-fermentable
-
thermotolerant
-
selenomonas
- synthesis
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
d-ildh, d-lcr, d-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase, atd-ldh, d-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), d-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
cytochrome-dependent D-(-)-lactate dehydrogenase
-
-
-
-
cytochromec-dependent D-LDH
D(-)-lactic cytochrome c reductase
-
-
-
-
D-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
D-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase
D-lactate-cytochrome c reductase
-
-
-
-
D-lactate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase
D-LCR
D-LDH
DLD
DLD1
DLDH
L-lactate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase
lactic acid dehydrogenase
-
-
-
-
Os07g06890
D-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase
-
-
-
-
D-LCR
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
-
-
-
-
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
(R)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase
A flavoprotein (FAD).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
37250-79-6
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + ferricytochrome c
?
135% relative activity compared to (R)lactate, highest catalytic efficiency, prefered substrate
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxyglutarate + ferricytochrome c
?
0.15% relative activity compared to (R)lactate
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxyvalerate + cytochrome c
2-oxovalerate + ferrocytochrome c
-
very poor substrate
-
-
?
D-glycerate + ferricytochrome c
?
9.2% relative activity compared to (R)lactate
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome
-
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
D-lactate + oxidized phenazine methosulfate
pyruvate + reduced phenazine methosulfate + H+
-
-
-
-
r
DL-2-hydroxybutyrate + ferricytochrome c
2-oxobutanoate + ferrocytochrome c
-
40% of the activity with (R)-lactate
-
-
?
DL-glycerate + ferricyanide
?
-
10% of the rate of D-lactate oxidation
-
-
?
DL-glycerate + ferricytochrome c
?
10.3% relative activity compared to (R)lactate
-
-
?
glycolate + ferricytochrome c
?
0.15% relative activity compared to (R)lactate, O2 does not function as the acceptor for glycolate electrons
-
-
?
L-lactate + ferricytochrome c
?
10.8% relative activity compared to (R)lactate
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
enzyme D-LDH is absolutely specific for these substrates in vivo
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
required for growth on lactate as sole carbon source
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
pathway linked to respiratory chain
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
ir
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
traces of activity with L-isomer
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
specific for D-isomer
-
ir
(R)-lactate + PMS-DCIP
pyruvate + reduced PMS-DCIP
-
PMS-DCIP3 i.e. phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + PMS-DCIP
pyruvate + reduced PMS-DCIP
-
PMS-DCIP3 i.e. phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + cytochrome c
2-oxobutanoate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + cytochrome c
2-oxobutanoate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + cytochrome c
2-oxobutanoate + ferrocytochrome c
-
reversible under anaerobic conditions
-
-
r
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + cytochrome c
2-oxobutanoate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + PMS-DCIP
2-oxobutanoate + reduced PMS-DCIP
-
PMS-DCIP3 i.e. phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
?
D-2-hydroxybutyrate + PMS-DCIP
2-oxobutanoate + reduced PMS-DCIP
-
PMS-DCIP3 i.e. phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
100% relative activity, prefered substrate, with a high catalytic efficiency 200- and 2000fold higher than that for L-lactate and glycolate, respectively
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
substrate specific for D-LCR. D-LCR is efficient enough in transferring electrons from D-lactate to the next mediators
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
i.e. DCPIP, via cofactors FMN or FAD
-
-
?
D-lactate + 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
pyruvate + reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
i.e. DCPIP, via cofactor FAD, stereospecific enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with propionate, acetate, glutarate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with propionate, acetate, glutarate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
D-LDH does not use glycolate as a substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
study of the D-lactate transport and metabolism in Helianthus tuberosus, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
D-LDH activity assay and (R)-lactate-dependent cyt c and flavin reduction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no cross-reactivity with L-lactic acid
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
-
study of the D-lactate transport and metabolism in Helianthus tuberosus, overview
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
enzyme D-LDH is absolutely specific for these substrates in vivo
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
required for growth on lactate as sole carbon source
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
pathway linked to respiratory chain
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c
pyruvate + ferrocytochrome c
-
-
-
ir
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
-
can substitute for cytochrome c
cytochrome c
-
only cytochrome c-553 from same organism, eucaryotic cytochromes are not reduced
cytochrome c
-
cytochome c from horse-, beef- and tuna-heart more active than yeast cytochome c
cytochrome c
evaluation of the role of cytochrome c in D-lactate and methylglyoxal degradation. Recombinant expression of CYTC-1 in either the wild-type or cytc mutant background leads to increased tolerance to toxic concentrations of D-lactate and to a lesser extent also to methylglyoxal
FAD
the enzyme is a flavoprotein. The flavin/pyridine cofactor redox state is detected fluorimetrically in cell homogenates
phenazine methosulfate
-
can substitute for cytochrome c
additional information
no activity with NAD+ or NADP+ as electron acceptors
-
additional information
-
no activity with NAD+ or NADP+ as electron acceptors
-
additional information
ubiquinone and its associated dehydrogenase systems do not serve as electron acceptors and are upstream of the entry site of D-LDH-derived electrons into the electron transport chain
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Cu2+
-
rapid inactivation, can be restored by addition of dithiothreitol
ferricyanide
Zn2+
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
antimycin A does not affect the enzyme activity. Myxothiazol binds to the quinone-binding site and blocks electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome b. At 20 mM myxothiazol the sensitivity of wild-type plants to D-lactate is not affected. Inhibition of complex III does not affect D-lactate oxidation
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
carboxylic acid
-
activates, stimulation is non-competitive, hyperbolic and its dimension is directly related to the number of carboxylic groups on the activator. Stimulation does not affect the yield of oxidative phosphorylation
D-lactate
-
stimulation with D-lactate as substrate, is insensitive to malate or pyruvate addition
additional information
-
the enzyme is induced by lacate as sole carbon source during growth
-
additional information
-
growth on lactate and ethanol yields much higher activities than grows on glucose
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
additional information
-
kinetics of D-lactate metabolism, overview
-
0.0682
(R)-lactate
-
cosubstrate: phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, pH 8.35, 25°C
0.01102
D-2-hydroxybutyrate
-
cosubstrate: ferrocytochrome c, pH 8.35, 25°C
0.0149
D-2-hydroxybutyrate
-
cosubstrate: phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, pH 8.35, 25°C
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2.6
(R)-lactate
-
cosubstrate: phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, pH 8.35, 25°C
9.58
D-2-hydroxybutyrate
-
cosubstrate: ferrocytochrome c, pH 8.35, 25°C
10.03
D-2-hydroxybutyrate
-
cosubstrate: phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, pH 8.35, 25°C
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
38.1
(R)-lactate
-
cosubstrate: phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, pH 8.35, 25°C