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Information on EC 1.1.1.300 - NADP-retinol dehydrogenase
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EC Tree
1.1.1.300 NADP-retinol dehydrogenaseIUBMB Comments
Greater catalytic efficiency in the reductive direction. This observation, and the enzyme's localization at the entrance to the mitochondrial matrix, suggest that it may function to protect mitochondria against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinal produced from dietary beta-carotene by EC 1.13.11.63 (beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase) . Km-values for NADP+ and NADPH are at least 800-fold lower than those for NAD+ and NADH [1,4]. This enzyme differs from EC 1.1.1.105, retinol dehydrogenase, which prefers NAD+ and NADH.
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Word Map
- 1.1.1.300
-
retinoids
- photoreceptors
-
cone
- rhodopsin
- 11-cis-retinal
-
all-trans-retinoic
-
leber
-
retinyl
- amaurosis
- retinylamine
- opsin
- medicine
- pharmacology
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Synonyms
prrdh, retinol dehydrogenase 11, retinol dehydrogenase 8, ralr1, nrdrb1, mrdh11, nadp(h)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase/reductase, photoreceptor retinol dehydrogenase, rdh14, retinol dehydrogenase-10, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
DHRS3
EC 5.2.1.3
-
-
formerly, part transferred
-
NRDRA1
alternatively spliced variant with a complete deletion of exons 3-6
NRDRB2
alternatively spliced variant with a complete deletion of exons 3 and 6
photoreceptor-associated retinol dehydrogenase
prRDH
RDH10
RDH11
RDH12
RDH13
RDH8
retinal reductase
retinaldehyde reductase
retinoid dehydrogenase/reductase
Retinol dehydrogenase
retinol dehydrogenase 10
retinol dehydrogenase 11
retinol dehydrogenase 12
retinol dehydrogenase 13
retinol dehydrogenase 8
retinol dehydrogenase-10
SDR16C4
additional information
additional information
enzyme additionally displays high aldehyde reductase activity in retinoic acid metabolism
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
retinol + NADP+ = retinal + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
,
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
retinol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
Greater catalytic efficiency in the reductive direction. This observation, and the enzyme's localization at the entrance to the mitochondrial matrix, suggest that it may function to protect mitochondria against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinal produced from dietary beta-carotene by EC 1.13.11.63 (beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase) [2]. Km-values for NADP+ and NADPH are at least 800-fold lower than those for NAD+ and NADH [1,4]. This enzyme differs from EC 1.1.1.105, retinol dehydrogenase, which prefers NAD+ and NADH.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
90033-53-8
cf. EC 1.1.1.105
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
11-cis-retinal + NADH + H+
11-cis-retinol + NAD+
NADH much less efficient than NADPH
-
-
r
11-cis-retinol + NADP+
11-cis-retinal + NADPH
-
-
-
?
11-cis-retinol + NADP+
11-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
possibly involved in the production of 11-cis-retinal from 11-cis-retinol during regeneration of the cone visual pigments
-
-
r
13-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
13-cis-retinol + NADP+
-
4fold lower activity than with all-trans-retinal
-
-
?
9-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
9-cis-retinol + NADP+
-
60fold lower activity than with all-trans-retinal
-
-
?
all-trans retinal + NADH + H+
all-tans-retinol + NAD+
NADH much less efficient than NADPH
-
-
r
all-trans retinal + NADH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NAD+
prefers NADP+ and NADPH as cofactors
-
-
r
all-trans retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
prefers NADP+ and NADPH as cofactors
-
-
r
all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal + NADH + H+
all-trans-3-hydroxyretinol + NAD+
catalytic efficiency towards all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal is lower than that towards all-trans retinal, prefers NADP+ and NADPH as cofactors
-
-
?
all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-3-hydroxyretinol + NADP+
catalytic efficiency towards all-trans-3-hydroxyretinal is lower than that towards all-trans retinal, prefers NADP+ and NADPH as cofactors
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + NAD+
all-trans-retinal + NADH + H+
low activity with NAD+ as cofactor
-
-
r
cis-6-nonenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
good substrate of RDH11 and RDH12, while RHD10 has very low activity towards this substrate
-
-
?
retinol bound to cellular retinol binding protein + NADP+
retinal bound to cellular retinol binding protein + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
trans-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
?
-
good substrate of RDH11 and RDH12, while RHD10 has very low activity towards this substrate
-
-
?
(E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
(E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal + NADPH + H+
(E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenol + NADP+
Rdh12 is able to efficiently detoxify 4-hydroxynonenal in cells, most probably through its ability to reduce it to a nontoxic alcohol
-
-
?
11-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
11-cis-retinol + NADP+
-
-
-
r
11-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
11-cis-retinol + NADP+
The reverse reaction, oxidation of all-trans-retinol, is not catalyzed by mRDH11
-
-
ir
9-cis-retinol + NADP+
9-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
possibly involved in the first step of 9-cis-retinoic acid production
-
-
r
all-trans-retinal + NAD(P)H + H+
all-trans-retinol + NAD(P)+
-
-
r
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-tans-retinol + NADP+
-
-
-
r
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-tans-retinol + NADP+
The reverse reaction, oxidation of all-trans-retinol, is not catalyzed by mRDH11
-
-
ir
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
-
-
-
r
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
involved in the regeneration of bleached visual pigments in photoreceptor cells, involved in retinol metabolism outside of photoreceptor cells
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
greater catalytic efficiency in the reductive than in the oxidative direction. Localization of RDH13 at the entrance to the mitochondrial matrix suggests that it may function to protect mitochondria against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinaldehyde produced from dietary beta-carotene
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
prefers NADPH to NADH as a cofactor. Activity in presence of 1 mM NADPH is about 20fold greater than that in the presence of 1 mM NADH
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
RDH12 is dispensable in support of the visual cycle but appears to be a key component in clearance of free all-trans-retinal, thereby preventing accumulation of N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (a toxic substance known to contribute to retinal degeneration) and photoreceptor cell death
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
-
the enzyme plays a role in retinoid metabolism
-
-
r
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
involved in retinoid homeostasis in the prostate
-
-
r
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
possibly involved in the first step of all-trans-retinoic acid production
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
more efficient in the reductive direction
-
-
r
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
estrone + NADH + H+
estradiol + NAD+
-
no substrate for wild-type isoforms prRDH1 and prRDH2, but substrate for mutants M146G of prRDH1 and M147G of prRDH2
-
-
?
estrone + NADH + H+
estradiol + NAD+
no substrate for wild-type, but substrate for mutant M144G
-
-
?
n-nonanal + NADPH + H+
n-nonanol + NADP+
might play a role in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products
-
-
r
retinal + NADPH + H+
retinol + NADP+
reaction of the retinoid oxidoreductive complex (ROC) composed of RDH10 (SDR16C4)and DHRS3 (EC 1.2.1.36)
-
-
ir
retinal + NADPH + H+
retinol + NADP+
reaction of the retinoid oxidoreductive complex (ROC) composed of RDH10 (SDR16C4)and DHRS3 (EC 1.2.1.36)
-
-
ir
retinol + NADP+
retinal + NADPH + H+
important for the maintenance of retinoid homeostasis
-
-
r
retinol + NADP+
retinal + NADPH + H+
important for the maintenance of retinoid homeostasis, low activity of the NRDRB1 splice variant possibly contributes to a disturbed retinoid homeostasis leading to abnormal differentiation and high susceptibility to human papilloma virus in the cervical epithelium
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
clear specificity for pro-S hydrogen of NADPH and for pro-R-hydrogen on C15 of the retinols, no steroid dehydrogenase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
clear specificity for pro-S hydrogen of NADPH and for pro-R-hydrogen on C15 of the retinols, no steroid dehydrogenase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
clear specificity for pro-S hydrogen of NADPH and for pro-R-hydrogen on C15 of the retinols, no steroid dehydrogenase activity
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
although bi-directional in vitro, in living cells, RDH12 acts exclusively as a retinaldehyde reductase, shifting the retinoid homeostasis toward the increased levels of retinol and decreased levels of bioactive retinoic acid. The retinaldehyde reductase activity of RDH12 protects the cells from retinaldehyde-induced cell death
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isoform RDH12 additionally cataylzes the reduction of dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no significant conversion of 17beta-, 3alpha- and 11beta-hydroxysteroids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no significant conversion of 17beta-, 3alpha- and 11beta-hydroxysteroids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzymes utilizes retinol bound to cellular retinol binding protein type I at a much lower rate than free retinol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RDH10 is essential for retinoic acid biosynthesis during embryogenesis
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
it is unlikely that 11-cis retinal is metabolised by RDH12 in vivo, as according to the visual cycle, 11-cis retinal that enters the photoreceptors is likely to be sequestered by opsins. Binding of cellular-retinol-binding-protein, CRBP1, to all-trans retinol prevents its oxidation by RDH12
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
it is unlikely that 11-cis retinal is metabolised by RDH12 in vivo, as according to the visual cycle, 11-cis retinal that enters the photoreceptors is likely to be sequestered by opsins. Binding of cellular-retinol-binding-protein, CRBP1, to all-trans retinol prevents its oxidation by RDH12
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
purified RDH12 displays a about 2000fold higher affinity for NADP+ and NADPH than for NAD+ and NADH, and has a greater affinity for retinaldehydes than retinols. RDH12 functions as a retinal reductase, with highest activity towards all-trans retinal, followed by 11-cis retinal. RDH12 has also been shown to convert dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to androstanediol
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
purified RDH12 displays a about 2000fold higher affinity for NADP+ and NADPH than for NAD+ and NADH, and has a greater affinity for retinaldehydes than retinols. RDH12 functions as a retinal reductase, with highest activity towards all-trans retinal, followed by 11-cis retinal. RDH12 has also been shown to convert dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to androstanediol
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
RDH11 is able to reduce both all-trans- and cis-retinaldehydes into all-trans- and -cis-retinol (Vitamin A)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
RDH11 is able to reduce both all-trans- and cis-retinaldehydes into all-trans- and -cis-retinol (Vitamin A)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
dihydrotestosterone is not a substrate for mouse isoform RDH12
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the low and constant expression of RDH11 suggests a housekeeping function for this enzyme in retina
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the low and constant expression of RDH11 suggests a housekeeping function for this enzyme in retina
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the low and constant expression of RDH11 suggests a housekeeping function for this enzyme in retina
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the onset of RDH12 expression during the maturation of photoreceptor cells suggests a function related to the visual process. The light-induced rapid decrease of RDH12 protein, preceding the decrease of the mRNA, suggested a specific degradation of the protein rather than a regulation of gene expression
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the onset of RDH12 expression during the maturation of photoreceptor cells suggests a function related to the visual process. The light-induced rapid decrease of RDH12 protein, preceding the decrease of the mRNA, suggested a specific degradation of the protein rather than a regulation of gene expression
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the onset of RDH12 expression during the maturation of photoreceptor cells suggests a function related to the visual process. The light-induced rapid decrease of RDH12 protein, preceding the decrease of the mRNA, suggested a specific degradation of the protein rather than a regulation of gene expression
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
recombinant RRD functions with both unbound and CRBP(I) (cellular retinol-binding protein)-bound retinal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the rod outer segment enzyme retinol dehydrogenase RDH8 uses NADPH as a cofactor. 11-cis retinal is not a substrate of RDH8. Narrow substrate specificity of RDH8
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
the rod outer segment enzyme retinol dehydrogenase RDH8 uses NADPH as a cofactor. 11-cis retinal is not a substrate of RDH8. Narrow substrate specificity of RDH8
-
-
-
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
11-cis-retinol + NADP+
11-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
possibly involved in the production of 11-cis-retinal from 11-cis-retinol during regeneration of the cone visual pigments
-
-
r
9-cis-retinol + NADP+
9-cis-retinal + NADPH + H+
possibly involved in the first step of 9-cis-retinoic acid production
-
-
r
n-nonanal + NADPH + H+
n-nonanol + NADP+
might play a role in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products
-
-
r
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
involved in the regeneration of bleached visual pigments in photoreceptor cells, involved in retinol metabolism outside of photoreceptor cells
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
greater catalytic efficiency in the reductive than in the oxidative direction. Localization of RDH13 at the entrance to the mitochondrial matrix suggests that it may function to protect mitochondria against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinaldehyde produced from dietary beta-carotene
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
RDH12 is dispensable in support of the visual cycle but appears to be a key component in clearance of free all-trans-retinal, thereby preventing accumulation of N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (a toxic substance known to contribute to retinal degeneration) and photoreceptor cell death
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + NADP+
all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+