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Information on EC 1.1.1.288 - xanthoxin dehydrogenase
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1.1.1.288 xanthoxin dehydrogenaseIUBMB Comments
Requires a molybdenum cofactor for activity. NADP+ cannot replace NAD+ and short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and cyclohexanol cannot replace xanthoxin as substrate . Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, along with EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-aldehyde oxidase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.13.93 [(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the control of a wide range of essential physiological processes, including seed development, germination and responses to stress .
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
wilty, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, aba deficient 2, os03g0810800, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase1, glucose insensitive 1, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
ABA2
SDR1
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
xanthoxin + NAD+ = abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
MetaCyc
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
xanthoxin:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Requires a molybdenum cofactor for activity. NADP+ cannot replace NAD+ and short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol and cyclohexanol cannot replace xanthoxin as substrate [3]. Involved in the abscisic-acid biosynthesis pathway in plants, along with EC 1.2.3.14 (abscisic-aldehyde oxidase), EC 1.13.11.51 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) and EC 1.14.13.93 [(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase]. Abscisic acid is a sesquiterpenoid plant hormone that is involved in the control of a wide range of essential physiological processes, including seed development, germination and responses to stress [3].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
129204-37-1
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
different mutants: mutations in genes involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway and a mutation at the start of exon 2
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved abscisic acid biosynthesis
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
last step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway, constitutively expressed, not upregulated in response to osmotic stress
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
multistep conversion
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
neither water stress nor cycloheximide significantly affects the level of enzyme activity
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
additional information
?
-
different mutants: mutations in genes involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway and a mutation at the start of exon 2
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved abscisic acid biosynthesis
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in abscisic acid synthesis
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
last step in abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway, constitutively expressed, not upregulated in response to osmotic stress
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
multistep conversion
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
neither water stress nor cycloheximide significantly affects the level of enzyme activity
-
-
?
xanthoxin + NAD+
abscisic aldehyde + NADH + H+
-
enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of abscisic acid
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
2.1fold reduced expression in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant aba2 with a mutation at the the start of exon 2
-
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Dehydration
Abscisic Aldehyde Is an Intermediate in the Enzymatic Conversion of Xanthoxin to Abscisic Acid in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Leaves.
Dehydration
Alginate-derived oligosaccharides promote water stress tolerance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
homologous AtSDR3 and AtABA2 have different spatial and temporal expression patterns
brenda
additional information
-
homologous AtSDR3 and AtABA2 have different spatial and temporal expression patterns
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
-
no significant activity is observed in chloroplast
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
malfunction
the aba2 mutant displays less seed dormancy, glucose insensitivity, small plat size, early flowering, and wiltness, no complementation by expression of AtSDR3, enotype, overview
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the carotenoid synthesis and metabolism. Transcriptional response of different light qualities in leaf coloration of cv. Huangjinya, RNA-seq analysis with three biological replicates identifies differentially expressed genes involved in pigment metabolism pathways. With regard to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is upregulated and chlorophyllase (Chlase) is downregulated under red light (RL) compared with white light (WL), which contributes to high chlorophyll content in cv. Huangjinya. The upregulated POR and magnesium chelatase H subunit (CHLH) are identified under red + blue light (RB). Blue light (BL) significantly promotes carotenoid biosynthesis, accompanied by the related upregulated genes. But upregulated xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2) reduces carotenoid content under BL. Zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) is upregulated and ABA2 is downregulated under RB, resulting in high accumulation of carotenoid content. BL and RL upregulated expressions of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in cv. Huangjinya. Differential expressions of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis is considered as the results of leaf color change. In addition, the genes related to photosynthesis are downregulated under RL, whereas these are upregulated under BL when compared with WL. In conclusion, the effect of light quality on the leaf coloration of cv. Huangjinya is mainly dependent on chlorophyll content by altering corresponding genes expressions. RL may promote the accumulation of chlorophyll in cv. Huangjinya leaves by upregulating the expression of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis (e.g. POR) and downregulating expression of genes related to chlorophyll degradation (e.g. Chlase). BL can upregulate the expression of genes related to both biosynthesis (e.g. POR, hemA) and degradation (e.g. Chlase) of chlorophyll, resulting in little change in leaf color of cv. Huangjinya under BL when compared with WL. Upregulated genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis (e.g. POR, CHLH) induce greener color of cv. Huangjinya treated with RB
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily of enzymes
additional information
physiological function
expression of Oryza sativa ABA2 in an Arabidopsis Aba2 mutant rescues the Aba2 mutant phenotypes, characterized by reduced growth, increased water loss, and germination in the presence of paclobutrazol
physiological function
the so-called wilty mutation affects the xanthoxin dehydrogenase step in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Functional abscisic acid biosynthesis is critical for normal stomatal responses to changes in humidity in angiosperms,with wilty mutant plants having no increase in foliar abscisic acid levels in response to a doubling in vapour pressure deficit, and no closure of stomata
additional information
comparative expression analysis of three AtSDR genes and their amino acid sequence alignment, overview
additional information
-
comparative expression analysis of three AtSDR genes and their amino acid sequence alignment, overview
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). ABA2_ARATH
285
0
30272
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6ZVA1_DAVIN
261
0
27643
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2H4X2U9_CAMSI
277
0
29304
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B6ZWB7_DAVIN
318
0
33952
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2I0ARA2_9ASPA
277
0
30202
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B6ZS21_DAVIN
216
0
22898
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2G9HQB2_9LAMI
296
0
31164
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A0B2NUR2_GLYSO
301
0
31787
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
A0A2I0BHM0_9ASPA
279
0
29686
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A0B2RLH9_GLYSO
306
0
32852
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A2G9I392_9LAMI
309
0
32490
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A396IZB8_MEDTR
135
1
14716
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A2P6S6M7_ROSCH
313
0
33097
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2)
A0A5B7BPY8_DAVIN
283
0
29961
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6ZUV5_DAVIN
177
0
18889
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A5B7CBA5_DAVIN
280
0
29747
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A0B2Q2W5_GLYSO
264
0
27826
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2P6S8L1_ROSCH
274
0
29194
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B7BBE9_DAVIN
281
0
29781
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A5B7BBB5_DAVIN
301
0
32156
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A2G9I995_9LAMI
300
0
31564
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B6ZSM7_DAVIN
232
0
24412
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B7BSY4_DAVIN
276
1
30325
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B6ZX52_DAVIN
271
0
28776
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A0B2PWJ5_GLYSO
280
0
29362
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2P6R8J1_ROSCH
306
0
32530
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B7CAU8_DAVIN
280
0
29913
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A151TXE8_CAJCA
167
0
17293
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A5B7BS87_DAVIN
294
0
31150
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B7BX12_DAVIN
298
0
31645
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4)
A0A0B2RLT8_GLYSO
305
0
32202
TrEMBL
Chloroplast (Reliability: 4)
A0A0B2PYS6_GLYSO
201
0
21374
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 1)
A0A0B2SJQ7_GLYSO
83
0
9017
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A2G9H2G1_9LAMI
300
0
31594
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6YTA5_DAVIN
128
0
14455
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
A0A0B2PXX7_GLYSO
229
0
23976
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A0B2Q126_GLYSO
280
0
29337
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6ZTR3_DAVIN
270
0
28773
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B7C6Z0_DAVIN
100
0
10443
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A2I0A7K5_9ASPA
273
0
27368
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6ZR82_DAVIN
321
1
34203
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 1)
Q2HUL4_MEDTR
301
0
31778
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 1)
A0A5B7A2K9_DAVIN
305
0
32343
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
G7KV46_MEDTR
302
0
32111
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
G7JTV8_MEDTR
285
0
30013
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A5B6ZV02_DAVIN
231
0
24474
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 5)
A0A0B2QI68_GLYSO
83
0
9174
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3)
A0A151SNU2_CAJCA
147
0
15602
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 5)
A0A2I0APR7_9ASPA
153
0
15452
TrEMBL
Secretory Pathway (Reliability: 4)
A0A5B6ZZA2_DAVIN
305
0
32303
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 3)
A0A0B2R957_GLYSO
186
0
19753
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
generation of aba2 mutants. The pABA2::SDR3 transgene fails to complement the aba2 mutant phenotype, and transgenic plants show the same levels of ABA as the aba2 mutants, phenotype, overview
additional information
-
generation of aba2 mutants. The pABA2::SDR3 transgene fails to complement the aba2 mutant phenotype, and transgenic plants show the same levels of ABA as the aba2 mutants, phenotype, overview
additional information
the so-called wilty mutation affects the xanthoxin dehydrogenase step in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Functional abscisic acid biosynthesis is critical for normal stomatal responses to changes in humidity in angiosperms,with wilty mutant plants having no increase in foliar abscisic acid levels in response to a doubling in vapour pressure deficit, and no closure of stomata
additional information
-
the so-called wilty mutation affects the xanthoxin dehydrogenase step in abscisic acid biosynthesis. Functional abscisic acid biosynthesis is critical for normal stomatal responses to changes in humidity in angiosperms,with wilty mutant plants having no increase in foliar abscisic acid levels in response to a doubling in vapour pressure deficit, and no closure of stomata
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PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene ABA2, encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase1 (SDR1) that catalyzes the multistep conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde during abscisic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thalian, genotyping
library construction and transcriptome sequencing and analysis, RNA-seq enzyme expression analysis
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the transcript level does not change in response to treatment with abscisic acid or dehydration
upregulated xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2) reduces carotenoid content under blue light (BL)
zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) is upregulated and ABA2 is downregulated under red + blue light (RB), resulting in high accumulation of carotenoid content
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Taylor, I.B.; Burbidge, A.; Thompson, A.J.
Control of abscisic acid synthesis
J. Exp. Bot.
51
1563-1574
2000
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Gonzalez-Guzman, M.; Apostolova, N.; Belles, J.M.; Barrero, J.M.; Piqueras, P.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L.; Serrano, R.; Rodriguez, P.L.
The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde
Plant Cell
14
1833-1846
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Cheng, W.H.; Endo, A.; Zhou, L.; Penney, J.; Chen, H.C.; Arroyo, A.; Leon, P.; Nambara, E.; Asami, T.; Seo, M.; Koshiba, T.; Sheen, J.
A unique short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase in Arabidopsis glucose signaling and abscisic acid biosynthesis and functions
Plant Cell
14
2723-2743
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Schwartz, S.H.; Leon-Kloosterziel, K.M.; Koornneef, M.; Zeevaart, J.A.
Biochemical characterization of the aba2 and aba3 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana
Plant Physiol.
114
161-166
1997
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Sindhu, R.K.; Walton, D.C.
Conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic acid by cell-free preparations from bean leaves
Plant Physiol.
85
916-921
1987
Cucurbita maxima, Vigna radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Zea mays, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne
brenda
Sindhu, R.K.; Walton, D.C.
Xanthoxin metabolism in cell-free preparations from wild-type and wilty mutants of tomato
Plant Physiol.
88
178-182
1988
Solanum lycopersicum, Phaseolus vulgaris
brenda
Parry, A.D.; Neill, S.J.; Horgan, R.
Xanthoxin levels and metabolism in the wild-type and wilty mutants of tomato
Planta
173
397-404
1988
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Cheng, W.H.; Chiang, M.H.; Hwang, S.G.; Lin, P.C.
Antagonism between abscisic acid and ethylene in Arabidopsis acts in parallel with the reciprocal regulation of their metabolism and signaling pathways
Plant Mol. Biol.
71
61-80
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9C826)
brenda
Hwang, S.G.; Lin, N.C.; Hsiao, Y.Y.; Kuo, C.H.; Chang, P.F.; Deng, W.L.; Chiang, M.H.; Shen, H.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Cheng, W.H.
The Arabidopsis short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3, an abscisic acid deficient 2 homolog, is involved in plant defense responses but not in ABA biosynthesis
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
51
63-73
2012
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9SCU0), Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
McAdam, S.A.; Sussmilch, F.C.; Brodribb, T.J.; Ross, J.J.
Molecular characterization of a mutation affecting abscisic acid biosynthesis and consequently stomatal responses to humidity in an agriculturally important species
AoB PLANTS
7
plv091
2015
Pisum sativum (A0A0K1H1P6), Pisum sativum
brenda
Endo, A.; Nelson, K.M.; Thoms, K.; Abrams, S.R.; Nambara, E.; Sato, Y.
Functional characterization of xanthoxin dehydrogenase in rice
J. Plant Physiol.
171
1231-1240
2014
Oryza sativa (Q7XZH5), Oryza sativa
brenda
Tian, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L.
An RNA-seq analysis reveals differential transcriptional responses to different light qualities in leaf color of Camellia sinensis cv. Huangjinya
J. Plant Growth Regul.
41
612-627
2022
Camellia sinensis (A0A2H4X2U9)
-
brenda
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