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(+)-2,3-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
(+/-)-fustin + NADPH
?
preference for (-)-isomer
-
-
?
(+/-)-taxifolin + NADPH
? + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(-)-fustin + NADPH
?
stereospecific for (-)-isomer
-
-
?
(2E)-hex-2-enal + NADPH + H+
(2E)-hex-2-en-1-ol + NADP+
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
(2S)-hexan-2-ol + NADP+
hexan-2-one + NADPH + H+
(4S)-5,5,5-trifluoro-4-hydroxy-4-phenylpentan-2-one + NADPH + H+
(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-phenylpentane-2,4-diol + NADP+
enzyme specifically reduces the S-enantiomer
-
-
?
2,3-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
low activity
-
-
?
2,3-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
2,3-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
i.e. (+)-taxifolin, stereospecific for (+)-isomer
-
-
?
2,3-dihydrorobinetin + NADPH
?
-
-
-
?
2-methylpentanal + NADPH + H+
2-methyl-pentan-1-ol + NADP+
249% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
7-hydroxyflavanone + NADPH + H+
2,4-cis-7-hydroxyflavan-4-ol + 2,4-trans-7-hydroxyflavan-4-ol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
butanal + NADPH + H+
butan-1-ol + NADP+
dihydroflavonol + NADPH
flavan-3,4-diol + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
?
-
assay at 25°C, pH 7.5
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
heptan-2-one + NADPH + H+
(2S)-heptan-2-ol + NADP+
-
99% conversion, 99% enantiomeric excess
-
r
hexan-2-one + NADPH + H+
(2S)-hexan-2-ol + NADP+
-
99% conversion, 99% enantiomeric excess
-
r
hexanal + NADPH + H+
hexan-1-ol + NADP+
74% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
naringenin + NADPH + H+
apiferol + NADP+
additional information
?
-
(+)-2,3-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(+)-2,3-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-2,3-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
low activity
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
30% as active as dihydroquercetin
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
i.e. 5'-hydroxy-dihydroquercetin
i.e. 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
i.e. 5'-hydroxy-dihydroquercetin
i.e. 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
i.e. 5'-hydroxy-dihydroquercetin
i.e. 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol, configuration 2R,3S-trans-3S,4S-cis-leucodelphinidin
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
i.e. 5'-hydroxy-dihydroquercetin
i.e. 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
preferred substrate
-
-
?
(+)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
best substrate
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
i.e. 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol, 2,3-trans-configuration retained
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
i.e. 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan-3,4-cis-diol, 2,3-trans-configuration retained
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(+)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2E)-hex-2-enal + NADPH + H+
(2E)-hex-2-en-1-ol + NADP+
97% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
(2E)-hex-2-enal + NADPH + H+
(2E)-hex-2-en-1-ol + NADP+
97% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-(+)-dihydrokaempferol + NADPH
(2R,3S,4S)-cis-3,4-leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-3,4-leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin + NADPH
(2R,3S,4R)-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
(2S)-hexan-2-ol + NADP+
hexan-2-one + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(2S)-hexan-2-ol + NADP+
hexan-2-one + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADPH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
butanal + NADPH + H+
butan-1-ol + NADP+
176% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
butanal + NADPH + H+
butan-1-ol + NADP+
176% of the activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
highest pelargonidin concentration derived from the E-color culture harboring the Anthurium andraeanum DFR
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76 -
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
best substrate
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
best substrate
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydrokaempferol + NADPH + H+
leucopelargonidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76 -
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
14% of the activity with dihydrokaempferol
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
23% of the activity with dihydrokaempferol
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydromyricetin + NADPH + H+
leucodelphinidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76 -
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
14% of the activity with dihydrokaempferol
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
11% of the activity with dihydrokaempferol
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
cis-3,4-leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
maximum detected levels of extracellular leucocyanidin produced from Escherichia coli strains BL21StarTM (DE3), BLDELTApgi, BLDELTApgiDELTAppc, BLDELTApgiDELTApldADELTAppc and BLDELTApgiDELTApldBDELTAppc expressing DFR
-
-
r
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
?
dihydroquercetin + NADPH + H+
leucocyanidin + NADP+
-
-
-
-
?
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
eriodictyol + NADPH + H+
luteoforol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
naringenin + NADPH + H+
apiferol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
naringenin + NADPH + H+
apiferol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
naringenin + NADPH + H+
apiferol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
naringenin + NADPH + H+
apiferol + NADP+
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
can not reduce hesperetin or 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
does not catalyze naringenin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
stereospecific reaction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no substrates: (+)-dihydromorin, i.e. 3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavanone, and pinobanksin, i.e. 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
isoform DFR1a catalyses dihydromyricetin and dihydrokaempferol with almost the same efficiency, but catalyses dihydroquercetin with a lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
isoform DFR1a catalyses dihydromyricetin and dihydrokaempferol with almost the same efficiency, but catalyses dihydroquercetin with a lower efficiency
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
isoform FeDFR2 catalyses dihydroquercetin about 2 times as efficiently as dihydromyricetin and had least activity for dihydrokaempferol
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additional information
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isoform FeDFR2 catalyses dihydroquercetin about 2 times as efficiently as dihydromyricetin and had least activity for dihydrokaempferol
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
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additional information
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enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
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additional information
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linear and branched aliphatic aldehydes are good substrates
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additional information
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linear and branched aliphatic aldehydes are good substrates
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additional information
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does not catalyze dihydrokaempferol and naringenin
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additional information
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reaction in anthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants
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additional information
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enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
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additional information
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key enzyme in flux control in biosynthetic branched pathways leading to anthocyanins and condensed tannins
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additional information
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key enzyme in flux control in biosynthetic branched pathways leading to anthocyanins and condensed tannins
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additional information
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key enzyme in flux control in biosynthetic branched pathways leading to anthocyanins and condensed tannins
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additional information
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stereospecific enzyme, no activity with substances lacking the the hydroxyl group at the 3-position or with a double bond present between C2 and C3, e.g. quercetin, apigenin, eriodictyol, and kaempferol
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additional information
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stereospecific enzyme, no activity with substances lacking the the hydroxyl group at the 3-position or with a double bond present between C2 and C3, e.g. quercetin, apigenin, eriodictyol, and kaempferol
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additional information
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stereospecific enzyme, no activity with substances lacking the the hydroxyl group at the 3-position or with a double bond present between C2 and C3, e.g. quercetin, apigenin, eriodictyol, and kaempferol
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additional information
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biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin polymers (condensed tannins)
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additional information
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enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
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additional information
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no activity with (+)-dihydrokaempferol
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additional information
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enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
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additional information
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no activity with (+)-dihydrokaempferol
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additional information
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the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanins. But SmDFR also possesses flavanone 4-reductase (FNR) activity and can catalyze the conversion of eridictyol to luteoforol, EC 1.1.1.234
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additional information
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the enzyme catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanins. But SmDFR also possesses flavanone 4-reductase (FNR) activity and can catalyze the conversion of eridictyol to luteoforol, EC 1.1.1.234
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additional information
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no activity in reduction of dihydromyricetin
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additional information
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no activity in reduction of dihydromyricetin
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additional information
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no substrate: dihydromyricetin. enzyme additionally shows flavanone-4-reductase activity, EC 1.1.1.234
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additional information
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no substrate: dihydromyricetin. enzyme additionally shows flavanone-4-reductase activity, EC 1.1.1.234
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additional information
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enzyme is involved in production of leucoanthocyanidins, i.e flavan-3,4-diols, and in reduction of flavanones to flavan-4-ols which are important intermediates in the 3-deoxyflavonoid pathway
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additional information
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no activity with (+)-dihydrokaempferol
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additional information
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the key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis catalyzes a late step in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and condensed tannins, two flavonoid classes of importance to plant survival and human nutrition, overview
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additional information
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the specific residue at position 133, Asn or Asp, is involved in controling of the substrate recognition and recognition of the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of dihydroflavonols, structure-function relationship, overview
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additional information
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DFR prefers dihydroquercetin over dihydromyricetin and only converts dihydrokaempferol to a minor extent
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additional information
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DFR prefers dihydroquercetin over dihydromyricetin and only converts dihydrokaempferol to a minor extent
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evolution
the enzyme belongs to the plant DFR superfamily, phylogenetic analysis
evolution
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DFR gene, which encodes dihyroflavonol 4-reductase, is the candidate gene for the anthocyaninless (ANL) locus in RCBr. DFR shows complete linkage with ANL in genetic crosses with a total of 948 informative chromosomes
evolution
three DFR cDNA clones GbDFRs occur in the gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba. The deduced GbDFR proteins show high identities to other plant DFRs, which form three distinct DFR families. The three GbDFRs each belong to a different DFR family. Phylogenetic tree analysis reveals that the GbDFRs share the same ancestor as other DFRs
evolution
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DFR gene, which encodes dihyroflavonol 4-reductase, is the candidate gene for the anthocyaninless (ANL) locus in RCBr. DFR shows complete linkage with ANL in genetic crosses with a total of 948 informative chromosomes
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malfunction
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downregulation of IbDFR expression in transgenic sweet potato (DFRi) using an RNAi approach dramatically reduces anthocyanin accumulation in young leaves, stems and storage roots. The increase of flavonols quercetin-3-O-hexose-hexoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in the leaves and roots of DFRi plants is significant. The metabolic pathway channels greater flavonol influx in the DFRi plants when their anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation are decreased. These plants also display reduced antioxidant capacity compared to the wild-type. After 24 h of cold treatment and 2 h recovery, the wild-type plants are almost fully restored to the initial phenotype compared to the slower recovery of DFRi plants, in which the levels of electrolyte leakage and hydrogen peroxide accumulation are dramatically increased
malfunction
overexpressing the Triticum aestivum dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene TaDFR increases anthocyanin accumulation in an Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant
malfunction
overexpression of McDFR, or silencing of McFLS, increases anthocyanin production, resulting in red-leaf and red fruit peel phenotypes, while overexpression of McFLS, or silencing of McDFR, increase anthocyanin production, resulting in red-leaf and red fruit peel phenotypes
malfunction
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strain DWRCBr57 with the recessive nonpurple phenotype has a transposon-related insertion in the DFR which is predicted to disrupt gene function. Non-purple strains bear an insertion mutation in exon 4 of the DFR gene. Some purple plants have an insertion mutation in the last intron
malfunction
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strain DWRCBr57 with the recessive nonpurple phenotype has a transposon-related insertion in the DFR which is predicted to disrupt gene function. Non-purple strains bear an insertion mutation in exon 4 of the DFR gene. Some purple plants have an insertion mutation in the last intron
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metabolism
part of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway
metabolism
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key regulatory enzyme of the flavonoid pathway
metabolism
the DFR gene is a key gene late in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, overview. The enzyme is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, and other flavonoids, and also possesses flavanone 4-reductase activity
metabolism
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, McDFR, and flavonol synthase, McFLS, are important determinants of the red color of crabapple leaves, via the regulation of the metabolic fate of substrates that these enzymes have in common. Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plant, overview
metabolism
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dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) is a key enzyme in the catalysis of the stereospecific reduction of dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins in anthocyanin biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis
metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
physiological function
catechins accumulation in tea leaves are regulated by the mRNA accumulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis, which are PAL, CHS, F3H, DFR, and LCR
physiological function
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commits phenolics to proanthocyanidin synthesis
physiological function
DFR can fully complement the potato locus R, both in terms of tuber color and anthocyanin composition
physiological function
DFR expression induces and is correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the petals, induced anthocyanins are primarily cyanidin, along with a small amount of pelargonidin
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
DFR plays a key role in determining intensity and pigment coloration because its specificity and activities dictate the type and amount of the colorless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
synthesis of(+)-catechin by leucoanthocyanidin reductase may be tied to regulation of DFR
physiological function
overexpressing isoform DFR2 in Populus tomentosa Carr improves condensed tannin accumulations
physiological function
overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum leads to color change in flowers, giving much darker pink flowers. Transgenic plants show a significantly higher accumulation of anthocyanins. Overexpressing isofrm DFR1 in Populus tomentosa Carr results in a higher accumulation of both anthocyanins and condensed tannins
physiological function
the enzyme is of importance in plant development
physiological function
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76 BrDFR isozymes are regulated by two transcription factors, BrMYB2-2 and BrTT8, contrasting with anthocyanin accumulation and cold and freezing stress
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is a key enzyme responsible for the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydroflavonols to colourless leucoanthocyanidins
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is an oxidoreductase which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the keto group in position 4 of dihydroflavonols to produce flavan 3,4-diols (synonym: leucoanthocyanidins), which are the immediate precursors for the formation of anthocyanidins and flavan 3-ols, the building blocks of condensed tannins. DFR competes with flavonol synthase for dihydroflavonols as common substrates and therefore interferes with flavonol formation. Enzyme DFR has a strong influence on the formation of at least 3 classes of flavonoids, anthocyanin pigments, flavanols (which provide protection against herbivore, pests and pathogens), and flavonols (which act as sunscreens). DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is an oxidoreductase which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the keto group in position 4 of dihydroflavonols to produce flavan 3,4-diols (synonym: leucoanthocyanidins), which are the immediate precursors for the formation of anthocyanidins and flavan 3-ols, the building blocks of condensed tannins. DFR competes with flavonol synthase for dihydroflavonols as common substrates and therefore interferes with flavonol formation. Enzyme DFR has a strong influence on the formation of at least 3 classes of flavonoids, anthocyanin pigments, flavanols (which provide protection against herbivore, pests and pathogens), and flavonols (which act as sunscreens). DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is an oxidoreductase which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the keto group in position 4 of dihydroflavonols to produce flavan 3,4-diols (synonym: leucoanthocyanidins), which are the immediate precursors for the formation of anthocyanidins and flavan 3-ols, the building blocks of condensed tannins. DFR competes with flavonol synthase for dihydroflavonols as common substrates and therefore interferes with flavonol formation. Enzyme DFR has a strong influence on the formation of at least 3 classes of flavonoids, anthocyaninpigments, flavanols (which provide protection against herbivore, pests and pathogens), and flavonols (which act as sunscreens). DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is an oxidoreductase which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the keto group in position 4 of dihydroflavonols to produce flavan 3,4-diols (synonym: leucoanthocyanidins), which are the immediate precursors for the formation of anthocyanidins and flavan 3-ols, the building blocks of condensed tannins. DFR competes with flavonol synthase for dihydroflavonols as common substrates and therefore interferes with flavonol formation. Enzyme DFR has a strong influence onthe formation of at least 3 classes of flavonoids, anthocyanin pigments, flavanols (which provide protection against herbivore, pests and pathogens), and flavonols (which act as sunscreens). DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
physiological function
dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR, is an oxidoreductase which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the keto group in position 4 of dihydroflavonols to produce flavan 3,4-diols (synonym: leucoanthocyanidins), which are the immediate precursors for the formation of anthocyanidins and flavan 3-ols, the building blocks of condensed tannins. DFR competes with flavonol synthase for dihydroflavonols as common substrates and therefore interferes with flavonol formation. Enzyme DFR has a strong influence onthe formation of at least 3 classes of flavonoids, anthocyanin pigments, flavanols (which provide protection against herbivore, pests and pathogens), and flavonols (which act as sunscreens). DFR exhibits selectivity for the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoid substrates
physiological function
dihydroflavonol-4-reductase catalyzes a key step late in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), and other flavonoids. GbDFR1 appears to be involved in environmental stress response
physiological function
dihydroflavonol-4-reductase catalyzes a key step late in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), and other flavonoids. GbDFR2 is mainly involved in responses to plant hormones, environmental stress and damage
physiological function
dihydroflavonol-4-reductase catalyzes a key step late in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), and other flavonoids. GbDFR3 likely has primary functions in the synthesis of anthocyanins
physiological function
McDFR expression is associated with red color formation in crabapple leaves. Concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols correlate with leaf color, the expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, McDFR, and flavonol synthase, McFLS, influences their accumulation. Enzyme McDFR is an important determinant of the red color of crabapple leaves. The relative activities of McDFR and McFLS are important determinants of the red color of crabapple leaves
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of dihydroflavonol to leucoanthocyanidins during anthocyanin biosynthesis. TaDFR-I complements the function of DFR in Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant
physiological function
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the enzyme expression is strongly associated with anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, stems and roots. The enzyme plays important roles in flavonoid metabolism, protective function of anthocyanins in enhanced scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals in plants under stressful conditions
physiological function
transgenic tobacco overexpressing tea cDNA encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and anthocyanidin reductase induces early flowering, and provides biotic stress tolerance, better seed yield, and higher content of flavonoids, e.g. of flavan-3-ols such as catechin, epicatechin and epicatechingallate. The recombinant plants show free increased radical scavenging activity and better resistance to oxidative stress or against infestation by a tobacco leaf cutworm Spodoptera litura
physiological function
the concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonols correlates with leaf color. It is proposed that the expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonol synthase influences their accumulation. Overexpression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, or silencing of flavonol synthase, increases anthocyanin production, resulting in red-leaf and red fruit peel phenotypes. Conversely, elevated flavonol production and green phenotypes in crabapple leaves and apple peel are observed when dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is overexpressed or dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is silenced. These results suggest that the relative activities of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonol synthase are important determinants of the red color of crabapple leaves, via the regulation of the metabolic fate of substrates that these enzymes have in common
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in flavonoid pathway. Flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase compete for common substrates in order to direct the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins, respectively, thereby determining white vs. red coloration of flowers
physiological function
dihydroflavanol-4-reductase-like protein DFL1 interacts with Nod factor receptor NFR5. DFL1 mutants produce significantly fewer infection threads than wild-type follwing rhizobial treatment. Roots of stable transgenic Lotus japonicus plants overexpressing DFL1 form more infection threads than control roots
physiological function
ectopic overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum enhances the biosynthesis of polyphenols, while no accumulation of anthocyanins is detected
physiological function
enzyme is able to complement an Arabidopsis thaliana Dfr mutant (tt3-1) at seedling stage and to restore proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed
physiological function
enzyme is not able to complement an Arabidopsis thaliana Dfr mutant
physiological function
expression of DFR in Nicotiana tabacum results in increased anthocyanin accumulation, leading to a darker flower color
physiological function
silencing of DFR1 results in a substantial decrease in anthocyanin accumulation, overexpression of DFR1 restores some anthocyanin accumulation. Enzyme is involved in anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental plants
physiological function
transgenic overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum increases anthocyanin production in flowers. Transgenic flowers produce pelargonidin and delphinidin, which are not found in controls
physiological function
the enzyme plays an important role in biosynthesis of flavonoids
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
-
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
-
differences in the fruit colour of the two Fragaria species Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa can be explained by the higher expression of DFR1 in Fragaria ananassa as compared to Fragaria vesca, a higher enzyme efficiency of DFR1 combined with the loss of F3'H activity late in fruit development of Fragaria ananassa
additional information
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the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is a candidate for the anthocyaninless locus of rapid cycling Brassica rapa (fast plants type)
additional information
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the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is a candidate for the anthocyaninless locus of rapid cycling Brassica rapa (fast plants type)
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allele of DFR associated with red color, under the control of a doubled CaMV 35S promoter and tobacco etch virus translational enhancer introduced into the potato cultivar Prince Hairy (genotype dddd rrrr P-), which has white tubers and pale blue flowers
DFR2, DFR3 and DFR5 were expressed in Escherichia coli
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enzyme expression analysis under UV-light irradiation, overview
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Escherichia coli strains transformed with plasmid pTrcHis2-DFR to only express DFR. Escherichia coli strains harboring plasmid pET-DFR-LAR expressing DFR and leucoanthocyanidin reductase
exprerssion in Escherichia coli, Nicotiana benthamiana, and onion
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli JM109
expression in Nicotiana tabacum
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
functional expression in tobacco protoplasts via electroporation, subcloning and overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1, the recombinant Escherichia coli strain shows no enzyme activity
gene BrDFR1, on chromosome A02, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR10, on chromosome A06, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR11, on chromosome A03, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR12, on chromosome A08, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR2, on chromosome A09, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR3, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR3, on chromosome A02, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR4, on chromosome A09, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR5, on chromosome A09, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR6, on chromosome A09, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR7, on chromosome A09, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR8, on chromosome A06, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene BrDFR9, on chromosome A06, genotyping, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, RT-PCR expression profiling of genotypes, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis
M4D235, M4DRB9, M4DU26, M4DU27, M4DU28, M4E380, M4E7I9, M4E7J1, M4E7J2, M4ECU0, M4ES88, M4FB76
gene CsDFR, recombinant overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi leaves
gene DcDFR, genotyping, quantitative enzyme expression analysis
gene DFR, cloned from the capitulum, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis
-
gene DFR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, functional recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
gene DgDFR, genotyping, quantitative enzyme expression analysis
gene DnDFR, genotyping, quantitative enzyme expression analysis
gene GbDFR1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison, phylogenetic analysis, quantitative isozyme expression analysis
gene GbDFR2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison, phylogenetic analysis, quantitative isozyme expression analysis
gene GbDFR3, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparison, phylogenetic analysis, quantitative isozyme expression analysis
gene IbDFR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
-
gene McDFR, relative enzyme expression analysis and quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis, transient overexpression of McDFR in leaves of cultivars Royalty and Flame. McDFR is overexpressed in fruits using the vector pBI121-McDFR
gene SmDFR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis, functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
gene TaDFR-A, from cv. Iksan370, DNA and amino acid sequencdetermination and analysis, quantitative PCR enzyme expression analysis, overexpressing the Triticum aestivum dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene TaDFR under the control of the CaMV35S promoter via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (C58) transfection in a Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant increases anthocyanin accumulation in the mutant
genetic mapping and genotyping, the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is a candidate for the anthocyaninless locus of rapid cycling Brassica rapa (fast plants type)
-
into expression vector pQE-30 UA, and transformed into Escherichia coli M15 pREP-4 competent cells
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
isozyme MtDFR1, from a young seed cDNA library, functional expression in Escherichia coli
isozyme MtDFR2, from a young seed cDNA library, functional expression in Escherichia coli
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
overexpression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes in tobacco displayes down-regulation of the endogenous Nicotiana tabacum dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, and the promotion of anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in flowers with a deep red coloration
quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
vector pC1-DFR overexpressed in transgenic tobacco plants, having distinctive petal colors, showing some variation in their intensity
expression in Escherichia coli
-
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
gene DFR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, functional recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
gene DFR, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, functional recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
into pTrcHis2-TOPO and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10F' strain. DFR cDNA cloned into pRSF-FHT and inserted into Escherichia coli BL21Star to create E-color strain
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
-
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
overexpression in Escherichia coli strain GI724 and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INV Sc1
overexpression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes in tobacco displayes down-regulation of the endogenous Nicotiana tabacum dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, and the promotion of anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in flowers with a deep red coloration
overexpression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes in tobacco displayes down-regulation of the endogenous Nicotiana tabacum dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, and the promotion of anthocyanin synthesis, resulting in flowers with a deep red coloration
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Stafford, H.A.; Lester, H.H.
Flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. The conversion of (+)-dihydromyricetin to its flavan-3,4-diol (leucodelphinidin) and to (+)-gallocatechin by reductases extracted from tissue cultures of Ginkgo biloba and Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Ginkgo biloba, Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Heller, W.; Forkmann, G.; Britsch, L.; Grisebach, H.
Enzymatic reduction of (+)-dihydroflavonols to flavan-3,4-cis-diols with flower extracts from Matthiola incana and its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis
Planta
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Matthiola incana
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Stafford, H.A.; Lester, H.H.
Enzymic and nonenzymic reduction of (+)-dihydroquercetin to its 3,4,-diol
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Ishikura, N.; Murakami, H.; Fujii, Y.
Conversion of (+)-dihydroquercetin to 3,4-cis-leucocyanidin by a reductase extracted from cell suspension cultures of Cryptomeria japonica
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29
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Cryptomeria japonica
-
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Stafford, H.A.; Lester, H.H.
Flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. The conversion of (+)-dihydroquercetin and flavan-3,4-cis-diol (leucocyanidin) to (+)-catechin by reductases extracted from cell suspension cultures of douglas fir
Plant Physiol.
76
184-186
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Singh, S.; McCallum, J.; Gruber, M.Y.; Towers, G.H.N.; Muir, A.D.; Bohm, B.A.; Koupai-Abyazani, M.R.; Glass, A.D.M.
Biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols by leaf extracts of Onobrychis viciifolia
Phytochemistry
44
425-432
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Onobrychis viciifolia
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Martens, S.; Teeri, T.; Forkmann, G.
Heterologous expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductases from various plants
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453-458
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Matthiola incana, no activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no activity in Escherichia coli, no activity in Nicotiana tabacum, Callistephus chinensis (P51103), Dianthus caryophyllus (P51104), Gerbera hybrid cultivar (P51105), Solanum lycopersicum (P51107), Rosa hybrid cultivar (Q41158), Rosa hybrid cultivar Kardinal (Q41158)
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Xie, D.Y.; Jackson, L.A.; Cooper, J.D.; Ferreira, D.; Paiva, N.L.
Molecular and biochemical analysis of two cDNA clones encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase from Medicago truncatula
Plant Physiol.
134
979-994
2004
Medicago truncatula (Q6TQT0), Medicago truncatula (Q6TQT1), Medicago truncatula
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Takahashi, H.; Hayashi, M.; Goto, F.; Sato, S.; Soga, T.; Nishioka, T.; Tomita, M.; Kawai-Yamada, M.; Uchimiya, H.
Evaluation of metabolic alteration in transgenic rice overexpressing dihydroflavonol-4-reductase
Ann. Bot.
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2006
Oryza sativa
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Shimada, N.; Sasaki, R.; Sato, S.; Kaneko, T.; Tabata, S.; Aoki, T.; Ayabe, S.
A comprehensive analysis of six dihydroflavonol 4-reductases encoded by a gene cluster of the Lotus japonicus genome
J. Exp. Bot.
56
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2005
Lotus japonicus
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Lo Piero, A.R.; Puglisi, I.; Petrone, G.
Gene characterization, analysis of expression and in vitro synthesis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]
Phytochemistry
67
684-695
2006
Citrus sinensis
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Hayashi, M.; Takahashi, H.; Tamura, K.; Huang, J.; Yu, L.H.; Kawai-Yamada, M.; Tezuka, T.; Uchimiya, H.
Enhanced dihydroflavonol-4-reductase activity and NAD homeostasis leading to cell death tolerance in transgenic rice
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
102
7020-7025
2005
Oryza sativa
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Kim, S.; Yoo, K.S.; Pike, L.M.
Development of a PCR-based marker utilizing a deletion mutation in the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene responsible for the lack of anthocyanin production in yellow onions (Allium cepa)
Theor. Appl. Genet.
110
588-595
2005
Allium cepa
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Zhou, B.; Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Yan, H.; Homma, S.; Kawabata, S.
Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa)
J. Exp. Bot.
58
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2007
Brassica rapa
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Petit, P.; Granier, T.; dEstaintot, B.L.; Manigand, C.; Bathany, K.; Schmitter, J.M.; Lauvergeat, V.; Hamdi, S.; Gallois, B.
Crystal structure of grape dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, a key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis
J. Mol. Biol.
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Vitis vinifera
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Eungwanichayapant, P.D.; Popluechai, S.
Accumulation of catechins in tea in relation to accumulation of mRNA from genes involved in catechin biosynthesis
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
47
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2009
Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (Q9S787)
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Nakatsuka, A.; Mizuta, D.; Kii, Y.; Miyajima, I.; Kobayashi, N.
Isolation and expression analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in evergreen azalea
Sci. Hortic.
118
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Rhododendron x pulchrum (A9ZMJ4)
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Trabelsi, N.; Petit, P.; Manigand, C.; Langlois d'Estaintot, B.; Granier, T.; Chaudiere, J.; Gallois, B.
Structural evidence for the inhibition of grape dihydroflavonol 4-reductase by flavonols
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
64
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2008
Vitis vinifera
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Leonard, E.; Yan, Y.; Chemler, J.; Matern, U.; Martens, S.; Koffas, M.
Characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductases for recombinant plant pigment biosynthesis applications
Biocatal. Biotransform.
26
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Fragaria x ananassa (O22617), Ipomoea nil (O24607), Arabidopsis thaliana (P51102), Rosa hybrid cultivar (Q41158), Lilium sp. (Q6UAQ7), Anthurium andraeanum (Q84L22)
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Akhov, L.; Ashe, P.; Tan, Y.; Datla, R.; Selvaraj, G.
Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat of yellow-seeded, canola quality Brassica napus YN01-429 is constrained at the committed step catalyzed by dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
Botany
87
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2009
Brassica napus
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Cao, S.; Hu, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Lu, B.
Effect of BTH on anthocyanin content and activities of related enzymes in Strawberry after harvest
J. Agric. Food Chem.
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Fragaria x ananassa
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Lee, W.; You, J.; Chung, H.; Lee, Y.; Baek, N.; Yoo, J.; Park, Y.
Molecular cloning and biochemical analysis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) from Brassica rapa ssp. pekinesis (Chinese cabbage) using a heterologous system
J. Plant Biol.
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Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Q5DNA6)
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Chemler, J.A.; Fowler, Z.L.; McHugh, K.P.; Koffas, M.A.
Improving NADPH availability for natural product biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by metabolic engineering
Metab. Eng.
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Anthurium andraeanum (Q84L22)
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Singh, K.; Kumar, S.; Yadav, S.; Ahuja, P.
Characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase cDNA in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]
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Camellia sinensis (Q6DT40), Camellia sinensis (Q9S787), Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Q6DT40)
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Zhang, Y.; Cheng, S.; De Jong, D.; Griffiths, H.; Halitschke, R.; De Jong, W.
The potato R locus codes for dihydroflavonol 4-reductase
Theor. Appl. Genet.
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Solanum tuberosum (Q8LL92), Solanum tuberosum
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Yong, W.; Abdullah, J.; Mahmood, M.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Melastoma malabathricum and Tibouchina semidecandra with sense and antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) genes
Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult.
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Torenia fournieri
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Jung, C.; Griffiths, H.; De Jong, D.; Cheng, S.; Bodis, M.; Kim, T.; De Jong, W.
The potato developer (D) locus encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that regulates expression of multiple anthocyanin structural genes in tuber skin
Theor. Appl. Genet.
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Solanum tuberosum
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Li, H.; Qiu, J.; Chen, F.; Lv, X.; Fu, C.; Zhao, D.; Hua, X.; Zhao, Q.
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene in Saussurea medusa
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Saussurea medusa (A5Z0G1), Saussurea medusa
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Huang, Y.; Gou, J.; Jia, Z.; Yang, L.; Sun, Y.; Xiao, X.; Song, F.; Luo, K.
Molecular cloning and characterization of two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase from Populus trichocarpa
PLoS ONE
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Populus trichocarpa, Populus trichocarpa (B9GRL5)
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Kumar, V.; Nadda, G.; Kumar, S.; Yadav, S.
Transgenic Tobacco overexpressing tea cDNA encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and anthocyanidin reductase induces early flowering and provides biotic stress tolerance
PLoS ONE
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Camellia sinensis (Q6DT40), Camellia sinensis
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Bulut, D.; Duangdee, N.; Groeger, H.; Berkessel, A.; Hummel, W.
Screening, molecular cloning, and biochemical characterization of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Pichia pastoris useful for the kinetic resolution of a racemic beta-hydroxy-beta-trifluoromethyl ketone
ChemBioChem
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Komagataella phaffii (C4R4L0), Komagataella phaffii GS115 (C4R4L0)
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Chen, L.; Wang, T.; Guo, Q.; Zhang, X.; Song, L.
Analysis on cloning of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene in capitulum of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju and its expression characteristics
Chin. Tradit. Herbal Drugs
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Chrysanthemum x morifolium
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Ahmed, N.U.; Park, J.I.; Jung, H.J.; Yang, T.J.; Hur, Y.; Nou, I.S.
Characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) genes and their association with cold and freezing stress in Brassica rapa
Gene
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Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4D235), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4DRB9), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4DU26), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4DU27), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4DU28), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4E380), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4E7I9), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4E7J1), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4E7J2), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4ECU0), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4ES88), Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (M4FB76)
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Shin, D.; Choi, M.; Kang, C.; Park, C.; Choi, S.; Park, Y.
Overexpressing the wheat dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene TaDFR increases anthocyanin accumulation in an Arabidopsis dfr mutant
Genes Genomics
38
333-340
2016
Triticum aestivum (Q75QJ0)
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Miyagawa, N.; Miyahara, T.; Okamoto, M.; Hirose, Y.; Sakaguchi, K.; Hatano, S.; Ozeki, Y.
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase activity is associated with the intensity of flower colors in Delphinium
Plant Biotechnol.
32
249-255
2015
Delphinium nudicaule (A0A0C6E754), Delphinium cardinale (A0A0C6ENR6), Delphinium grandiflorum (A0A0C6EUC4)
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Wendell, D.L.; Vaziri, A.; Shergill, G.
The gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase is a candidate for the anthocyaninless locus of rapid cycling Brassica rapa (fast plants type)
PLoS ONE
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2016
Brassica rapa, Brassica rapa DWRCBr76
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Hua, C.; Linling, L.; Shuiyuan, C.; Fuliang, C.; Feng, X.; Honghui, Y.; Conghua, W.
Molecular cloning and characterization of three genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase from Ginkgo biloba in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway
PLoS ONE
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e72017
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Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo biloba (I6XNY7)
brenda
Wang, H.; Fan, W.; Li, H.; Yang, J.; Huang, J.; Zhang, P.
Functional characterization of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase in anthocyanin biosynthesis of purple sweet potato underlies the direct evidence of anthocyanins function against abiotic stresses
PLoS ONE
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2013
Ipomoea batatas
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Miosic, S.; Thill, J.; Milosevic, M.; Gosch, C.; Pober, S.; Molitor, C.; Ejaz, S.; Rompel, A.; Stich, K.; Halbwirth, H.
Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase genes encode enzymes with contrasting substrate specificity and show divergent gene expression profiles in Fragaria species
PLoS ONE
9
e112707
2014
Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PTI9), Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PTJ4), Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PV90), Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PVL2), Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PVL5), Fragaria vesca (A0A0A0PXZ7), Fragaria vesca, Fragaria x ananassa (A0A0A0PTJ7), Fragaria x ananassa (A0A0A0PVL7), Fragaria x ananassa (O22617), Fragaria x ananassa (Q5UL14), Fragaria x ananassa
brenda
Tian, J.; Han, Z.Y.; Zhang, J.; Hu, Y.; Song, T.; Yao, Y.
The balance of expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonol synthase regulates flavonoid biosynthesis and red foliage coloration in crabapples
Sci. Rep.
5
12228
2015
Malus hybrid cultivar (C3UZH2)
brenda
Viljoen, C.; Snyman, M.; Spies, J.
Identification and expression analysis of chalcone synthase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in Clivia miniata
South Afr. J. Bot.
87
18-21
2013
Clivia miniata (G4Y3X0)
brenda
Luo, P.; Ning, G.; Wang, Z.; Shen, Y.; Jin, H.; Li, P.; Huang, S.; Zhao, J.; Bao, M.
Disequilibrium of flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase expression associated tightly to white vs. red color flower formation in plants
Front. Plant Sci.
6
1257
2015
Rosa rugosa (A0A097NUZ0), Rosa rugosa, Nicotiana tabacum (A3RK76), Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia x hybrida (Q9M5B1), Petunia x hybrida
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Li, Q.; Wang, J.; Sun, H.Y.; Shang, X.
Flower color patterning in pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.) is caused by the differential expression of three genes from the anthocyanin pathway in acyanic and cyanic flower areas
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
84
134-141
2014
Viola x wittrockiana (A0A024CBV5)
brenda
Tian, J.; Han, Z.Y.; Zhang, J.; Hu, Y.; Song, T.; Yao, Y.
The balance of expression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonol synthase regulates flavonoid biosynthesis and red foliage coloration in crabapples
Sci. Rep.
5
12228
2015
Malus hybrid cultivar (C3UZH2)
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Fukushima, A.; Nakamura, M.; Suzuki, H.; Saito, K.; Yamazaki, M.
High-throughput sequencing and de novo assembly of red and green forms of the Perilla frutescens var. crispa transcriptome
PLoS ONE
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Vitis bellula (H9TZS8), Vitis bellula
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Kaur, R.; Aslam, L.; Kapoor, N.; Mahajan, R.
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