1.3.5.5: 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about 15-cis-phytoene desaturase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.3.5.5
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1.3.5.5
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carotenoid
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herbicide
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zeta-carotene
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agriculture
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bleaching
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norflurazon
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synthesis
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phytofluene
- 1.3.5.5
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carotenoid
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herbicide
- zeta-carotene
- agriculture
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bleaching
- norflurazon
- synthesis
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phytofluene
Reaction
Synonyms
BoPDS, CitPDS1, CrtP, OsPDS, PDS, PDS1, PDS3, phytoene desaturase, plant-type phytoene desaturase
ECTree
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General Information on EC 1.3.5.5 - 15-cis-phytoene desaturase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
using the crystal structure of Oryza sativa PDS in complex with norflurazon, the relevance of homotetrameric assembly of the enzyme observed in crystallo is determined by dynamic mathematical modeling of reaction time courses, substrate channeling occurs of the intermediate phytofluene between individual subunits at membrane surfaces
malfunction
both the albino and dwarf phenotypes of the pds3 mutant result from functional disruption of the PDS3 gene. Chloroplast development is arrested at the proplastid stage in the pds3 mutant. Further analysis shows that a high level of phytoene is accumulated in the pds3 mutant. Disrupting PDS3 gene results in gene expression changes involved in at least 20 metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of many genes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and GA biosynthesis pathways. The accumulated phytoene in the pds3 mutant might play an important role in certain negative feedbacks to affect gene expression of diverse cellular pathways
malfunction
high light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide lead to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. Bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon are known to boost phytoene accumulation in the cells of Dunaliella salina and other higher plants, by inhibiting PDS, which prevents the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene
malfunction
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
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high light stress, red light stress, or use of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor or a mitotic disrupter herbicide lead to the accumulation of 15-cis phytoene but not all-trans phytoene. Bleaching herbicides such as norflurazon are known to boost phytoene accumulation in the cells of Dunaliella salina and other higher plants, by inhibiting PDS, which prevents the conversion of phytoene to phytofluene
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metabolism
maize phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase catalyse a poly-Z desaturation pathway to the predominate geometric isomer 7,9,7',9'-tetra-Z-lycopene (poly-Z-lycopene or prolycopene), and not the all-trans substrate required by the downstream lycopene cyclase enzymes
metabolism
determination of the phytoene isomers in Dunaliella salina by NMR spectrocopy and analysis of the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Dunaliella salina, overview
metabolism
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
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determination of the phytoene isomers in Dunaliella salina by NMR spectrocopy and analysis of the carotenoid synthesis pathway of Dunaliella salina, overview
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physiological function
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phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
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phytoene desaturase is an early enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
phytoene desaturase is an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway
physiological function
three functional units, comprising genes PSY1, PDS/ZISO, and ZDS/CrtISO, are responsible for the synthesis of 15-cis-phytoene, 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, and all-trans-lycopene, respectively. Silencing of desaturase PDS results in the induction of the isomerase in the same functional unit, ZISO. PDS-silenced fruits show a 55% reduction of total carotenoids, with phytoene and phytofluene being the most abundant compounds. All-trans-zeat-carotene is detectable in nonsilenced fruits
physiological function
upon transfer to high light, the transcript levels of all investigated carotenogenic genes including those coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and both ketolases are increased
physiological function
carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of beta-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. Dunaliella salina, similar to tomato, produces predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (over 98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (below 2%). 9-cis phytoene is not detected in any of the extracts of Dunaliella salina biomass. 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in Dunaliella salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene
physiological function
phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an essential plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme. PDS catalyzes the introduction of two double bonds into 15-cis-phytoene, yielding 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene via the intermediate 9,15-di-cis-phytofluene
physiological function
Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/41 (PLY DF15)
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carotenoids comprise a diverse range of naturally occurring stereoisomers, which differ in their physico-chemical properties. Their biosynthesis begins with phytoene, which is a rarity among carotenoids because it is colourless. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate is catalysed by phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase to phytoene and phytofluene, respectively. The subsequent steps involve desaturation, isomerisation and cyclisation reactions to form alpha- and beta-carotene stereoisomers, via all-trans lycopene. The marine microalga Dunaliella salina is the richest source of beta-carotene, but it can accumulate phytoene and phytofluene as well. Dunaliella salina, similar to tomato, produces predominantly 15-cis phytoene isomer (over 98%) and a trace amount of all-trans phytoene (below 2%). 9-cis phytoene is not detected in any of the extracts of Dunaliella salina biomass. 15-cis phytoene is the most abundant isomer in Dunaliella salina and that it is subject to a series of isomerisation and desaturation reactions to form all-trans and 9-cis beta-carotene
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