1.3.1.77: anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming]
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For detailed information about anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming], go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.3.1.77
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1.3.1.77
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anthocyanidins
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proanthocyanidins
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epicatechins
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camellia
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leucoanthocyanidin
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testa
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+-catechin
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flavan-3-ols
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cslar
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pelargonidin
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molecular biology
- 1.3.1.77
- anthocyanidins
- proanthocyanidins
- epicatechins
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camellia
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leucoanthocyanidin
- testa
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+-catechin
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flavan-3-ols
- cslar
- pelargonidin
- molecular biology
Reaction
Synonyms
ANR, ANR1, ANR1-2, ANR1-3, ANR2, ANR2a, ANRa, ANRb, anthocyanidin reductase, anthocyanidin reductase 1, anthocyanidin reductase 2, AtANR, BAN, BANYULS, BEN1, BpANR, CsANR, CsANR1, CsANR2, CssANRa, CssANRb, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase-like protein, FeANR, GhANR1, MdLAR1, MtANR, PtrANR1, RrANR, VbANR
ECTree
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Engineering
Engineering on EC 1.3.1.77 - anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming]
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N185I/G214A
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mutant shows minor reductions in activity. Calculated Km and Vmax values are not given as the enzymes are intensely inhibited by cyanidin concentrations above 0.1 mM
V122A/G214A
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mutant shows minor reductions in activity. Calculated Km and Vmax values are not given as the enzymes are intensely inhibited by cyanidin concentrations above 0.1 mM
additional information
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generation of ANR knockout plants using RNAi, phenotype and growth of ANRi birches, overview
additional information
generation of pyramided transgenic lines overexpressing CsDFR and CsANR is implemented for evaluation purpose in relation to flavan-3-ol accumulation and for analyzing their combinatorial influence on the improvement of overall antioxidant potential, no morphological difference is observed between the CsDFR/CsANR overexpressing transgenic plants generated by reciprocal crosses with each other. No significant changes in growth pattern are observed in pyramided transgenic tobacco lines as compared to control tobacco plants. Both reciprocal crosses do not show significant change in plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves as compared to control tobacco plants, which are measured at the flowering time, but the pyramided transgenic lines show a higher number of fruits/capsules per plant, increased seed yield per plant, and weight of seed (grams) compared to control tobacco plants. Increased transcript expression of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants occurs. The transcript expression of NtAN2 is upregulated by 106-154% in selected lines as compared to control tobacco plant. Improved antioxidant potential under the influence of CsDFR and CsANR overexpression in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants. Phenotype, overview
additional information
generation of pyramided transgenic lines overexpressing CsDFR and CsANR is implemented for evaluation purpose in relation to flavan-3-ol accumulation and for analyzing their combinatorial influence on the improvement of overall antioxidant potential, no morphological difference is observed between the CsDFR/CsANR overexpressing transgenic plants generated by reciprocal crosses with each other. No significant changes in growth pattern are observed in pyramided transgenic tobacco lines as compared to control tobacco plants. Both reciprocal crosses do not show significant change in plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves as compared to control tobacco plants, which are measured at the flowering time, but the pyramided transgenic lines show a higher number of fruits/capsules per plant, increased seed yield per plant, and weight of seed (grams) compared to control tobacco plants. Increased transcript expression of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants occurs. The transcript expression of NtAN2 is upregulated by 106-154% in selected lines as compared to control tobacco plant. Improved antioxidant potential under the influence of CsDFR and CsANR overexpression in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants. Phenotype, overview
additional information
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generation of pyramided transgenic lines overexpressing CsDFR and CsANR is implemented for evaluation purpose in relation to flavan-3-ol accumulation and for analyzing their combinatorial influence on the improvement of overall antioxidant potential, no morphological difference is observed between the CsDFR/CsANR overexpressing transgenic plants generated by reciprocal crosses with each other. No significant changes in growth pattern are observed in pyramided transgenic tobacco lines as compared to control tobacco plants. Both reciprocal crosses do not show significant change in plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves as compared to control tobacco plants, which are measured at the flowering time, but the pyramided transgenic lines show a higher number of fruits/capsules per plant, increased seed yield per plant, and weight of seed (grams) compared to control tobacco plants. Increased transcript expression of flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants occurs. The transcript expression of NtAN2 is upregulated by 106-154% in selected lines as compared to control tobacco plant. Improved antioxidant potential under the influence of CsDFR and CsANR overexpression in pyramided transgenic tobacco plants. Phenotype, overview
additional information
virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhANR11 in Gossypium hirsutum leads to a significant increase in anthocyanins and a decrease in the proanthocyanidins, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-catechin in the stems and leaves of VIGS-infected plants. Anthocyanin accumulation in leaves and stems increases in VIGS-infected tissue compared to wild-type, phenotype, overview
additional information
construction of Tnt1 insertion mutants of gene ANR, two mutants are isolated with Tnt1 insertions in the third and sixth exons, respectively, leading to loss of function of ANR, which gives large reductions in both soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidins in seeds compared to wild-type, low amounts of epicatechin and its 3'-O-glucoside in the anr-1 mutant. The seeds of anr mutants are darkred resulting from redirected metabolic flow from anthocyanidin to anthocyanin. The lar-1/anr-1 double mutant displays the same seed colour as the anr-1 mutant. The anr mutant seeds contain leucocyandin for catechin production, but no substrate for epicatechin production
additional information
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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construction of Tnt1 insertion mutants of gene ANR, two mutants are isolated with Tnt1 insertions in the third and sixth exons, respectively, leading to loss of function of ANR, which gives large reductions in both soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidins in seeds compared to wild-type, low amounts of epicatechin and its 3'-O-glucoside in the anr-1 mutant. The seeds of anr mutants are darkred resulting from redirected metabolic flow from anthocyanidin to anthocyanin. The lar-1/anr-1 double mutant displays the same seed colour as the anr-1 mutant. The anr mutant seeds contain leucocyandin for catechin production, but no substrate for epicatechin production
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additional information
generation of an ANR T-DNA insertion that lack flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins
additional information
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generation of an ANR T-DNA insertion that lack flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins