1.2.1.8: betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.2.1.8
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1.2.1.8
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badhs
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aroma
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fragrant
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2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
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osmoprotectant
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molecular biology
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basmati
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non-fragrant
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scent
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4-aminobutyraldehyde
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medicine
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3-aminopropionaldehyde
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non-aromatic
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aminoaldehyde
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jasmine
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agriculture
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biotechnology
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energy production
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food industry
- 1.2.1.8
-
badhs
- aroma
-
fragrant
-
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
-
osmoprotectant
- molecular biology
-
basmati
-
non-fragrant
-
scent
- 4-aminobutyraldehyde
- medicine
- 3-aminopropionaldehyde
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non-aromatic
- aminoaldehyde
-
jasmine
- agriculture
- biotechnology
- energy production
- food industry
Reaction
Synonyms
AcBADH, ALD10, aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH10, ALDH10A8, ALDH10A9, AMADH, AMADH1, aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase, BADH, BADH1, BADH2, badh2-E2, badh2-E7, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, chloroplastic, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, chloroplastic, betaine aldehyde oxidase, betaine aldehyde: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde: NAD+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, betaine aldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, BetB, dehydrogenase, betaine aldehyde, JcBD1, LcBADH, More, OsALDH10-1, OsALDH10-2, OsBADH1, OsBADH2, PaBADH, PaBADH2, pkBADH, PND BADH2, SACOL2628, YdcW, ZBD1, Zoysia betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
ECTree
1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Engineering
Engineering on EC 1.2.1.8 - betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase
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PROTEIN VARIANTS 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
C286A
C353A
C377A
C439A
C439S
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steady-state kinetic and structure not significantly affected, stability severely reduced
C439V
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steady-state kinetic and structure not significantly affected, stability severely reduced
A441C
A441I
A441S
the mutant exhibits slightly reduced activity with betaine aldehyde
A441T
the mutant exhibits clearly reduced activity with betaine aldehyde
E103K
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mutant enzyme has no activity with betaine aldehyde and 4-aminobutyraldehyde
E103Q
G234A
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
G234S
G234T
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
H448F
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
H448F/P449M
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
H448F/P449M/Y450L
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
H448F/Y450L
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the mutant demonstrates a complete loss of substrate inhibition
L161M/Q162M
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
P449M/Y450L
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
Q162M
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
S290T
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
V288D
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
W456H
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
Y450L
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
additional information
C286A
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cysteine 286 plays an important role in the maintenance ot the tetrameric structure
C353A
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mutant, shows similar inactivation kinetics to the wild-type enzyme
C377A
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mutant, shows similar inactivation kinetics to the wild-type enzyme
C439A
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steady-state kinetic and structure not significantly affected, stability severely reduced
C439A
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mutant, shows similar inactivation kinetics to the wild-type enzyme
A441C
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the mutant demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition by betaine aldehyde
A441C
the mutant exhibited almost wild type activity with betaine aldehyde
A441I
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the mutant demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition by betaine aldehyde
E103Q
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mutant enzyme is slightly more sensitive to inhibition by NaCl but less sensitive to inhibition by (NH4)2SO4. Glycine betaine activates the wild-type enzyme but not the mutant enzyme. Mutant enzyme shows stronger inhibition by choline compared to wild-type enzyme. Wild-type enzyme shows stronger inhibition by isovaleraldehyde than the mutant enzyme.Mutant enzyme exhibits a broader temperature optimum than the wild-type enzyme. Mutant enzyme appears to be more heat labile than the wild-type enzyme. Mutant enzyme is less stable than the wild-type enzyme in the pH-range 5-11. Mutant enzyme and wild-type enzyme are protected by NAD+ against thermal inactivation in a similar manner. Neither glycine betaine nor NaCl can afford protection against thermal inactivation in the mutant enzyme whereas some protection is observed in the wild-type enzyme
G234S
the mutant shows increased activity and reduced substrate inhibition compared to the wild type enzyme
G234S
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the mutant with reduced catalytic efficiency demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition with betaine aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
additional information
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transgenic expression of the enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana to reduce salinity and drought stresses results in improved survival rate, fresh weight, relative water content, proline content, relative electrolyte leakage, MDA content root length, glycine betaine content, and RELs
additional information
recombinant expression in transgenic potato and in Populus nigra plants to reduce salinity stress results in improved proline and chlorophyll content, H2O2 and MDA levels, and in improved content of chlorophyll b, and SOD activity, respectively. Recombinant expression in transgenic Glcine max plants to reduce drought stress results in improved germination index, proline content, and POX activity
additional information
recombinant expression of AcBADH in transgenic Glycine max cv. Jinong 17 plants: the rate of germination is higher in the AcBADH transgenic lines than in Jinong 17, the BADH transgenic soybean lines also have longer roots than Jinong 17 under osmotic stress conditions. The primary root growth of AcBADH transgenic seedlings is stronger than that of wild-type. These results further demonstrate the AcBADH transgenic lines have increased tolerance to osmotic stress compared to the control. The BADH-transgenic lines exhibit a 1.6fold increase in glycine betaine (GB) content compared to the control, and thus have a significantly higher GB level. The transgenic plants also show highly increased drought resistance compared to wild-type. Phenotype of transgenic plants, overview
additional information
glycine betaine (GB) accumulation in transgenic crops following heterologous overexpression of the BADH gene dramatically improves the tolerance to salt, cold, and oxidative stresses. The root system of transgenic maize is more developed than that of wild-type maize, and the data showed the dry root weight of transgenic maize increased compared with the wild-type. The drought tolerance of high-generation BADH transgenic maize inbred lines at different growth stages using the hyperosmotic solution and water-withholding methods are analyzed. Molecular detection reveals that exogenous BADH is successfully introduced into the maize plant genome and overexpressed in three transgenic maize inbred lines. Under osmotic stress, transgenic maize hold better germination ability than the unmodified Dan988 wild-type line. In addition, transgenic maize contain higher levels of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulatory substances compared with wild-type, and thus accumulate less harmful substances and this alleviates the negative effects of drought. Engineered line Dan988-BADH-4 shows the best tolerance, followed by Dan988-BADH-2 and Dan988-BADH-1 while wild-type ranks lowest. BADH overexpression in maize is beneficial for drought tolerance. The agronomic traits of transgenic maize are not affected by the overexpression of BADH
additional information
transgenic expression of the enzyme in Triticum aestivum to reduce salinity stress results in improved glycine betaine accumulation, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, photosynthetic efficiency, and Ca2+-ATPase activity
additional information
transgenic expression of the enzyme in Cichorium intybus to reduce salinity and drought stresses results in improved K+/Na+ ratio, glycine betaine (GB) accumulation, MDA content, and chlorophyll content, transgenic expression of the enzyme in Triticum aestivum to reduce salinity stress results in improved GB accumulation, K+/Na+ ratio, and survival rates
additional information
several truncated or recombinant transcripts of BADH1 and BADH2 emerging from an unusual post-transcriptional process have been found in rice resulting in the insertion of exogenous gene sequences and different deletions leading to the elimination of the start codon, the loss of a functional domain and the introduction of a premature termination codon. Such a truncated BADH2 enzyme can lead to the accumulation of 2AP, the main fragrant compound
additional information
several truncated or recombinant transcripts of BADH1 and BADH2 emerging from an unusual post-transcriptional process have been found in rice resulting in the insertion of exogenous gene sequences and different deletions leading to the elimination of the start codon, the loss of a functional domain and the introduction of a premature termination codon. Non-aromatic rice cultivars comprise a functional BADH2 gene, while aromatic rice cultivars contain a badh2 gene producing a non-functional enzyme because of a premature stop codon. Such a truncated BADH2 enzyme can lead to the accumulation of 2AP, the main fragrant compound
additional information
several truncated or recombinant transcripts of BADH1 and BADH2 emerging from an unusual post-transcriptional process have been found in rice resulting in the insertion of exogenous gene sequences and different deletions leading to the elimination of the start codon, the loss of a functional domain and the introduction of a premature termination codon. Non-aromatic rice cultivars comprise a functional BADH2 gene, while aromatic rice cultivars contain a badh2 gene producing a non-functional enzyme because of a premature stop codon. Such a truncated BADH2 enzyme can lead to the accumulation of 2AP, the main fragrant compound
additional information
transgenic expression of the enzyme in Trachypsermum ammi to reduce salinity and drought stresses results in improved seedling fresh weight, plant height, proline content, relative water content, and secondary metabolites content. Recombinant expression in Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum to reduce temperature stress results in improved PSII efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, induction kinetics, activity of CAT, SOD and APX, and ascorbate and glutathione contents in tobacco, as well as in improved lipid peroxidation, glycine betaine accumulation, PSII photochemical activity, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical levels, CO2 assimilation, PSII photochemical activity, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical and MDA levels in tomato. Recombinant expression in transgenic walnut plants to reduce drought and salinity stresses results in improved shoot height and survival rate
additional information
recombinant expression in trangenic Zea mays plants to reduce salinity and drought stresses results in improved glycine betaine (GB) accumulation, membrane permeability, and chlorophyll content, as well as altered morphological characteristics, GB accumulation, proline content, and levels of ROS, CAT, POX, SOD, and MDA
additional information
several truncated or recombinant transcripts of BADH1 and BADH2 emerging from an unusual post-transcriptional process have been found in rice resulting in the insertion of exogenous gene sequences and different deletions leading to the elimination of the start codon, the loss of a functional domain and the introduction of a premature termination codon. Such a truncated BADH2 enzyme can lead to the accumulation of 2AP, the main fragrant compound
additional information
transgenic expression of the enzyme in Arabidopsis thaliana to reduce salinity and drought stresses results in improved survival rate, fresh weight, relative water content, proline content, relative electrolyte leakage, MDA content root length, glycine betaine content, and RELs
additional information
Q53CF4
several truncated or recombinant transcripts of BADH1 and BADH2 emerging from an unusual post-transcriptional process have been found in rice resulting in the insertion of exogenous gene sequences and different deletions leading to the elimination of the start codon, the loss of a functional domain and the introduction of a premature termination codon. Such a truncated BADH2 enzyme can lead to the accumulation of 2AP, the main fragrant compound
