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(S)-malate + NAD(P)+
pyruvate + CO2 + NAD(P)H
the unique and specialized C4-type enzyme has evolved fro the C3-type enzyme
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(S)-malate + NAD+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
when the R221G/K228R/I310V mutant is used with NADH, the mutant gives 1.2 and 2.7 times higher malate concentration than the wild-type with NADPH and NADH, respectively. These results can be partly explained by the alteration of the cofactor preference of the mutant enzyme, since the half-life of NADH is approximately 1.3times longer than that of NADPH at 50°C. However, the Km of the triple mutant for NAD+ remains 190times higher than that of the wild-type for NADP+
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate + CO2
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r
Pyruvate + CO2
Oxaloacetate
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r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
(S)-malate + NADP+
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?
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
additional information
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(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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?, r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
MEs are essential enzymes for growth on TCA cycle intermediates or on substrates that enter central metabolism via acetyl-coenzyme A, the reaction plays a role in the C4 metabolism, regulation, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
the reaction plays a role in the C4 metabolism, pathway regulation, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
enzyme plays a specialized role in bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it provides CO2 for fixation by EC 4.1.1.39
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
enzyme plays a specialized role in bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it provides CO2 for fixation by EC 4.1.1.39
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(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
NADP-ME provides a high CO2 concentration for Rubisco fixation in the C4 leaf chloroplasts, regulation of isozyme Hvme1, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
regulation of isozyme Hvme3, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
no day/night regulation of the isozyme 2 in leaves via expression level but by metabolite inhibition, overview
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
the enzyme is rate-limiting step for fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi in which the extent of lipid accumulation is below the maximum possible, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
the only enzyme that can provide NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous microorganisms, isozyme E, which arises from isoform D, is associated with lipid accumulation, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
the enzyme is rate-limiting step for fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous fungi in which the extent of lipid accumulation is below the maximum possible, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
major role of the enzyme is believed to be the supplier of NADPH for the reductive steps of lipogenesis
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
the cycling of pyruvate by isozyme ME1 generates cytosolic NADPH
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
the enzyme is involved in glucose-induced insulin secretion, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
enzyme is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in oil seed leucoplasts, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
responsible for pyruvate and NADPH production
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
responsible for pyruvate and NADPH production
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
enzyme plays a specialized role in bundle sheath chloroplasts, where it provides CO2 for fixation by EC 4.1.1.39
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH
-
the C4 isozyme takes part in the C4 and CAM photosynthetic metabolisms, overview
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
the enzyme probably operates in the direction of pyruvate and NADPH production under physiological conditions
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
the enzyme probably operates in the direction of pyruvate and NADPH production under physiological conditions
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
the enzyme demonstrates 4.7fold higher activity in the direction of malate decarboxylation compared with pyruvate carboxylation
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
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r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
Mnium undulatum
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?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
r
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
(S)-malate + NADP+
pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
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r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
-
r
pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH + H+
(S)-malate + NADP+
-
-
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r
additional information
?
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the enzyme is a supplier of reducing power in form of reduced NADPH for lipid biosynthesis
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme is a supplier of reducing power in form of reduced NADPH for lipid biosynthesis
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288898
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288899
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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-
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288900
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288901
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288902
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288904
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288905
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288906
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288911
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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-
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288916
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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AF288917
regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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regulation and physiological roles of the isozymes
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?
additional information
?
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cell-specific regulation and transcription of the malic enzyme gene, cell-specific differences in T3 responsiveness of the malic enzyme gene are mediated in large part by by nonreceptor proteins that augment the transcriptional activity of the nuclear T3 receptor
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?
additional information
?
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one may speculate that in vivo the reaction catalyzed by cytosolic enzyme supplies dicarboxylic acids, anaplerotic function, for the formation of neurotransmitters while the mitochondrial enzyme regulates the flux rate via Krebs cycle by disposition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, cataplerotic function
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?
additional information
?
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Mnium undulatum
-
comparison of enzyme activity in different species under different conditions, significant differences in the accumulation of malate between day and night, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme plays a role in the mechanism of stomatal closure as well as in a potential mechanism for genetic altering plant water use
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?
additional information
?
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comparison of enzyme activity in different species under different conditions, significant differences in the accumulation of malate between day and night, overview
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?
additional information
?
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-
comparison of enzyme activity in different species under different conditions, significant differences in the accumulation of malate between day and night, overview
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?
additional information
?
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-
comparison of enzyme activity in different species under different conditions, significant differences in the accumulation of malate between day and night, overview
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?
additional information
?
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TME is not capable of N2 fixation probably due to a constantly high ratio of NADPH + H+ to NADP+ in nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the specific activity falls rapidly as the fruit ripens
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?
additional information
?
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malic enzymes can reversibly catalyze the NAD(P)H-dependent reductive carboxylation of pyruvate to malate
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?
additional information
?
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malic enzymes can reversibly catalyze the NAD(P)H-dependent reductive carboxylation of pyruvate to malate
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?
additional information
?
-
enzyme belongs to the prokaryotic small subunit-type family of malic enzymes being achieved by a horizontal gene transfer from an eubacterium to the ancestor of Trichomonas vaginalis, enzyme occurs besides the eukaryotic large subunit-type enzyme in the organism
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?
additional information
?
-
enzyme belongs to the prokaryotic small subunit-type family of malic enzymes being achieved by a horizontal gene transfer from an eubacterium to the ancestor of Trichomonas vaginalis, enzyme occurs besides the eukaryotic large subunit-type enzyme in the organism
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?
additional information
?
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enzyme is regulated by light and dithiols, such as dithioerythritol
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme plays a role in the mechanism of stomatal closure as well as in a potential mechanism for genetic altering plant water use
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?
additional information
?
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diurnal effects of an enhanced chloroplastic NADP-ME activity on metabolite levels, overview
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?