EC Number   |
Recommended Name |
Application |
|---|
    1.1.1.2 | alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
synthesis |
- |
| 1.1.3.15 | (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.4.1.19 | cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.4.1.38 | beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.4.1.87 | N-acetyllactosaminide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.4.1.90 | N-acetyllactosamine synthase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.4.1.173 | sterol 3beta-glucosyltransferase |
synthesis |
- |
| 2.7.4.1 | ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase |
synthesis |
- |
| 3.2.1.11 | dextranase |
synthesis |
- |
| 3.5.1.4 | amidase |
synthesis |
- |
| 3.5.1.14 | N-acyl-aliphatic-L-amino acid amidohydrolase |
synthesis |
- |
| 3.5.2.2 | dihydropyrimidinase |
synthesis |
- |
| 4.2.1.84 | nitrile hydratase |
synthesis |
- |
| 3.5.2.B2 | (+)-gamma-lactamase |
synthesis |
(+)-gamma-lactamase catalyzes the specific hydrolysis of (+)-gamma-lactam out of the racemic gamma-lactam (2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one) to leave optically pure (-)-gamma-lactam, which is the key building block of antiviral drugs such as carbovir and abacavir |
| 3.5.2.B3 | (-)-gamma-lactamase |
synthesis |
(+)-gamma-lactamase catalyzes the specific hydrolysis of (+)-gamma-lactam out of the racemic gamma-lactam (2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one) to leave optically pure (-)-gamma-lactam, which is the key building block of antiviral drugs such as carbovir and abacavir |
| 4.2.1.53 | oleate hydratase |
synthesis |
(R)-10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, produced by the oleate hydratase is a precursor for gamma-dodecalactone which is an important fragrance and flavour compound |
| 1.1.1.B52 | 3-quinuclidinone reductase (NADH) |
synthesis |
(R)-3-quinuclidinol is a valuable intermediate for pharmaceuticals. The enzyme can be used for the synthesis of the enantiopure compound |
| 4.1.2.38 | benzoin aldolase |
synthesis |
(R)-benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde using the most stable variant immobilized in packed-bed reactors via the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system. Over a period of seven days, (R)-benzoin is produced with a stable spacetime-yield of 9.3 mmol/l and day |
| 1.5.1.48 | 2-methyl-1-pyrroline reductase |
synthesis |
(R)-imine reductase is a biocatalyst for the asymmetric reduction of cyclic imines |
| 4.1.2.10 | (R)-mandelonitrile lyase |
synthesis |
(R)-oxynitrilase immobilized as a cross-linked enzyme aggregate via precipitation with 1,2-dimethoxyethane and subsequent cross-linking using glutaraldehyde is stable and recyclable. Application in microaqueous medium, superior biocatalyst for the enantioselective hydrocyanation of slow-reacting aldehydes |
| 4.1.2.47 | (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase |
synthesis |
(S)-mandelonitrile production on a commercial scale |
| 1.1.1.47 | glucose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] |
synthesis |
(±)-ethyl mandelate are important intermediates in the synthesis of numerous pharmaceuticals. Efficient routes for the production of these derivatives are highly desirable. A co-immobilization strategy is developed to overcome the issue of NADPH demand in the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) catalytic process. The SDR from Thermus thermophilus HB8 and the NAD(P)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Thermoplasma acidophilum DSM 1728 are co-immobilized on silica gel. This dual-system offers an efficient route for the biosynthesis of (+/-)-ethyl mandelate |
| 4.2.1.30 | glycerol dehydratase |
synthesis |
1,3-Propanediol is a valuable chemical intermediate,which is particularly suitable as a monomer for polycondensations to produce polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes |
| 4.2.1.30 | glycerol dehydratase |
synthesis |
1,3-propanediol, starting material for producing plastics, from glycerol relies on the activity of glycerol or diol dehydratases |
| 1.1.1.346 | 2,5-didehydrogluconate reductase (2-dehydro-L-gulonate-forming) |
synthesis |
2,5-DKG reductase is an integral part of several industrial processes designed to synthesize 2-dehydro-L-gulonate based on the 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid pathway |
| 1.3.1.31 | 2-enoate reductase |
synthesis |
2-methylsuccinic acid is a C5 branched-chain dicarboxylate that serves as an attractive synthon for the synthesis of polymers with extensive applications in coatings, cosmetic solvents and bioplastics. A promising platform for 2-methylsuccinic acid bioproduction is established. Over-expression of codon-optimized citramalate synthase variant CimA from Methanococcus jannaschii, endogenous isopropylmalate isomerase EcLeuCD and enoate reductase YqjM from Bacillus subtilis allows the production of 2-methylsuccinic acid in Escherichia coli. Incorporation of the enzyme (KpnER) into the 2-methylsuccinic acid biosynthetic pathway leads to 2-methylsuccinic acid production improvement to a titer of 0.96 g/l in aerobic condition |
| 1.13.12.2 | lysine 2-monooxygenase |
synthesis |
2-monooxygenase (DavB) and delta-aminovaleramidase (DavA) are co-expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) to produce nylon-5 monomer 5-aminovalerate from L-lysine. PP2911 (4-aminobutyrate transporter in Pseudomonas putida) and LysP (the lysine specific permease in Escherichia coli) are overexpressed to promote 5-aminovalerate production using whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli. The constructed Escherichia coli strain overexpressing transport proteins exhibits good 5-aminovalerate production performance and might serve as a promising biocatalyst for 5-aminovalerate production from L-lysine. This strategy not only shows an efficient process for the production of nylon monomers but also might be used in production of other chemicals |
| 3.5.1.30 | 5-aminopentanamidase |
synthesis |
2-monooxygenase (DavB) and delta-aminovaleramidase (DavA) are coexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) to produce nylon-5 monomer 5-aminovalerate from L-lysine. PP2911 (4-aminobutyrate transporter in Pseudomonas putida) and LysP (the lysine specific permease in Escherichia coli) are overexpressed to promote 5-aminovalerate production using whole cells of recombinant Escherichia coli. The constructed Escherichia coli strain overexpressing transport proteins exhibits good 5-aminovalerate production performance and might serve as a promising biocatalyst for 5-aminovalerate production from L-lysine. This strategy not only shows an efficient process for the production of nylon monomers but also might be used in production of other chemicals |
| 2.4.1.7 | sucrose phosphorylase |
synthesis |
2-O-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (alphaGG) is a natural osmolyte. alphaGG is produced industrially for application as an active cosmetic ingredient. Immobilized preparations of the enzyme on Sepabeads and TRISOPERL controlled pore glass (CPG) supports are useful catalysts for alphaGG production, for they show the same high selectivity in the transglucosylation from sucrose to glycerol as the soluble enzyme does. Up to 90 mg enzyme loaded on solid support to give highly active immobilizate. Product yields of 85% and product titers of 800 mM reach at high reaction selectivity. High productivity (500 mM/h) obtained with immobilized enzyme in a microstructured flow reactor |
| 2.8.2.38 | aliphatic desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase |
synthesis |
3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:aliphatic desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and myrosinase from Brevicoryne brassicae are expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully used for the biosynthesis of benzyl isothiocyanate by the combined expression of the optimized enzymes in vitro |
| 1.2.1.99 | 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanal dehydrogenase |
synthesis |
3-hydroxypropionic acid is an important compound from which several commodity and specialty chemicals can be generated. The DELTAdhaT mutant (deletion in gene dhaT, encoding NADH-dependent 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase) overexpressing PuuC has a potential to coproduce two commercially valuable products, 3-hydroxypropionic acid and 1,3-propanediol |
| 1.2.1.99 | 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanal dehydrogenase |
synthesis |
3-hydroxypropionic acid is an important compound from which several commodity and specialty chemicals can be generated. The recombinant strain SH254 producing 3-hydroxypropionate from glycerol is developed by cloning of dhaB and aldH genes in Escherichia coli BL21 under different regulatory promoters. The recombinant SH254 can accumulate 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol at 6.5 mmol/l in 30 h |
| 1.2.1.99 | 4-(gamma-glutamylamino)butanal dehydrogenase |
synthesis |
3-hydroxypropionic acid is an important platform chemical that can be used to synthesize a range of chemical compounds, such as acrylic acid, 1,3-propanediol, methyl acrylate, malonic acid, acrylamide, and hydroxyamides |
| 4.1.1.102 | phenacrylate decarboxylase |
synthesis |
4-hydroxystilbene is synthesized from p-coumaric acid in four parallel continuous flow reactors, using a 3D printing process with agarose bioinks, and a subsequent palladium(II) acetate-catalysed Heck reaction, with a total yield of 14.7% on a milligram scale. The enzyme shows 38% residual activity after the printing process |
| 5.3.1.14 | L-rhamnose isomerase |
synthesis |
40 g/l L-lyxose is produced from 100 g/l L-xylulose by the enzyme during 60 min, while 25 g/l L-mannose is produced from 100 g/l L-fructose in 80 min |
| 3.2.1.4 | cellulase |
synthesis |
40% higher cellulase activity on filter paper in 72 h is observed with the addition of 1 mM of nickel-cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanoparticles in the growth medium. Maximum production of endoglucanase (211 IU/gds), beta-glucosidase (301 IU/gds), and xylanase (803 IU/gds) is achieved after 72 h without nanoparticles, while in the presence of 1 mM of nanoparticles, endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and xylanase activity increase by about 49, 53, and 19.8%, respectively, after 48 h of incubation |
| 1.2.1.10 | acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) |
synthesis |
50 microg of alcohol dehydrogenase AdhA, EC 1.1.1.2, and 50 microg actaldehyde dehydrogenase AldH, EC 1.2.1.10, in buffer solution (pH 8.0) containing NADPH, NADH and acetyl-CoA at 60°C, produce 1.6 mM ethanol from 3 mM acetyl-CoA after 90 min |
| 1.1.1.2 | alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
synthesis |
50 microg of alcohol dehydrogenase AdhA, EC 1.1.1.2, and 50 microg actaldehyde dehydrogenase AldH, EC 1.2.1.10,in buffer solution (pH 8.0) containing NADPH, NADH and acetyl-CoA at 60°C, produce 1.6 mM ethanol from 3 mM acetyl-CoA after 90 min |
| 6.2.1.45 | E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme |
synthesis |
510 mg of histidine-tagged mouse ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 can be easily obtained from a 1 l Escherichia coli culture. A low temperature during the protein induction step is critical to obtain an active enzyme |
| 2.5.1.80 | 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase |
synthesis |
7-DMATS catalyzes regio- and stereospecific prenylations and can be used as efficient catalysts for chemoenzymatic synthesis of prenylated compounds |
| 4.2.1.30 | glycerol dehydratase |
synthesis |
7.4fold increased production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol in the DELTAtpiA DELTAzwf DELTAyqhD Escherichia coli strain by the expression of glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and aldehyde dehydrogenase |
| 4.2.3.73 | valencene synthase |
synthesis |
8fold improvement in the production of valencene, in yeast co-engineered with a truncated and deregulated HMG1, mitochondrion-targeted heterologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase and a mitochondrion-targeted sesquiterpene synthase,i.e.valencene synthase. Production of the Citrus sesquiterpene valencene in yeast is affected by deletion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase BTS1 but not of phosphatases DPP1 or LPP1 |
| 3.5.1.87 | N-carbamoyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase |
synthesis |
a bi-enzyme process for the synthesis of L-homophenylalanine from N-carbamoyl-D-homophenylalanine with immobilized N-acylamino acid racemase and immobilized L-N-carbamoylase. In batch operation, quantitative conversion is achieved. It is a promising alternative for the synthesis of L-homophenylalanine from racemate of N-carbamoyl-DL-homophenylalanine |
| 1.1.3.17 | choline oxidase |
synthesis |
a bienzymatic cascade for selective sulfoxidation uses an evolved recombinant peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegeritra which catalyzes the enantioselective sulfoxidation of thioanisole whereas the choline oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotianae provides the H2O2 necessary via reductive activation of ambient oxygen. The reactions are performed in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents serving as cosolvent and stoichiometric reductant at the same time. Product concentrations of up to 15 mM enantiopure sulfoxide and turnover numbers of 150,000 and 2100 for the peroxygenase and oxidase, respectively have been achieved |
| 2.4.1.13 | sucrose synthase |
synthesis |
a biocatalytic cascade of polyphosphate kinase and sucrose synthase is developed for synthesis of nucleotide-activated derivatives of glucose |
| 2.7.4.1 | ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase |
synthesis |
a biocatalytic cascade of polyphosphate kinase and sucrose synthase is developed for synthesis of nucleotide-activated derivatives of glucose |
| 3.5.5.1 | nitrilase |
synthesis |
a cascade reaction for the synthesis of optically pure (S)-beta-phenylalanine from benzoylacetonitrile was developed by coupling HpN with an omega-transaminase from Polaromonas sp. JS666 in toluene-water biphasic reaction system using beta-alanine as an amino donor. Various (S)-beta-amino acids can be produced from benzoylacetonitrile derivatives with moderate to high conversions (73-99%) and excellent enantioselectivity (above 99% enantiomeric exess). Great potential of this cascade reaction for the practical synthesis of (S)-beta-phenylalanine |
| 2.4.1.152 | 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase |
synthesis |
a chemoenzymatic model for the preparative-scale synthesis of a diverse array of GDP-fucose derivatives is reported |
| 2.7.7.30 | fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase |
synthesis |
a chemoenzymatic model for the preparative-scale synthesis of a diverse array of GDP-fucose derivatives is reported |
| 3.2.1.B26 | Sulfolobus solfataricus beta-glycosidase |
synthesis |
a continuous stirred-tank reactor charged with the enzyme and operated at steady-state conditions could be a useful reaction system for the production of galacto-oligosaccharides in which composition is narrower and more easily programmable, in terms of the individual components contained, as compared to the batchwise reaction |
| 3.2.1.B28 | Pyrococcus furiosus beta-glycosidase |
synthesis |
a continuous stirred-tank reactor charged with the enzyme and operated at steady-state conditions could be a useful reaction system for the production of galacto-oligosaccharides in which composition is narrower and more easily programmable, in terms of the individual components contained, as compared to the batchwise reaction |
| 2.6.1.116 | 6-aminohexanoate aminotransferase |
synthesis |
a coupled system of NylD1 and adipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase NylE1 allows to quantify the aminotransferase activity and enables the conversion of 6-aminohexaoate to adipate via adipate semialdehyde with a yield of >90% |
| 2.3.1.304 | poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate] polymerase |
synthesis |
a Cupriavidus necator polyhydroxyalkanoate-negative transformant harboring the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase gene from bacterium SC8 is able to accumulate 55 weight% of polyhydroxyalkanoate of the cell dry weight when crude palm kernel oil is used as the carbon source. It produces 14 weight% of polyhydroxyalkanoate when 10 g per l of fructose is used |
| 2.3.1.217 | curcumin synthase |
synthesis |
a curcuminoid producing unnatural fusion protein diketide-CoA synthase:curcumin synthase is constructed. The fusion protein may contribute to further understand the biosynthesis of curcuminoids in ginger but also be advantage to further manipulate the biosynthesis of curcuminoid analogs, particularly including tetrahydrobisdemethoxycurcumin (THBDC) and various dihydrocurcuminoid derivatives in microorganisms |
| 2.3.1.218 | phenylpropanoylacetyl-CoA synthase |
synthesis |
a curcuminoid producing unnatural fusion protein diketide-CoA synthase:curcumin synthase is constructed. The fusion protein may contribute to further understand the biosynthesis of curcuminoids in ginger but also be advantage to further manipulate the biosynthesis of curcuminoid analogs, particularly including tetrahydrobisdemethoxycurcumin (THBDC) and various dihydrocurcuminoid derivatives in microorganisms |
| 2.3.1.219 | demethoxycurcumin synthase |
synthesis |
a curcuminoid producing unnatural fusion protein diketide-CoA synthase:curcumin synthase is constructed. The fusion protein may contribute to further understand the biosynthesis of curcuminoids in ginger but also be advantage to further manipulate the biosynthesis of curcuminoid analogs, particularly including tetrahydrobisdemethoxycurcumin (THBDC) and various dihydrocurcuminoid derivatives in microorganisms |
| 2.3.1.212 | benzalacetone synthase |
synthesis |
a de novo pathway for the production of raspberry ketone is assembled using four heterologous genes, encoding phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxlase, coumarate-CoA ligase and benzalacetone synthase, in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is possible to produce sensorially-relevant quantities of raspberry ketone in the industrial heterologous host |
| 6.2.1.12 | 4-coumarate-CoA ligase |
synthesis |
a de novo pathway for the production of raspberry ketone is assembled using four heterologous genes, encoding phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxlase, coumarate-CoA ligase and benzalacetone synthase, in an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is possible to produce sensorially-relevant quantities of raspberry ketone in the industrial heterologous host |
| 6.1.1.2 | tryptophan-tRNA ligase |
synthesis |
a functional, orthogonal suppressor tRNA pair can prove useful for the incorporation of bulky, unnatural amino acids into the genetic code. Role of tRNA flexibility in molecular recognition and the engineering and evolution of tRNA specificity |
| 1.14.13.22 | cyclohexanone monooxygenase |
synthesis |
a fusion protein that can convert cyclohexanol to epsilon-caprolactone in vitro is created. The alcohol dehydrogenase(Mesotoga infera)/cyclohexanone monooxygenase(Thermocrispum municipale) fusion construct is expressed in Escherichia coli cells. By circumventing substrate and product inhibition, a more than 99% conversion of 200 mM cyclohexanol can be achieved in 24 h, with more than 13000 turnovers per fusion enzyme molecule |
| 2.3.1.212 | benzalacetone synthase |
synthesis |
a heterologous pathway to produce raspberry ketone from p-coumaric acid, including 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1) from plants, is assembled in Escherichia coli. Raspberry ketone is an important ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries. Engineered strain CZ-8 which cooverexpresses At4CL1, RpBAS, and RiRZS1 achieves levels of 90.97 mg/l of raspberry ketone |
| 6.2.1.12 | 4-coumarate-CoA ligase |
synthesis |
a heterologous pathway to produce raspberry ketone from p-coumaric acid, including 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), benzalacetone synthase (BAS), and raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1) from plants, is assembled in Escherichia coli. Raspberry ketone is an important ingredient in the flavor and fragrance industries. Engineered strain CZ-8 which cooverexpresses At4CL1, RpBAS, and RiRZS1 achieves levels of 90.97 mg/l of raspberry ketone |
| 3.1.1.74 | cutinase |
synthesis |
a high enzyme production, high specific enzyme activity, and high enzyme yield are obtained upon expression with a 5% air saturation of oxygen. At low dissolved oxygen concentration, enzyme yield and specific activity increase with increase of culture pH-value from 5.25 to 6.25 |
| 3.4.21.9 | enteropeptidase |
synthesis |
a huge number of therapeutic proteins such as antibodies, coagulation factors, growth hormones or vaccines are produced as fusion proteins. To obtain the therapeutic protein in its monomeric, active form, the fusion partner has to be removed either by chemical or enzymatic cleavage. Enterokinase is a very attractive tool for the in vitro cleavage of fusion proteins |
| 2.4.1.152 | 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase |
synthesis |
a KO line lacking two XylT genes and four FucT genes expressing a human IgG2 antibody shows an IgG2 expression level as high as in a control transformant. The IgG glycosylation profile shows no beta(1,2)-xylose or alpha(1,3)-fucose present on the glycosylation moiety. The dominant glycoform is the GnGn structure |
| 2.4.1.214 | glycoprotein 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase |
synthesis |
a KO line lacking two XylT genes and four FucT genes expressing a human IgG2 antibody shows an IgG2 expression level as high as in a control transformant. The IgG glycosylation profile shows no beta(1,2)-xylose or alpha(1,3)-fucose present on the glycosylation moiety. The dominant glycoform is the GnGn structure |
| 1.1.1.27 | L-lactate dehydrogenase |
synthesis |
a lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta) deletion strain is evolved for 2,000 h, resulting in a stable strain with 40:1 ethanol selectivity and a 4.2-fold increase in ethanol yield over the wild-type strain. In a coculture of organic acid-deficient engineered strains of both Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, fermentation of 92 g/liter Avicel results in 38 g/liter ethanol, with acetic and lactic acids below detection limits, in 146 h. engineering is based on a phosphoribosyl transferase (Hpt) deletion strain, which produces acetate, lactate, and ethanol in a ratio of 1.7:1.5:1.0, similar to the 2.1:1.9:1.0 ratio produced by the wild type. The Hpt/Ldh double mutant strain does not produce significant levels of lactate and has a 1.4:1.0 ratio of acetate to ethanol. Similarly, the Hpt/Pta double mutant strain does not produce acetate and has a 1.9:1.0 ratio of lactate to ethanol. The Hpt/Ldh/Pta triple mutant strain achieves ethanol selectivity of 40:1 relative to organic acids |
| 2.3.1.8 | phosphate acetyltransferase |
synthesis |
a lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta) deletion strain is evolved for 2,000 h, resulting in a stable strain with 40:1 ethanol selectivity and a 4.2-fold increase in ethanol yield over the wild-type strain. In a coculture of organic acid-deficient engineered strains of both Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, fermentation of 92 g/liter Avicel results in 38 g/liter ethanol, with acetic and lactic acids below detection limits, in 146 h. engineering is based on a phosphoribosyl transferase (Hpt) deletion strain, which produces acetate, lactate, and ethanol in a ratio of 1.7:1.5:1.0, similar to the 2.1:1.9:1.0 ratio produced by the wild type. The Hpt/Ldh double mutant strain does not produce significant levels of lactate and has a 1.4:1.0 ratio of acetate to ethanol. Similarly, the Hpt/Pta double mutant strain does not produce acetate and has a 1.9:1.0 ratio of lactate to ethanol. The Hpt/Ldh/Pta triple mutant strain achieves ethanol selectivity of 40:1 relative to organic acids |
| 2.4.2.8 | hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase |
synthesis |
a lactate dehydrogenase (Ldh) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta) deletion strain is evolved for 2,000 h, resulting in a stable strain with 40:1 ethanol selectivity and a 4.2-fold increase in ethanol yield over the wild-type strain. In a coculture of organic acid-deficient engineered strains of both Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, fermentation of 92 g/liter Avicel results in 38 g/liter ethanol, with acetic and lactic acids below detection limits, in 146 h. engineering is based on a phosphoribosyl transferase (Hpt) deletion strain, which produces acetate, lactate, and ethanol in a ratio of 1.7:1.5:1.0, similar to the 2.1:1.9:1.0 ratio produced by the wild type. The Hpt/Ldh double mutant strain does not produce significant levels of lactate and has a 1.4:1.0 ratio of acetate to ethanol. Similarly, the Hpt/Pta double mutant strain does not produce acetate and has a 1.9:1.0 ratio of lactate to ethanol. The Hpt/Ldh/Pta triple mutant strain achieves ethanol selectivity of 40:1 relative to organic acids |
| 3.1.3.8 | 3-phytase |
synthesis |
a maximal level of phytase of 113.7 U/g of dry substrate is obtained in wheat bran based medium containing 5% sucrose, 50% humidity, 7.5% of biomass at 33°C, pH 7.0 during 72 h and a 285% improvement in enzyme titre is achieved |
| 3.2.1.4 | cellulase |
synthesis |
a medium based on starch casein minerals containing carboxymethyl cellulose and beef extract supports enhanced cellulase production. Carboxymethyl cellulose, beef extract , NaCl, temperature and pH are significant for cellulase production. Optimization of cellulase production results in an enhancement of endoglucanase activity to 27 IU per ml |
| 3.5.1.69 | glycosphingolipid deacylase |
synthesis |
a method for generation of novel fluorocarbon derivatives of glycosphingolipids has been developed. SCDase is used to remove the fatty acid from the ceramide moiety, after which a fluorocarbon-rich substituent is incorporated at the free amine of the sphingoid |
| 2.7.1.165 | glycerate 2-kinase |
synthesis |
a microbial production platform in Escherichia coli to synthesize D-glyceric acid from D-galacturonate represents an alternative for the production of D-glyceric acid, an industrially relevant chemical, that addresses current challenges in using acetic acid bacteria for its synthesis: increasing yield, enantio-purity and biological stability, overview |
| 1.14.19.64 | (S)-stylopine synthase |
synthesis |
a microbial system is established for producing a protoberberine-type alkaloid (stylopine) in Pichia cells |
| 1.14.19.65 | (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase |
synthesis |
a microbial system is established for producing a protoberberine-type alkaloid (stylopine) in Pichia cells |
| 4.1.2.17 | L-fuculose-phosphate aldolase |
synthesis |
a multienzyme system composed by recombinant dihydroxyacetone kinase from Citrobacter freundii, fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli and acetate kinase, allows a practical one-pot C-C bond formation catalyzed by dihydroxyacetone phosphate-dependent aldolases from dihydroxyacetone and an aldehyde |
| 1.13.11.39 | biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase |
synthesis |
a multistep conversion system composed of Pseudomonas sp. phenol hydroxylase (PHIND) and Burkholderia xenovorans 2,3-dihydroxy-biphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (BphCLA-4) from is used to synthesize methylcatechols and semialdehydes from o- and m-cresol |
| 4.2.1.2 | fumarate hydratase |
synthesis |
a pfl ldhA double mutant Escherichia coli strain NZN11 is used to produce succinic acid by overexpressing the Escherichia coli malic enzyme gene sfcA. This strain, however, produces a large amount of malic acid as well as succinic acid. The fumB gene encoding the anaerobic fumarase of Escherichia coli is co-amplified to solve the problem of malic acid accumulation, and subsequently improve the succinic acid production |
| 4.1.2.9 | phosphoketolase |
synthesis |
a phosphoketolase disruption mutant harboring the pXylRAB gene for catabolism of xylose lacks the phosphoketolasepathwas pathway and produces predominantly lactic acid from xylose via the pentose phosphate pathway, although its fermentation rate slightly decreases. Further introduction of the transketolase gene to disrupted phosphoketolase locus leads to restoration of the fermentation rate. As a result, the strain produces 50.1 g/l of L-lactic acid from xylose with a optical purity of 99.6% and a yield of 1.58 mol per mole xylose consumed |
| 2.8.3.1 | propionate CoA-transferase |
synthesis |
a platform pathway for the production of widely used industrial chemicals 1,3-diols, e.g. 1,3-pentanediol, is engineered in Escherichia coli. The pathway is designed by modifying the previously reported (R)-1,3-butanediol synthetic pathway to consist of pct (propionate CoA-transferase) from Megasphaera elsdenii, bktB (thiolase), phaB (NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase) from Ralstonia eutropha, bld (butyraldehyde dehydrogenase) from Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum, and the endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase(s) of Escherichia coli. The recombinant Escherichia coli strains produce 1,3-pentanediol, 4-methyl-1,3-pentanediol, and 1,2,4-butanetriol, together with 1,3-butanediol, from mixtures of glucose and propionate, isobutyrate, and glycolate, respectively, in shake flask cultures |
| 2.6.1.18 | beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase |
synthesis |
a prominent example for beta-amino acids in pharmaceuticals is beta-phenylalanine, present in the natural substance paclitaxel (Taxol), which is a prominent anti-cancer agent. Method development for production of chiral beta-phenylalanine ethyl ester, which can be chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzed to (R)- or (S)-phenylalanine. Asymmetric synthesis of the beta-phenylalanine ethyl ester an upscaling, overview |
| 2.6.1.82 | putrescine-2-oxoglutarate transaminase |
synthesis |
a route for the production of GABA via putrescine in Corynebacterium glutamicum. A putrescine-producing recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain is converted into a GABA producing strain by heterologous expression of putrescine transaminase PatA and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase PatD genes from Escherichia coli. The resultant strain produces 5.3 g per l of GABA. GABA production is improved further by adjusting the concentration of nitrogen in the culture medium, by avoiding the formation of the by-product N-acetylputrescine and by deletion of the genes for GABA catabolism and GABA re-uptake. GABA accumulation by this strain is increased by 5% to 8.0 g per l, and the volumetric productivity is increased to 0.31 g per l and h |
| 1.14.12.11 | toluene dioxygenase |
synthesis |
a series of cis-dihydrodiol metabolites is obtained by bacterial biotransformation of the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted benzene substrates using Pseudomonas putida UV4, a source of toluene dioxygenase |
| 2.7.10.2 | non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase |
synthesis |
a silent mutation at residue Ile229 changing the rare codon ATA in Escherichia coli to codon ATT or ATC allows for the fast expression and the purification of the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated kinase domains |
| 1.14.15.8 | steroid 15beta-monooxygenase |
synthesis |
a steroid 15beta-hydroxylating whole-cell solvent tolerant biocatalyst is constructed by expressing the Bacillus megaterium steroid hydroxylase CYP106A2 in the solvent tolerant Pseudomonas putida S12. Testosterone hydroxylation is improved by a factor 16 by co-expressing Fer, a putative Fe-S protein from Bacillus subtilis. The specificity for 15beta-hydroxylation is improved by mutating threonine residue 248 of CYP106A2 into valine. These insights provide the basis for an optimized whole-cell steroid-hydroxylating biocatalyst that can be applied with an organic solvent phase |
| 2.5.1.54 | 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase |
synthesis |
a strain carrying a mutant protein lacking 81 N-terminal amino acids shows an increased 2-phenylethanol production |
| 1.14.19.49 | tetracycline 7-halogenase |
synthesis |
a strain lacking CtcP activity accumulates tetracycline with a yield of 18.9 g/l. Overexpressionof ctcP in Streptomyces aureofaciens leads to CTC production to a final titer of 25.9g/l |
| 2.3.1.206 | 3,5,7-trioxododecanoyl-CoA synthase |
synthesis |
a synthetic pathway for the production of olivetolic acid in Escherichia coli is developed. Through combining OLA synthase and OLA cyclase expression with the required modules of a beta-oxidation reversal for hexanoyl-CoAgeneration, we demonstrate the in vivo synthesis of olivetolic acid from a single carbon source. The integration of additional auxiliary enzymes to increase hexanoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, along with evaluation of varying fermentation conditions enabled the synthesis of 80 mg/l olivetolic acid. Olivetolic acid has various pharmacological activities |
| 1.11.1.6 | catalase |
synthesis |
a total soluble catalase activity of 78,762 U/ml with the extracellular ratio of 92.5% is achieved by fed-batch fermentation in a 10 l fermentor |
| 2.5.1.63 | adenosyl-fluoride synthase |
synthesis |
a two-step radiolabelling protocol of a cancer relevant cRGD peptide is described where the fluorinase enzyme is used to catalyse a transhalogenation reaction to generate [18F]-5'-fluoro-5'-deoxy-2-ethynyladenosine, followed by a click reaction to an azide tethered cRGD peptide. This protocol offers efficient radiolabelling of a biologically relevant peptide construct in water at pH 7.8, 37°C in 2 hours, which is metabolically stable in rats and retains high affinity for alphavbeta3 integrin |
| 3.5.1.136 | N,N'-diacetylchitobiose non-reducing end deacetylase |
synthesis |
a whole-cell biocatalytic process for the environment-friendly synthesis of glucosamine is developed. Biotechnological production of GlcN in Bacillus subtilis is more environmentally friendly than the traditional multistep chemical synthesis approach. It has great a potential for large-scale production of GlcN in an environment-friendly manner |
| 3.2.1.40 | alpha-L-rhamnosidase |
synthesis |
a wild-type alpha-L-rhamnosidase from Alternaria sp. L1 can synthesize rhamnose-containing chemicals through reverse hydrolysis reaction with inexpensive rhamnose as glycosyl donor |
| 1.1.1.16 | galactitol 2-dehydrogenase |
synthesis |
a yeast strain capable of consuming lactose intracellularly is engineered to produce tagatose from lactose. GAL1 coding for galactose kinase is deleted to eliminate galactose utilization. Heterologous xylose reductase (XR) and galactitol dehydrogenase (GDH) are introduced into the Gal1 deletion strain. The expression levels of XR and GDH are adjusted to maximize tagatose production. The resulting engineered yeast produces 37.69 g/l of tagatose from lactose with a tagatose and galactose ratio of 9:1 in the reaction broth |
| 1.1.3.7 | aryl-alcohol oxidase |
synthesis |
AAO is able to produce 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from formylfurancarboxylic acid, allowing full oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. During 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reactions, an inhibitory effect of the H2O2 produced in the first two oxidation steps is the cause of the lack of AAO activity on formylfurancarboxylic acid. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is successfully converted into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid when the AAO reaction is carried out in the presence of catalase |
| 1.1.3.47 | 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidase |
synthesis |
AAO is able to produce 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid from formylfurancarboxylic acid, allowing full oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. During 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reactions, an inhibitory effect of the H2O2 produced in the first two oxidation steps is the cause of the lack of AAO activity on formylfurancarboxylic acid. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is successfully converted into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid when the AAO reaction is carried out in the presence of catalase |
| 2.4.1.20 | cellobiose phosphorylase |
synthesis |
ability of the phosphorylase to utilize alpha-D -glucose 1-fluoride as alternate glucosyl donor in place of alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate for the synthesis of alpha-1,4-glucosides under thermodynamic control in close to 100% yield |
| 5.3.1.15 | D-lyxose ketol-isomerase |
synthesis |
about 60.0 g/l D-mannose is obtained from 400 g/l D-glucose in 8 h by coexpression of the D-glucose isomerase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus and D-lyxose isomerase from Thermosediminibacter oceani in Escherichia coli cells. The system exhibits maximum activity at pH 6.5 and 65°C with Co2+ supplement |
| 4.1.1.4 | acetoacetate decarboxylase |
synthesis |
acetoacetate decarboxylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum can act as a biocatalyst for decarboxylation of levulinic acid in an enzymatic system for synthesis of 2-butanone from levulinic acid |
| 2.2.1.6 | acetolactate synthase |
synthesis |
acetoin (i.e. 3-hydroxybutanone), is a major product at temperatures below 80 °C. Acetolactate synthase ALS, which is involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, is responsible and deletion of the Als gene abolishes acetoin production. Deletion of Als in a strain of Pyrococcus furiosus heterologously expressing an alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514 for ethanol production significantly improves the yield of ethanol |
| 1.1.1.304 | diacetyl reductase [(S)-acetoin forming] |
synthesis |
acetoin(diacetyl) reductase, i.e. 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase, is one of the key enzymes in the microbial production of 2,3-butanediol, a platform with extensive industrial applications in the production of plastics, printing inks, perfumes, fumigants, spandex, moistening and softening agents, plasticizers, and pharmaceutical carrier |
