EC Number   |
Recommended Name  |
Application |
|---|
    2.5.1.10 | (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase |
molecular biology |
farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase as a target for fragment-based lead discovery has revealed that it can be used for fragment library screening and hit validation using an unconventional referencing, suitable when reference compounds are not available |
| 3.1.1.117 | (4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronate---lignin esterase |
molecular biology |
the enzyme may prove a valuable as research tool for the investigation of lignin and lignin to carbohydrates-bond chemistry |
| 3.1.1.117 | (4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronate---lignin esterase |
molecular biology |
the enzyme may prove a valuable research tool for the investigation of lignin and lignin to carbohydrates-bond chemistry |
| 3.1.1.117 | (4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronate---lignin esterase |
molecular biology |
the enzyme may prove valuable as a research tool for the investigation of lignin and lignin to carbohydrates-bond chemistry |
| 1.1.3.15 | (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase |
molecular biology |
the interaction of capsid protein P8 with the GOX of host cells leads to translocation of capsid protein P8 into peroxisomes. The interaction between capsid protein P8 and GOX plays important roles in Rice dwarf phytoreovirus targeting into the replication site of host cells |
| 3.7.1.8 | 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase |
molecular biology |
open reading frame corresponding to the pcbD gene consists of 855 base pairs with an ATG initiation codon and a TGA termination codon, able to encode a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 31732 containing 284 amino acid residues, deduced amino acid sequence has 62% identity with those of the HOPDA hydrolases of Pseudomonas putida KF715, P. pseudoalcaligenes KF707, and Burkholderia cepacia LB400, and also significant homology with those of other hydrolytic enzymes including esterase, transferase, and peptidase |
| 3.7.1.8 | 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase |
molecular biology |
the deduced amino acid sequence of CarC shows 30.3, 31.3, and 31.8% identity with meta-cleavage compound hydrolases TodF, XylF, and DmpD, respectively, from other Pseudomonas |
| 3.7.1.8 | 2,6-dioxo-6-phenylhexa-3-enoate hydrolase |
molecular biology |
upstream of bphC are five ORFs, including bphD, exhibiting low homology with, and a different gene order from, previously characterized bph genes |
| 3.5.99.5 | 2-aminomuconate deaminase |
molecular biology |
nbzE, involved in the ring cleavage pathway of 2-aminophenol, is localized on the 6.6 kb SnaBI-SmaI fragment of the plasmid pNB1 and clusters in the order nbzC-nbzD-nbzE as an operon |
| 3.7.1.9 | 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde hydrolase |
molecular biology |
orf234, encoding an alpha/beta hydrolase, which is distantly related to the meta-fission product hydrolases such as XylF, PhnD, and CumD |
| 3.7.1.9 | 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde hydrolase |
molecular biology |
the Pseudomonas strutzeri OX1 genes coding for toluene and o-xylene catabolism are organized into at least two operons, the one coding for the phenol catabolism displays a gene order similar to that of the Pseudomonas sp. strain CF600dmp operon, includes HMSH, and is coregulated by the tou operon activator TouR |
| 3.1.4.53 | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE4 |
| 3.1.4.53 | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE7 |
| 3.1.4.53 | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE8 |
| 3.1.4.53 | 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
development of cell-permeable peptide reagents based upon the N-terminal region of PDE4D5 that allow for the selective disruption of PDE4D5 targeting to specific signalling scaffolds, namely beta-arrestin and RACK1 |
| 3.1.4.35 | 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE5 |
| 3.1.4.35 | 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE6 |
| 3.1.4.35 | 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE9 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
assay procedure of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution if the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE11 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution of the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE1 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution of the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE10 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution of the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE2 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
convenient and sensitive radioenzymatic assay for characterization and determining the contribution of the various PDE families in cell and tissue, PDE3 |
| 3.1.4.17 | 3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
description of a technique used to estimate the extent of PDE1 activation in vivo by measuring in vitro the PDE activity. The technique can be used to measure Ca2+/CaM-stimulated PDE activity in cultured cells or tissues |
| 2.4.1.65 | 3-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 4-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase |
molecular biology |
the stable system using the expression vector pIB/Vf-His-TOPO constitutes an advance for the large scale expression of glycosyltransferases and possibly other glycoproteins in insect cells |
| 1.3.99.4 | 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase |
molecular biology |
development of a synthetic 3-ketosteroid DELTA1-dehydrogenase for the generation of a catabolic pathway enabling cholesterol degradation in human cells |
| 2.6.1.19 | 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase |
molecular biology |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to mediate inter-kingdom DNA transfer in plant genetic engineering. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a negative factor in the Agrobacterium-plant interaction, because it inhibits the DNA transfer. Generation of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain expressing the Escherichia coli gene gabT, which introduces GABA transaminase activity and the ability to degrade GABA, is achieved to circumvent the inhibitory effect of GABA |
| 5.1.1.8 | 4-hydroxyproline epimerase |
molecular biology |
PrpA can be used as a protein adjuvant in a live Salmonella delivery system, in order to increase humoral responses effectively without major interference on the cell mediated immunity |
| 2.3.1.216 | 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone synthase |
molecular biology |
use of pentaketide chromone synthase for rational biosynthetic engineering to generate molecular diversity and pursue innovative, biologically potent compounds |
| 2.5.1.78 | 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase |
molecular biology |
outside of the cell, the hollow spherical architecture of the enzyme capsid is used as a template for the encapsulation of cargo proteins, such as green fluorescent proteins, and HIV proteases, and fabrication of uniform layer-by-layer assemblies using non-covalent interactions between surface-displayed His6 and Ni-NTA of enzyme AaLS. The enzyme shows encapsulation capability and surface presentation of ligands, which represent the great potential of AaLS as a versatile delivery vehicle |
| 7.6.2.9 | ABC-type quaternary amine transporter |
molecular biology |
opuC gene is transcribed exclusively from a sigmaB-dependent promoter, transcripts originating from the sigmaB-dependent opuC accumulate substantially after osmotic upshift but are minimal after temperature upshift or ethanol stress |
| 2.8.3.8 | acetate CoA-transferase |
molecular biology |
a new degenerated real-time PCR approach to simultaneously quantify phylogenetically different butyrate-producing bacteria based on the detection of butyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) CoA transferase genes is described |
| 2.2.1.6 | acetolactate synthase |
molecular biology |
the G95A mutation of the ALS gene confers highly specific resistance to pyrimidinyl carboxy herbicides and can be used as a selection marker for transformations |
| 2.2.1.6 | acetolactate synthase |
molecular biology |
the gene is useful as a selectable marker for introducing foreign traits into rice when used with pyrimidinylcarboxylate herbicides. The double-mutant W548L/S627I of the ALS gene from rice is not only helpful for introducing useful rice genes into rice by self-cloning as a host-derived selectable marker gene but also can extinguish the scientific concern for antibiotic-resistant genes, leading to minimize public concern for this issue in transgenic plants |
| 3.1.1.6 | acetylesterase |
molecular biology |
postulated PON (paraoxonase) family membership due to similarity to primary structure of PON2, plant strictosidine synthase and di-isopropyl fluorophosphatase, its N-terminal single transmembrane domain, a nine-exon gene structure, a six-bladed beta-propeller tertiary structure, and similar metabolic regulation of gene expression |
| 3.1.1.6 | acetylesterase |
molecular biology |
protein-protein interaction consensus sequence, involved in regulation of both sugar and lipid metabolism, according to interaction partners |
| 3.1.3.2 | acid phosphatase |
molecular biology |
AcP and cysteine protease cooperate to assure vitellin breakdown during early embryogenesis of Periplaneta americana |
| 3.1.3.2 | acid phosphatase |
molecular biology |
ACP5 possesses a central role in removal of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker |
| 3.1.3.2 | acid phosphatase |
molecular biology |
APase activity may affect the tuber swelling by partially regulating the sucrose-mediated sugar resorption |
| 3.1.3.2 | acid phosphatase |
molecular biology |
the localization of an ACP in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interface of arbusculate coils suggests that this enzyme may be involved in the phosphorus efflux from themycorrhizal fungus to the host |
| 3.1.3.2 | acid phosphatase |
molecular biology |
TRAP activity is modulated during osteoblastic differentiation, possibly in response to the redox state of the cell |
| 3.4.22.14 | actinidain |
molecular biology |
actinidin compared with type II or IV collagenase isolates intact human umbilical vein endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and thymic epithelial cells with viability more than 90% |
| 3.4.24.86 | ADAM 17 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
results indicate that oxygen regulates the expression of TACE and TACE may be important for placental development during human pregnancy |
| 3.4.24.86 | ADAM 17 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
TACE may be involved in liver regeneration by pathway mediated with transforming growth factor-alpha-epidermal growth factor recptor in the cell-cycle progressive phase in vivo. TACE production and effect by paracrine may be a pathway of involvement in liver regeneration for the activated CD3+ T lymphocytes |
| 3.4.24.86 | ADAM 17 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
TACE/ADAM17-like proteases might play a role in synaptic formation to generate specific neuronal connections by processing the excess amount of RA175/SynCAM1, a member of the immunoglobulin family 4, located in the non-synaptic region |
| 3.4.24.81 | ADAM10 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
ADAM10 is regulator of vascular permeability and possesses a function VE-cadherin-dependent endothelial cell functions and leukocyte transendothelial migration |
| 3.4.24.81 | ADAM10 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
Kuzbanian, the ADAM10 orthologue in Drosophila melanogaster plays an important role in axon guidance by building a complex with ephrinA2, which is cleaved off from the membrane in a moment of EphA3 receptor binding |
| 3.4.24.81 | ADAM10 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
tetraspanins regulate the activity of ADAM10 toward several substrates. It is illustrated how membrane compartmentalization by tetraspanins can control the function of cell surface proteins such as ectoproteases |
| 3.4.24.81 | ADAM10 endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
there is only a moderate alteration of gene expression in ADAM10 overexpressing mice. Genes coding for pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic proteins are not overrepresented among differentially regulated genes. Even a decrease of inflammation markers is observed. This further supports the strategy to treat alzheimers disease by increasing the beta-secretase activity |
| 3.13.2.1 | adenosylhomocysteinase |
molecular biology |
a coupled fluorescent assay for histone methyltransferase utilizes S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase to hydrolyze the methyltransfer product S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine and adenosine. The homocysteine concentration is then determined through conjugation of its free sulfhydryl moiety to a thiol-sensitive fluorophore. the assay allows rapid and facile determination of histine methyltransferase kinetics and can be adapted to measure the enzymatic activity of a wide variety of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases |
| 3.13.2.1 | adenosylhomocysteinase |
molecular biology |
AdoHcyase overexpression results in elevated adenosine levels and decreased cell viability. Furthermore, AdoHcyase overexpressing cells show different features typical for apoptosis (cell detachment, caspase-like activity, DNA fragmentation), suggesting that cell death is due to apoptosis |
| 3.13.2.1 | adenosylhomocysteinase |
molecular biology |
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B cleaves human S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and induces hypermethioninemia |
| 4.6.1.1 | adenylate cyclase |
molecular biology |
the enzyme is a favorable optogenetic tools for non-invasive, cell-selective, and spatio-temporally precise modulation of cAMP/cGMP with light. The rhodopsin domain from Catenaria is more photostable than that from Blastocladiella, and the signaling state persists longer, both of which are highly desirable traits for optogenetic applications |
| 6.1.1.7 | alanine-tRNA ligase |
molecular biology |
a combined action of ligases MurM and MurN is required in order to rationalise the high level of dipeptide cross-links in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, with ligase MurM showing the major difference between penicillin-resistant and penicillin-sensitive strains |
| 6.1.1.7 | alanine-tRNA ligase |
molecular biology |
the unique widespread distribution of the free-standing editing domain homolog AlaXp is most probably due to singular difficulties, for translation, poised by alanine |
| 1.1.3.13 | alcohol oxidase |
molecular biology |
Pichia pastoris is an efficient host for the expression and secretion of heterologous proteins possessing a strong and tightly regulated promoter from the alcohol oxidase I, AOX1, gene. The transformed cells need to be activated by methanol and grow on methanol as carbon source. With the inducible AOX1 promoter an increase of the copy number above two resulted in a decrease of expression. Combined use of GAP and AOX1 promoters in Pichia pastoris, overview |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
analytically widely used enzyme, e.g. in ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
widely used in vitro, e.g. to dephosphorylate DNA or dNTPs, since the enzyme can be inactivated by a short rise in temperature |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
the purified alkaline phosphatase removes the 5'-phosphate group of a linearized plasmid without showing DNAase activity, indicating its potential for recombinant DNA technology |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
BAP may play an important role in differentiation and maturation of human B cells |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
colchicine inhibits the dexamethasone-promoted translocation of ALP to the plasma membrane surrounding the bile canaliculus-like structure in primary cultures of fetal rat hepatocytes by disassembling microtubules and discomposing the Golgi complex |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
influence of membrane lipid environment on the activity of GPI-anchored enzymes is investigated with PLAP reconstituted by a detergent-dialysis technique in liposomes composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine, alone or in mixture with lipids enriched along with the protein within lipid rafts. The highest Vmax is recorded for a phosphatidylcholine/10% monosialoganglioside, while the lowest for a phosphatidylcholine/30% cholesterol mixture and for raft-mimicking 1:1:1 phosphatidylcholine/sphingolipid/cholesterol liposomes. No significant differences in Km are detected. The GPI-enzyme activity is affected by membrane curvature |
| 3.1.3.1 | alkaline phosphatase |
molecular biology |
relationship between extracellular pH and the release of alkaline phosphatase using stimuli affecting extracellular pH, i.e. heat shock, nigericin, salicylicacid, benzoic acid, fusicoccin, NaOH, KOH, HCl, and the Golgi apparatus inhibitor BrefeldinA is investigated. Extracellular alkaline phosphatase is a sensitive marker for cellular stimulation |
| 3.1.4.39 | alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase |
molecular biology |
is involved in the regulation of IL-8 and CD54 gene |
| 2.4.1.101 | alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase |
molecular biology |
production of rare hybrid oligosaccharides for biochemical and structural studies, 100% conversion of oligosaccharide substrate at room temperature, yield of 42% after purification from reaction mixture |
| 3.2.1.22 | alpha-galactosidase |
molecular biology |
alpha-galactosidase is used as a simple yet powerful reporter enzyme system in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. This reporter sytem has the distinct advantage of quantitatively measuring the level of alpha-galactosidase activity quickly and easily from culture supernatant |
| 3.2.1.139 | alpha-glucuronidase |
molecular biology |
screening instrument to find alpha-glucuronidase genes in DNA libraries in solid phase that enables higher throughput compared to liquid phase assays - screening of 50000 clones per 15-cm petri dish, addition of beta-xylosidase increases signal, the enzyme is important in facilitating the cellulose breakdown for biofuel production |
| 2.7.1.190 | aminoglycoside 2''-phosphotransferase |
molecular biology |
there is a need to develop alternative markers for plastid transformation to (a) extend the species range of the technology, and (b) facilitate the multistep engineering of plastid genomes, for example, by sequential introduction of multiple transgenes (supertransformation). Bifunctional aminoglycoside acetyltransferase/phosphotransferase conferring tobramycin resistance provides an efficient selectable marker for stable plastid transformation |
| 1.3.1.77 | anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming] |
molecular biology |
a method for the analysis of ANR activity using the detection of coenzyme is established |
| 4.1.3.27 | anthranilate synthase |
molecular biology |
use of the feedback-insensitive alpha-subunit OASA1D (N323D) of anthranilate synthase as a selectable marker for transformation of rice and potato, the selection system will prove applicable to a wide range of plant species and culture procedures |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
anthrax lethal toxin treatment of neutrophils disrupts signaling to downstream MAPK targets in response to TLR stimulation. Following anthrax lethal toxin treatment, ERK family and p38 phosphorylation are nearly completely blocked, but signaling to JNK family members persists in vitro and ex vivo. In contrast to previous reports involving human neutrophils, anthrax lethal toxin treatment of murine neutrophils increases their production of superoxide in response to PMA or TLR stimulation in vitro or ex vivo. Although this enhanced superoxide production correlates with effects due to the lethal toxin-induced blockade of ERK signaling, it requires JNK signaling that remains largely intact despite the activity of anthrax lethal toxin |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
Bacillus anthracis represses the immune response, in part by altering chromatin accessibility of IL-8 promoter to NFkappaB in epithelial cells. This epigenetic reprogramming, in addition to previously reported effects of lethal toxin, represents an efficient strategy used by Bacillus anthracis for invading the host |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
celastrol is identified as an inhibitor of lethal toxin-mediated macrophage lysis and suggests an inhibitory mechanism involving inhibition of the proteasome pathway |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
it is shown that treatment of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells with anthrax lethaltoxin induces autophagy suggesting a protective role as autophagy inhibition using 3-methyladenine results in an accelerated cell death |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
lethal toxin triggers the formation of a membrane-associated inflammasome complex in murine macrophages consisting of caspase-1 and Nalp1b, resulting in cleavage of cytosolic caspase-1 substrates and cell death |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
microarray analysis is used to investigate the effects of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin on human neutrophil-like NB-4 cells to identify markers of intoxication. Genes down-regulated after a 2 h lethal toxin exposure include those encoding chemokines and transcription factors. Significant decreases in the mRNA of interleukin-8, CCL20, CCL3 and CCL4 are observed using real-time PCR. The decreases are more pronounced at 4 and 8 h and are lethal toxin-specific. Decreases in chemokine protein levels are evident after 24 h and are sensitive to low concentrations of lethal toxin. Co-incubation with an anti-lethal factor mAb restores levels of interleukin-8 to 100% and 50%, respectively |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
primary keratinocytes are resistant to LeTx cytotoxicity, and MEK cleavage does not correlate with LeTx cytotoxicity. LeTx is considered as an anti-inflammatory agent, however it upregulates RANTES |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
proteasome inhibitors block anthrax lethal toxin-mediated caspase-1 activation and can protect against cell death, indicating that the degradation of at least one cellular protein is required for cell death. Proteins can be degraded by the proteasome via the N-end rule. Using amino acid derivatives that act as inhibitors of this pathway, it is shown that the N-end rule is required for anthrax lethal toxin-mediated caspase-1 activation and cell death. The Streptomyces olivoreti peptide bestatin, which inhibits leucine, alanine and arginine aminopeptidases, protects macrophages against anthrax lethal toxin. c-IAP1, a mammalian member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family is identified, as a novel N-end rule substrate degraded in macrophages treated with anthrax lethal toxin |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
protein expression profile of murine macrophages RAW264.7 treated with LeTx is analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS. Among the differentially expressed spots, cleaved mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 acting as a negative element in the signal transduction pathway, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase playing a role in the protection of cells from hyperproduction of active oxygen are up-regulated LeTx-treated macrophages |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
results suggest that this toxin delivery system is capable of stimulating protective immune responses where effective immunization requires stimulation of both classes of T cells |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
the cellular damage inflicted by anthrax lethal toxin depends not only on the innate responses but also on the maturation stage of the cell, which modulates the more general caspase-1-independent responses |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
the effects of lethal toxin on the transcriptional regulation of the VCAM1 gene, which contains binding sites in its promoter region for NF-kappaB, IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), Sp1, GATA-2, and AP-1, in primary human endothelial cells is examined. Lethal toxin enhances cytokine-induced activation of NF-kappaB and IRF-1 which are key factors in the lethal toxin-mediated enhancement of TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression. Altering the activity of key transcription factors involved in host response to infection may be a critical mechanism by which lethal toxin contributes to anthrax pathogenesis |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
the in vitro effects of thermal stress on the killing of murine macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin are investigated. Heat shock rapidly halts anthrax lethal toxin-induced cell death without any impact on toxin uptake or mitogen-activated protein kinases cleavage, by a mechanism independent of novel protein synthesis, p38 activation, HSP90 activity or proteasome inhibition. Rather, heat shock prevents the activation of procaspase-1 in anthrax lethal toxin -treated cells, apparently by the sequestration of pro-caspase-1 in a large, inhibitory complex. Heat-shocked cell lysates strongly inhibit the active caspase-1 heterotetramer in vitro, independent of a specific inflammasome platform. Results suggest the presence of a cellular, heat shock-inducible, caspase-1 inhibiting factor |
| 3.4.24.83 | anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase |
molecular biology |
toxin effects of lethal toxin and edema toxin of Bacillus anthracis in bone marrow dendritic cells stimulated with either LPS or Legionella pneumophila are analysed. Lethal toxin, not ET, is more toxic for cells from BALB/c mice than from C57BL/6 as measured by 7-AAD uptake. Results support the conclusion that lethal toxin and edema toxin are not uniformly suppressive of dendritic cell function but rather modulate function up or down depending on variables such as the function tested, the microbial stimulus used, and the genetic variation in innate immune response mechanisms in the host cell |
| 6.3.4.5 | argininosuccinate synthase |
molecular biology |
report in which the function of a Porphyra yezoensis gene has been directly demonstrated by the rescue of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant. This technique may provide new opportunities for further investigations into the functions of various genes in Porphyra yezoensis and other macroalgal species |
| 2.3.1.5 | arylamine N-acetyltransferase |
molecular biology |
results demonstrate that human P4501A1 and NATs (NAT1 and NAT2) contribute significantly to the activation of PBTA-type compounds to genotoxic metabolites that induce umuC gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains |
| 2.3.1.5 | arylamine N-acetyltransferase |
molecular biology |
results show that cisplatin inactivates the NAT1 enzyme by forming an adduct with the catalytic cysteine residue of the enzyme |
| 3.1.30.1 | Aspergillus nuclease S1 |
molecular biology |
mutation detection in DNA oligonucleotides based on a guanine-quenching method coupled with T7 endonuclease-catalysed digestion of single-stranded DNA |
| 3.1.30.1 | Aspergillus nuclease S1 |
molecular biology |
straightforward detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in double-stranded DNA by using exonuclease III/nuclease S1/peptide nucleic acid system |
| 3.1.30.1 | Aspergillus nuclease S1 |
molecular biology |
a combination of S1 nuclease with two strands of pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acid is useful for cleaving genomic DNA into desired fragments at targeted sites. The DNA analogue pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acid, pcPNA, has a poly[N-aminoethylglycine] backbone and invades double-stranded DNA through Watson-Crick base-pairing. Through the invasion, single-stranded portions are formed at targeted sites in the genome and cut by the enzyme which hydrolyses only single-stranded DNA. The enzyme's mismatch-recognition activity was high enough to distinguish one base-pair difference in the invasion site. Enzyme cofactor Zn2+ suppresses the DNA invasion by pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acid |
| 2.7.4.1 | ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase |
molecular biology |
power of ppk1 as a genetic marker for detection of all currently defined Candidatus Accumulibacter clades |
| 1.14.14.3 | bacterial luciferase |
molecular biology |
enzyme can be used to monitor changes in gene expression as a reporter system in slow-growing mycobacteria, i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra, determination of recombinant enzyme decay rate |
| 1.14.14.3 | bacterial luciferase |
molecular biology |
the enzyme is used as a reporter system tool for analysis of promoter and gene expression activity, overview |
| 2.4.1.102 | beta-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase |
molecular biology |
beta-D-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-p-nitrophenyl and other nitrophenyl-sugar-derivatives are useful as specific inhibitors and as affinity label |
| 3.2.1.2 | beta-amylase |
molecular biology |
usage of beta-amylase phylogenetic signal to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the Pooid grasses. Phylogenetic relationships of 37 grass species (26% of the sampled species) highlight the frequent occurrence of non-treelike evolutionary events, so this LCNG should be used with caution as a phylogenetic marker |
| 3.7.1.7 | beta-diketone hydrolase |
molecular biology |
exhibits 63% identity with OPH of Pseudomonas sp. strain VM15C and 29-32% identity with the polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerases from Mesorhizobium loti, Rhizobium sp. and Sinorhizobium meliloti |
| 3.2.1.146 | beta-galactofuranosidase |
molecular biology |
labeled substrate to detect galactofuranosidase activity, galactofuranose metabolism is a potential target for chemotherapeutic agents to fight microbial infections |
| 3.2.1.23 | beta-galactosidase |
molecular biology |
senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity is a widely used biomarker for assessing replicative sensescence in mammalian cells. Quantitative assay of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in mammalian cell extracts. The assay is capable of detecting relatively subtle changes in activity and confirms that confluency and contact inhibition of growth can cause a small increase in the expression of this biomarker. The assay for measuring senescence-associated changes in beta-galactosidase is suitable for mechanistic studies of senescence regulation in which graduated changes in biomarker expression may be anticipated |
| 3.2.1.23 | beta-galactosidase |
molecular biology |
expression of bgaH under the control of various halobacterial promoters of known strength leads to different specific beta-galactosidase activities in the lysates. Using Northern blot hybridization and semiquantitative RT-PCR, it is shown that the bgaH transcript level corresponds to the specific enzyme activity. Therefore, the bgaH gene of Haloferax alicantei is a useful tool for in vivo studies of gene expression in Halobacterium salinarum and possibly other halophilic Archaea |
