EC Number   |
Recommended Name |
Application |
|---|
    1.1.1.2 | alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
detoxification of eutypine toxin from Eutypa lata, the causal agent of Eutypa dieback in the grapevine Vitis vinifera |
| 1.1.1.3 | homoserine dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
enzyme HSD is used in the development of pesticides |
| 1.1.1.11 | D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
the gene can be expressed in agronomic plants to withstand abiotic stresses |
| 1.1.1.14 | L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase is less abundant in fruit treated with a ratio of red and blue light of 3:1 than in control fruit. With the exception of xylose isomerase and L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase, genes exhibit very similar expression patterns between their mRNA and protein levels upon treatment with different light quality combinations |
| 1.1.1.17 | mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
Petunia hybrida (Hook) Vilm. cv. Mitchell is transformed with an Escherichia coli gene encoding mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase. The high-mannitol containing lines are more tolerant of chilling stress than the low mannitol containing transgenic lines and wild-type. In the higher mannitol lines only 0.04% to 0.06% of the total osmotic potential generated from all solutes can be attributed to mannitol, thus its action is more like that of an osmoprotectant rather than an osmoregulator. Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant synthesis pathways can be used to improve stress tolerance in horticultural crops |
| 1.1.1.22 | UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
changes in the mRNA level during peach fruit development correspond to changes in the amount of cell wall material and the cell wall uronic acid content. These are greater in the fruits of the commercial cultivars compared with the Japanese native peach cultivars, and the expression of enzyme is higher in the fruits of the commercial cultivars |
| 1.1.1.25 | shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
the enzyme is a target for the development of herbicides and antimicrobial agents |
| 1.1.1.27 | L-lactate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
L-leucine depletion decreases the proteins synthesis, and also decreases L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain mRNA expression in bovine mammary alveolar cells |
| 1.1.1.37 | malate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
swine respiratory pathogen is the etiological agent of Glaesser's disease, swine industry economic losses worldwide |
| 1.1.1.44 | phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent, decarboxylating) |
agriculture |
when temperature-stable forms of of the enzyme (PGD1 and PGD2) are expressed in maize endosperm plastids, this increases enzyme activity and mitigates the reduction in grain yield that occurred in control plants exposed to elevated temperatures at night. This genetic improvement could be included as part of integrated approaches to mitigate yield losses due to climate change |
| 1.1.1.82 | malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
changes in malate concentration and activity of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase are the effect of Botrytis cinerea infection of C3 or CAM-performing Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants. Biotic stress applied on C3 plants leads to increase in malate concentration during the night and in consequence lead to increase in malate day/night fluctuations in infected leaves on the 2nd day post infection. It corresponds with induction of an additional isoform of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, NADP-ME3. On the contrary, CAM-performing plants exhibit a decrease in malate concentration and a decay in its diurnal fluctuations as a reaction to Botrytis cinerea infection. This correlates with significant decrease in activities of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase isoforms |
| 1.1.1.94 | glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] |
agriculture |
in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines with a feedback-resistant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli, feedback-resistant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is detected in the cytosol, but augmented glycerol-3-phosphate levels are observed in the cytosol as well as in chloroplasts. Glycerolipid composition and fatty acid positional distribution analyses reveal an altered fatty acid flux that affects not only the molar ratios of glycerolipid species but also their fatty acid composition. Changes in glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism cause altered expression of a broad array of genes. Transcript levels of the enzymes involved in the prokaryotic pathway are mostly induced, whereas genes of the eukaryotic pathway enzymes are largely suppressed |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
gene GH2 can be useful in engineering of rice, to optimize the important crop plant |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
treament of leaves with cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor [[(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino]sulphinyl] acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester has no effect on resistance against Puccinia hordei infection |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
treament of leaves with cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor [[(2-hydroxyphenyl) amino]sulphinyl] acetic acid, 1.1 dimethyl ester results in reduced penetration resistance against Puccinia hordei infection |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
putative single nucleotide polymorphisms can be developed as single nucleotide polymorphisms markers for quantitative trait loci detection in Acacia hybrid mapping populations after validation using segregation analysis. Selecting favourable alleles from progenies which produce desirable lignin profiles will be advantageous in tree breeding programmes for plantation establishment |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
cultivar My5514 is resistant to Sporisorium scitamineum, whereas B42231 is susceptible to the pathogen. Inoculation of sugarcane stems elicits lignification and produces significant increases of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Production of lignin increases about 29% in the resistant cultivar and only 13% in the susceptible cultivar after inoculation |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
cultivar My5514 is resistant to Sporisorium scitamineum, whereas B42231 is susceptible to the pathogen. Inoculation of sugarcane stems elicits lignification and produces significant increases of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase. Production of lignin increases about 29% in the resistant cultivar and only 13% in the susceptible cultivar after inoculation. The resistance of My5514 to Sporisorium scitamineum is likely derived, at least in part, to a marked increase of lignin concentration by the activation of coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase and sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-das1 contains an insertion, which results in a truncated protein of 48amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-das1 are reduced by 91%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 24% |
| 1.1.1.195 | cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-ref contains a two-nucleotide insertion in the 3rd exon, which results in a truncated protein of 147 amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-ref are reduced by 86%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 30% |
| 1.1.1.207 | (-)-menthol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
transcript level of menthol dehydrogenase/menthone reductase is highly upregulated in plants treated with calliterpenone, leading to increased content of menthone and menthol in oil |
| 1.1.1.207 | (-)-menthol dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
water stress decreases the gene expression levels of pulegone reductase and menthol dehydrogenase, but increases the expression of trans-isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, isopiperitenone reductase and menthofuran synthase. The most of essential oil components (menthol, menthofuran, and plugene) are positively correlated with genes expression. Drought stress induces increasing contents of pulegone and menthofuran and reduces menthol percentages |
| 1.1.1.216 | farnesol dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
recombinant farnesol dehydrogenase may provide a useful molecular tool in manipulating juvenile hormone biosynthesis to generate transgenic plants for pest control |
| 1.1.1.219 | dihydroflavonol 4-reductase |
agriculture |
flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase are expressed in progeny with colored tuber skin, while dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and flavonoid 3,5-hydroxylase are not expressed, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase is only weakly expressed, in progeny with white tuber skin. Expression is regulated by transcription factor Stan2 |
| 1.1.1.219 | dihydroflavonol 4-reductase |
agriculture |
genetic transformation of Melastoma malabathricum and Tibouchina semidecandra, with sense and antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Approximately 4.0% of shoots and 6.7% of nodes for Melastoma malabathricum regenerate after transforming with sense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, whereas only 3.7% of shoots and 5.3% of nodes regenerate with antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene transformation. For the selection of Tibouchina semidecandra, 5.3% of shoots and 9.3% of nodes regenerate with sense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene transformation, while only 4.7% of shoots and 8.3% of nodes regenerate after being transformed with antisense dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene. The colour changes caused by transformation are observed at the budding stage of putative Tibouchina semidecandra transformants The production of four-petal flowers also indicates another morphological difference of putative Tibouchina semidecandra transformants from the wild type plants which produce five-petal flowers |
| 1.1.1.224 | mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase |
agriculture |
enzyme is a target for herbizide treatment |
| 1.1.1.224 | mannose-6-phosphate 6-reductase |
agriculture |
transformation of mannose-6-phosphate reductase gene into Arabidopsis and tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase can act as a selectable marker gene in either a positive or a negative selection mode depending on the plant species. On medium containing 2 g/l mannose, transgenic seeds germinate, whereas wild type seeds did not. Mannose at 30 g/l blanches leaf explants from all 29 transgenic tobacco events with mannose-6-phosphate reductase. In contrast, 30 g/l mannose does not inhibit shoot regeneration from leaf explants of wild-type or transgenic plants with either an antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or a plasmid control. Mannose at 30 g/l inhibits seed germination of transgenic tobacco seeds with mannose-6-phosphate reductase but not that of wild-type or transgenic tobacco with either the antisense mannose-6-phosphate reductase or the plasmid control |
| 1.1.1.252 | tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase |
agriculture |
the effect of melanin inhibitors on the enzyme activity can be used to predict their effect in preventing rice blast disease |
| 1.1.1.252 | tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase |
agriculture |
loss of efficacy of tricyclazole for the control of rice blast disease in the field is not due to resistance to tricyclazole |
| 1.1.1.282 | quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] |
agriculture |
development of novel herbicides |
| 1.1.3.4 | glucose oxidase |
agriculture |
the enzyme can be used as pest control agent against Ephestia kuehniella. The enzyme shows approximately similar damage on the Ephestia kuehniella midgut including rupture and disintegration of the epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization |
| 1.1.3.4 | glucose oxidase |
agriculture |
the enzyme shows antifungal activity. It could become a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides to control certain important plant microbial diseases. The enzyme displays a wide inhibitory spectrum toward different fungi at a concentration of 20 AU. It has a strong inhibitor effect on mycelia growth and spore germination of Pythium ultimum |
| 1.1.3.6 | cholesterol oxidase |
agriculture |
strain A19249, enzyme exhibits a potent insecticidal activity |
| 1.1.3.6 | cholesterol oxidase |
agriculture |
recombinant expression in plants gives insect resistance |
| 1.1.3.15 | (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase |
agriculture |
inoculation of plants with Pseudomonas syringae increases photorespiration rate and expression of glycolate oxidase (GOX2), serine glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGT) and serine hydroxyl methyltransferase (SHMT1). Silencing of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 genes in tomato decreases photorespiration but increases susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, whereas transient overexpression of GOX2, SGT or SHMT1 in tobacco increases basal defence. Salicylic acid signalling is involved in GOX2-mediated, SGT-mediated and SHMT1-mediated defence. H2O2 pretreatment remarkably alleviates the GOX2 silencing-induced depression in basal defence and salicylic acid signalling |
| 1.1.3.17 | choline oxidase |
agriculture |
transformation enables the plants to accumulate glycinebetaine in chloroplasts and significantly enhances the freezing tolerance of plants |
| 1.1.3.17 | choline oxidase |
agriculture |
introducing of the codA gene into a cereal crop allows the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine by transgenic plants without any need for an exogenous supply of choline or glycinebetaine aldehyde |
| 1.1.3.17 | choline oxidase |
agriculture |
expression of CodA in potato plastid genome results in much higher mRNA level of CodA in leaves than in tubers. Glycine betaine accumulates in similar levels in both leaves and tubers of CodA-transplastomic potato plants. The glycine betaine content is moderately increased in transgenic plants, and compartmentation of glycine betaine in plastids confers considerably higher tolerance to drought stress compared to wild-type plants, with higher levels of relative water content and chlorophyll content under drought stress. Transplastomic plants present a significantly higher photosynthetic performance as well as antioxidant enzyme activities during drought stress |
| 1.2.1.8 | betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
gene expression under the control of inducible promoters is preferred in any strategy to produce transgenic plants with transgene-mediated improvements in resistance to salt. |
| 1.2.1.8 | betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
potential application, genetic engineering results in enhanced tolerance of growth of young seedlings to salt stress. Results of investigation shows that transformation with the BADH gene may benefit efforts to improve crop yields in saline, arid and semi-arid regions where plants suffer salt stress |
| 1.2.1.8 | betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
potential: the BADH gene can be cloned from Leymus chinensis under stress treatment, which indicates that its expression and regulation may play an important role in stress tolerance. Therefore, it can be transformed into other plants to obtain transgenic species with a high saline-alkali tolerance by biotechnology; as a result, it can speed up the recovering and rebuilding of saline-alkaline grassland |
| 1.2.1.12 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) |
agriculture |
cadmium-induced stress in seedlings roots induces nitric oxide accumulation, cytosolic oxidation, activation of the GAPC1 promoter, GAPC1 protein accumulation in enzymatically inactive form, and strong relocalization of GAPC1 to the nucleus. All the effects are detected in the same zone of the root tip. In vitro, GAPC1 is inactivated by either nitric oxide donors or hydrogen peroxide, but no inhibition is directly provided by cadmium |
| 1.2.1.44 | cinnamoyl-CoA reductase |
agriculture |
rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear |
| 1.2.1.88 | L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
possible target for upleveled nitrogen usage in commercial mushroom breeding |
| 1.2.3.4 | oxalate oxidase |
agriculture |
overexpression of oxalate oxidase provides a new strategy for induction of antioxidative defense system against cellular ROS accumulation and for protection of crops from stress injury |
| 1.2.3.4 | oxalate oxidase |
agriculture |
expression of barley oxalate oxidase gene confers stable resistance against stem rot in productive and highly susceptible Brassica juncea cv Varuna under field conditions. Stable, single-copy transgenic lines exhibit a significant reduction in the rate of lesion expansion reproducibly over the three-generation i.e. T2, T3, and T4 respectively. The enhanced resistance in the transgenic lines correlated with high oxalate oxidase activity, accumulation of higher levels of H2O2, and robust activation of defense responsive genes upon infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
| 1.2.3.4 | oxalate oxidase |
agriculture |
oxalate oxidases OXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 positively regulate panicle blast resistance in rice. The OXO genes can modulate the accumulation of H2O2 and expression levels of pathogenesis-related gene in plants. The OXO genes-mediated panicle blast resistance can be regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and may be associated with the activation of jasmonic acid and abscisic acid signaling pathways but suppression of the salicylic acid signaling pathway |
| 1.2.4.1 | pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) |
agriculture |
mutation of promoter binding protein SPL16/GW8 leads to upregulation of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. SPL16 mutations have the potential to boost the grain yield of rice |
| 1.3.1.70 | DELTA14-sterol reductase |
agriculture |
target for important antifungal agents for use in the control of plant diseases |
| 1.3.1.72 | DELTA24-sterol reductase |
agriculture |
inhibition of phytosterol metabolism to cholesterol by interfering with DELTA24-sterol reductase activity presents a unique target site that might be exploited further as a selective, biorational insect-control technology |
| 1.3.3.4 | protoporphyrinogen oxidase |
agriculture |
enzyme is a target for light-dependent peroxidizing herbicides |
| 1.3.3.4 | protoporphyrinogen oxidase |
agriculture |
Protox is one of the most important action targets of herbicides |
| 1.3.3.4 | protoporphyrinogen oxidase |
agriculture |
protoporphyrinogen oxidase is the action target for several structurally diverse herbicides |
| 1.3.3.4 | protoporphyrinogen oxidase |
agriculture |
the enzyme is a herbicidal target |
| 1.3.5.5 | 15-cis-phytoene desaturase |
agriculture |
the Thr304 Hydrilla pds mutant is an excellent marker for the selection of transgenic plants. Seedlings harbouring Thr304 pds have a maximum resistance to sensitivity (R/S) ratio of 57 and 14 times higher than that of the wild-type for treatments with norflurazon and fluridone, respectively. These plants exhibit normal growth and development, even after long-term exposure to herbicide. As Thr304 pds is of plant origin, it could become more acceptable than other selectable markers for use in genetically modified food |
| 1.3.5.5 | 15-cis-phytoene desaturase |
agriculture |
fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date |
| 1.3.5.5 | 15-cis-phytoene desaturase |
agriculture |
phytoene desaturase is a prominent target of certain inhibitors, such as norflurazon, acting as bleaching herbicides |
| 1.3.5.6 | 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase |
agriculture |
fruit treated with 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole appear more yellow and/or orange than ethephon or control fruit at any harvest date |
| 1.3.7.12 | red chlorophyll catabolite reductase |
agriculture |
economically important plants overexpressing ACD2 might also show increased tolerance to pathogens and might be useful for increasing crop yields |
| 1.4.1.2 | glutamate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
GDH genes involved in leaf senescence are also a component of the plant defence response during plantpathogen interaction, GDH behaves like a non-specific stress-related gene |
| 1.4.1.2 | glutamate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
plays some role in triticale plants defence against effects of different types of environmental stresses |
| 1.4.1.2 | glutamate dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
a high-copy number of the GDH2-encoded NADH-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene stimulates growth at 15°C, while overexpression of NADPH-specific GDH1 has detrimental effects. Total cellular NAD levels are a limiting factor for growth at low temperature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Increasing NADH oxidation by overexpression of GDH2 may help to avoid perturbations in the redox metabolism induced by a higher fermentative/oxidative balance at low temperature. Overexpression of GDH2 increases notably the cold growth in the wine yeast strain QA23 in both standard growth medium and synthetic grape must |
| 1.4.1.4 | glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
expression in Oryza sativa. At the seedling stage, the leaf area and shoot and root dry weights of the high gdhA-expressors are higher than those of control plants under both high (high N) and low nitrogen (low N) conditions. The net photosynthesis rate at the heading stage is higher in transgenic than in control leaves. Under both high and low N conditions, the nitrogen contents in the shoots and roots, at seedling and grain-harvest stages, are significantly higher in high gdhA-expressors than in control plants. At the harvest stage, the high gdhA-expressors exhibit greater panicle and spikelet numbers per plant compared with control plants, resulting in higher grain weight. In addition, gdhA expression in forage rice significantly enhances their tolerance to salt stress compared to control plants |
| 1.4.1.4 | glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) |
agriculture |
enzyme TrGDH is a promising candidate gene for maintaining or improving yields in crop plants via genetic engineering |
| 1.4.1.14 | glutamate synthase (NADH) |
agriculture |
in Phe-supplied poplars, decreased enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase and elevated activities of nitrite reductase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthase are found in the Phe-treated roots. Accordingly, reduced concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and total N, and enhanced N-use efficiencies are detected in Phe-supplied poplars. The mRNA levels of nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase 2, NADH-dependent glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase and asparagine synthetase 2 are downexpressed in Phe-treated roots and/or leaves |
| 1.4.3.14 | L-lysine oxidase |
agriculture |
the enzyme inhibits the growth of highly infectious bacterium Erwinia amylovora (causative agent of fire blight) |
| 1.4.3.14 | L-lysine oxidase |
agriculture |
the enzyme is active towards pathogenic microorganisms, fungi, and nematodes. It exhibits inhibitory effect towards extremely hazardous Acidovorax citrulli bacterium (that causes seedling blight and bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits) |
| 1.5.3.14 | polyamine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) |
agriculture |
under drought stress, expression of polyamine oxidase genes PAO1, PAO2, PAO3, PAO4,PAO5, PAO6 and activity of enzymatic polyamine oxidation is increased in both relatively tolerant (Karoon) and sensitive (260) maize cultivars. The enhancement in PAO gene expression and enzyme activity is more prominent in Karoon cultivar compared to 260 |
| 1.5.99.12 | cytokinin dehydrogenase |
agriculture |
reduced expression of OsCKX2 causes cytokinin accumulation in inflorescence meristems and increases the number of reproductive organs, resulting in enhanced grain yield. Quantitative trait loci pyramiding to combine loci for grain number and plant heigh in the same genetic background generates lines exhibiting both beneficial traits. The results provide a strategy for tailormade crop improvement |
| 1.6.3.1 | NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) |
agriculture |
both genes coding for NAD(P)H oxidases, Nox1 and Nox2, are independently required for pathogenicity of Magnaporthe grisea. Mutants lacking either nox1 or nox2 are incapable of causing plant disease because of unability to bring about appresorium-mediated cuticle penetration |
| 1.6.3.1 | NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) |
agriculture |
infection by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans results in a radical burst mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades MEK2-SIPK/NTF4 and MEK1-NTF6. Silencing of the NAD(P)H oxidase Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog B, RBOHB eliminates generation of reactive oxygen speicies. INF1 elicitin, produced by the pathogen, regulates reactive oxygen species generation through mitogen-activiated protein kinase cascades |
| 1.6.3.1 | NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) |
agriculture |
an approximately twofold increase in NADPH oxidase in radicles and epicotyls is observed with Cr(VI) treatment. Cr(VI) elicits H2O2 production in plants, which is suppressed by NaHS and also by an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX). These effects are correlated with relative changes in carbomyl and thiol groups |
| 1.6.5.4 | monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) |
agriculture |
MDHAR knockdown results in improved wheat resistance to wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, at the seedling stage. Knockdown has no influence on 1136-P3 and PN-2013 microRNA expression. MDHAR knockdown results in a much greater H2O2 accumulation and lower ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities together with higher expression in several plant resistance genes |
| 1.6.5.4 | monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) |
agriculture |
whole plant MDHAR activity is necessary to maintain yield in cherry tomato |
| 1.7.2.4 | nitrous-oxide reductase |
agriculture |
expression of both the senzyme-coding gene nosZ and the mega-cassette of five coding sequences nosFLZDY in Nicotiana tabacum leads to active recombinant N2OR. Extracts from both types of transgenic plants exhibit N2O-reducing activity. The single-gene strategy produces higher reductase capability than the whole-operon approach. Bacterial nitrous oxide reductase expressed in plants could convert N2O into inert N2 without involvement of other Nos proteins |
| 1.8.1.9 | thioredoxin-disulfide reductase |
agriculture |
under cadmium stress conditions, NTR activity and thioredoxin h3 and thioredoxin h4 expression are stimulated |
| 1.8.3.1 | sulfite oxidase |
agriculture |
over-expression in tobacco plants enhances their tolerance to sulfite stress. The plants show much less damage, less sulfite accumulation, but greater amounts of sulfate. H2O2 accumulation levels by histochemical detection and quantitative determination in the overexpressing plants are much less than those in the wild-type upon sulfite stress. Reductions of catalase levels detected in the overexpressing lines are considerably less than in the wild-type plants |
| 1.8.3.1 | sulfite oxidase |
agriculture |
ZmSO might be a promising target for genetic improvement of crops tolerant to acid rain in molecular breeding programs. Sulfite oxidase is essential for timely germination of maize seeds upon sulfite exposure |
| 1.8.5.1 | glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) |
agriculture |
development of overexpressing rice plants under the regulation of a maize ubiquitin promoter. Enzyme overexpression in seven independent homologous transgenic plants, as compared to wild-type plants, increases photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities under paddy field conditions, which leads to an improved ascorbate pool and redox homeostasis. Overexpression significantly improves grain yield and biomass due to the increase of culm and root weights and enhance panicles and spikelet numbers |
| 1.8.5.1 | glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) |
agriculture |
study on single chromosome substitution lines of cv. Chinese Spring carrying separate chromosomes from the donor Synthetic 6x, an artificial hexaploid combining the genomes of the two wild species, Triticum dicoccoides, AABB, and Aegilops tauschii, DD. The lines carrying a synthetic hexaploid homologous pair of chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2D, 3D or 4D all express a low constitutive level of dehydroascorbate reductase and the lines carrying chromosomes 3B, 1D, 2D and 3D a low constitutive level of catalyse. All are able to increase this level by fourfold for dehydroascorbate reductase and by 1.5-fold for catalyase in response to stress caused by water deficit. When challenged by drought stress, these lines tend to be the most effective in retaining the water status of the leaves and preventing the grain yield components from being compromised |
| 1.8.99.2 | adenylyl-sulfate reductase |
agriculture |
coexpression of Escherichia coli aspartate kinase AKIII and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adenylylsulfate reductase in Medicago sativa. Compared to the wild-type alfalfa, the content of cysteine increases by 30% and that of methionine increases by 60%. A substantial increase in the abundance of essential amino acids, such as aspartate and lysine, is found. The total amino acid content and the forage biomass tested show no significant changes in the transgenic plants |
| 1.10.3.1 | catechol oxidase |
agriculture |
could help pawpaw growers and food processors to develop proper storage and processing methods to avoid the undesirable color changes |
| 1.10.3.1 | catechol oxidase |
agriculture |
quality loss of fruits, the major enzyme responsible for the browning reaction is polyphenol oxidase |
| 1.10.3.3 | L-ascorbate oxidase |
agriculture |
expression of enzyme gene in sense and antisense orientation, no significant differences in phenotype except for a delay in flowering time in antisense palnts. At high salinity, increase in percentage of germination, photosynthetic activity and seed yield in antisense plants. Sense plants show a very low redox state of apoplastic ascorbate and increased hydrogen peroxide contents in symplastic and apoplastic spaces |
| 1.10.3.3 | L-ascorbate oxidase |
agriculture |
expression of enzyme in sense- and antisense-orientations, enhanced enzyme activity oxidizes the apoplastic ascorbate pool, decreased enzyme activity increases the amount of ascorbate compared with dehydroascorbate. In sense and antisense plants, enzyme transcript levels are no longer subject to light/dark regulation. Relationship between enzyme activity and plant height and biomass |
| 1.10.3.3 | L-ascorbate oxidase |
agriculture |
up to 380fold increase in enzyme activity of leaf of transgenic plants, no change in total ascorbate content of apoplast, but redox state of ascorbate is reduced to below the threshold while that of glutathione is increased. Overexpressing plants show substantial increase in foliar injury and greater decline in CO2 assimilation upon exposure to ozone |
| 1.10.3.3 | L-ascorbate oxidase |
agriculture |
when sprayed on sugar beet the enzyme works as an effective systemic defense priming agent against cyst nematode infection by Heterodera schachtii, through activation of multiple basal plant defense pathways |
| 1.11.1.6 | catalase |
agriculture |
amendment of sterilized soils with wild-type Pseudomonas putida restores the rate of degradation of peracetic acid to a higher level than observed in the soils amended with the catalase A-deficient mutant. The association of the bacteria with the plant roots results in protection of the wild-type as well as the catalyse-deficient mutant from killing by peracetic acid |
| 1.11.1.7 | peroxidase |
agriculture |
quality loss of fruits, oxidoreductase enzyme involved in enzymatic browning, because diphenols may function as reducing substrates in its reaction |
| 1.11.1.7 | peroxidase |
agriculture |
rain shelter treatment may affect phenylalanine lignin monomer synthesis and subsequent cork accumulation by altering the expression or enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and omega-hydroxypalmitate O-feruloyl transferase (HHT1), thus decreasing exocarp russet accumulation in semi-russet pear |
| 1.11.1.11 | L-ascorbate peroxidase |
agriculture |
the results suggest that HvAPX1 plays an important role in zinc and cadmium tolerance, and might be a candidate gene for developing high-biomass tolerant plants for phytoremediation of zinc- and cadmium-polluted environments |
| 1.11.1.11 | L-ascorbate peroxidase |
agriculture |
the transgenic plants show enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress, salt and drought, PpAPX does not play a significant role under normal growing conditions, but do ameliorate oxidative injury under abiotic stress, the Ad29 promoter shoul be used as an inducible promoter in transgenic works |
| 1.11.1.11 | L-ascorbate peroxidase |
agriculture |
enzyme expression markedly increases in leaves of plants subjected to conditions of long-term treatment with salinity, whereas Apx transcript levels remain unaffected in detached leaves during short-term salt treatment |
| 1.11.1.11 | L-ascorbate peroxidase |
agriculture |
expression increases under drought stress, with maximum levels attained 5-days after imposition of stress |
| 1.11.1.11 | L-ascorbate peroxidase |
agriculture |
under flooding stress, Apx enzyme activity decreases and expression is not detected in 5- and 9-day-old seedlings treated with flooding. Under drought stress Apx activity gradually increases from 5-day-old till 9-day-old seedlings. The expression of Apx also increases from 5-day-old till 9-day-old soybean seedlings. Trends in Apx expressions both in hypocotyl and root of drought treated soybean seedlings are similar |
| 1.11.1.16 | versatile peroxidase |
agriculture |
overproducing the VP gene in plants increases significantly their biomass and the abiotic stress tolerance. The versatile peroxidase enzyme is an effective biotechnological tool to protect organisms against ROS. In transgenic tobacco plants, it improves drought, salt, and oxidative stress tolerance. Thus, the versatile peroxidase gene represents a great potential for obtaining stress-tolerant crops. The enzyme from Bjerkandera adusta can mitigate oxidative stress induced by paraquat, salt- (NaCl), drought- and osmotic-stress (sorbitol) |
| 1.11.1.16 | versatile peroxidase |
agriculture |
use of versatile peroxidase in enhancing the digestibility of straws is substantiated through proximate and in vitro digestibility analysis, use of versatile peroxidase in increasing the in vitro degradation of straws for enhancing feed utilization in ruminants. Usage of commonly available crop residues such as paddy straw, finger millet straw, foxtail millet straw, little millet straw, and barnyard millet straw (milled to 1 to 2 cm length and dried at a constant temperature of 70°C) in biodegradation studies |
| 1.11.1.16 | versatile peroxidase |
agriculture |
use of versatile peroxidase in increasing the in vitro degradation of straws for enhancing feed utilization in ruminants |
| 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |
agriculture |
overexpression of enzyme in Nicotiana tabacum, transgenic plants have a 10-fold higher resistance to the bleaching herbicide sulcotrione, transgenic seeds have an up to two-fold enhanced level of vitamin E without change in the ratio of gamma-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol. Level of plastoquinone is enhanced in leaves of transgenic lines during leaf senescence |
| 1.13.11.27 | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase |
agriculture |
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is one of the most promising target sites for herbicide discovery |
