2.3.1.261 (4-hydroxyphenyl)alkanoate synthase diagnostics PCR-based enzyme expression analysis method development for the virulence marker gene pks15/1 in clinical isolates from sputum samples, overview 2.3.2.24 (E3-independent) E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme diagnostics high expression of UBE2O is associated with low survival rate of gastric, lung, breast, and prostate cancer patients 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics lactate biosensor (FIA amperometric detection), tested with beer samples, detection limit: 0.84 micromol/l, three-electrode cell with AG/AGCl, NaCl reference electrode, platinum wire, glassy carbon electrode, the latter layered with Prussian Blue film of K3Fe(CN)6, Fe(III), KCl, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, pH 1.7 maintained with HCl, lactate oxidase immobilized onto the Prussian Blue-modified glassy carbon electrode, enzyme layer covered by a Nafion-ethanol solution, storage in phosphate buffer, pH 6.9 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics lactate biosensor development based on an enzymatic recognition system using lactate oxidase and a transduction system based on laminol, peroxidase from Arthromyces ramosus and metallic aluminum, immobilized in a plastic support by a polyion complex membrane prepared from poly-L-lysine hydrobromide and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) 1.1.3.15 (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase diagnostics the metabolic gene HAO2 is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and predicts metastasis and poor survival. Dysregulation of HAO2 is a very early event in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and it may represent a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for human hepatocellular carcinoma 3.2.1.63 1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics the purified alpha1,2-fucosidase and L-fucose dehydrogenase have sufficiently high activities in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) at 37 °C, making it possible to develop a one-pot method for the quantitative determination of 2'-fucosyllactose in fermentation samples. The application of this method is more convenient for quantifying 2'-fucosyllactose in a variety of samples that may be obtained from different phases of the biotechnological production of this oligosaccharide. The method is useful for simple and rapid screening of active variants during the development of any industrially important microbial strain producing 2'-fucosyllactose 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the enzyme is a positive risk factor for coronary disease and measurements of its amount may contribute to the prediction of coronary heart disease risk, especially in individuals with low LDL cholesterol levels 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the plasma enzyme is an important risk marker for endothelial dysfunction in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics the ratio of the HDL-associated enzyme to total plasma enzyme activity is a useful marker for atherogenicity in subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia 3.1.1.47 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase diagnostics potential role of PAF-AH and PON1 as prognostic markers of the leptospirosis outcome 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics 17beta-HSD1 is highly expressed in breast and ovary tissues and represents a prognostic marker for the tumor progression and survival of patients with breast cancer and other estrogen-dependent tumors 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics a high HSD17B1 to HSD17B2 ratio, as well as high HSD17B1 on its own is associated with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in patients with ERalpha-positive tumors. An increased copy number of the HSD17B1 gene is correlated with decreased breast cancer survival 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics the expression of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 and 2 alone and in combination predicts outcome of patients with breast cancer 1.1.1.62 17beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase diagnostics the mouse monoclonal antibody for AKR1C3, 10B10, is highly specific and sensitive for detecting AKR1C3 expression including patient samples. The proper detection of AKR1C3 expression is critical for therapeutics targeting AKR1C3, 10B10 will be a valuable tool in clinic for AKR1C3 precision therapy. 10B10 is specific to AKR1C3 protein and has a very low cross-activity against other AKR1 proteins 3.1.4.37 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase diagnostics 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase is a stable marker for in situ detection of canine but not rat olfactory ensheathing cells 1.3.1.124 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase [(3E)-enoyl-CoA-producing] diagnostics the enzyme is a clinically relevant biomarker for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) 2.1.1.310 25S rRNA (cytosine2870-C5)-methyltransferase diagnostics whereas protein p120 is almost undetectable in normal tissues, it is overexpressed in virtually all types of cancer cells and is therefore considered to be a predictive cancer marker 1.1.1.51 3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase diagnostics a high HSD17B1 to HSD17B2 ratio, as well as high HSD17B1 on its own is associated with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrence in patients with ERalpha-positive tumors. An increased copy number of the HSD17B1 gene is correlated with decreased breast cancer survival 1.1.1.35 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme can be used as marker for early immunonological detection of infection by Leptospira in urine and of leptospirosis, a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira 1.1.1.30 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase diagnostics the enzyme is a useful marker in the assay of diabetes mellitus and/or ketoacidosis 1.1.1.213 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Re-specific) diagnostics co-immobilization of the enzyme with diaphorase of Clostridum sp. onto alkylamine glass beads through glutaraldehyde coupling for determination of bile acids in serum and bile in a cost-effective colorimetric assay 1.1.1.145 3beta-hydroxy-DELTA5-steroid dehydrogenase diagnostics HSD3B1 mRNA levels may be able to identify oocytes capable of producing euploid embryos 1.13.11.27 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase diagnostics the enzyme can be used for enzyme-based sensors for monitoring herbicides used in agriculture, i.e. mesotrione. Compared to the standard sensors, biosensors have assorted advantages, such as practicality, quick response, low cost, and high sensitivity. A nanobiosensor is developed based on HPPD for mesotrione detection 1.2.1.47 4-trimethylammoniobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase diagnostics detection of anti-TMABA-DH autoantibody is a potential strategy for a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, usefulness of the anti-TMABA-DH antibody as a diagnostic marker 1.2.1.63 6-oxohexanoate dehydrogenase diagnostics development of a biosensor for detection of caprolactam oligomers in aqueous media 3.2.1.85 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase diagnostics phospho-beta-galactosidase is a reliable genetic marker for biotypes of Lactococcus garvieae 2.7.1.105 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase diagnostics the level of PFK2 is considered as a marker of glycolytic activation at tissue level 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme activity measurement can be a tool for prognosis of the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme activity measurement is useful for distinguishing Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome from carrier or unaffected cells, diagnosis of atypical cases, overview 1.3.1.21 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase diagnostics enzyme is a key marker of early Leydig cell steroidogenesis, using the technique of differential display RT-PCR 7.6.2.2 ABC-type xenobiotic transporter diagnostics in patients with neuroblastoma, increased MRP4 expression has prognostic value 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics application in AChE biosensor 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics AChE activity can be used as a biomarker of neurotoxic metal elements, such as lead, cadmium and copper 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase diagnostics the enzyme has potential as biomarker of pesticides and metal ions 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase diagnostics the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a histochemical marker of the osteoclast. It is also characteristic of monohistiocytes, particularly alveolar macrophages, and is associated with diverse pathological conditions, including hairy cell leukemia and AIDS encephalopathy 3.1.3.2 acid phosphatase diagnostics isozyme 5 a is a biomarker for chromic inflammatory disease e.g. rheumatoid arthritis 1.14.19.3 acyl-CoA 6-desaturase diagnostics higher delta-6-desaturase activity is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome 1.14.19.30 acyl-lipid (8-3)-desaturase diagnostics a higher serum concentration of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid and lower DELTA5-desaturase activity are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, independent of BMI, in Japanese adults 1.14.19.30 acyl-lipid (8-3)-desaturase diagnostics higher serum total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid concentrations and delta-5-desaturase activity are associated with a lower risk of developing metabolic syndrome 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics early-stage cervical squamous cell cancer (CSCC) patients with high AGK expression level had shorter progress-free survival and overall survival time compared with patients with low AGK expression levels, AGK expression level can be an independent prognostic factor for survival of early-stage CSCC patients 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics overexpression of acylglycerol kinase is associated with poorer prognosis and lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and thus the enzyme has potential as a prognostic factor for overall survival in in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and for lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma 2.7.1.94 acylglycerol kinase diagnostics the enzyme AGK-based mechanism for constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in solid tumors and may represent a prognostic biomarker. AGK overexpression correlates with progression and poor prognosis in human esophageal squamous cell cancer cells 3.1.1.23 acylglycerol lipase diagnostics enzyme MGLL in tumor-associated macrophages predicts the survival of colorectal cancer patients 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics ADAMTS-13 may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Patients with a low activity of ADAMTS-13 have a poor survival rate compared to patients with a high activity of ADAMTS-13 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics Potential role of ADAMTS13 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. ADAMTS13 and the activity of von Willebrand factor are also a marker for development of multiple organ dysfucntion in infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics role for clinical testing of plasma ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitors in care of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients, overview 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics role of ADAMTS 13 assays in diagnosis and prognosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, TTP, overview 3.4.24.87 ADAMTS13 endopeptidase diagnostics value of ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor in the postmortem diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, overview 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics the enzym elevle is a useful biochemical parameter for assessing the functional status of liver of sheep with chronicle fascioliasis 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase activity in pleural effusions due to Legionnaires’ disease may be as high as that in pleural effusions due to tuberculosis. In countries where the prevalence of tuberculosis is high and pleural fluid adenosine deaminase activities are frequently measured, Legionnaires’ disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of an exudative pleural effusion with a high ADA activity 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase analysis is a sensitive marker of tuberculous pleuritis even in HIV patients with very low CD4 counts in a high tuberculosis endemic region. The adenosine deaminase assay is inexpensive, rapid, and simple to perform and is of great value for the immediate diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis while waiting for culture result and this has a positive impact on patient outcome 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase is a very useful biochemical parameter in diagnostic analysis tuberculous pleural effusion. When combined with cytologic examination the results are even better 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase may be used as a supportive marker to differentiate familial mediterranean fever attacks from attack-free periods 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics increased serum adenosine deaminase activity in tropical theileriosis may reflect the involvement of the cellular immune responses 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics serum tADA and ADA2 may serve as useful indicators for diagnosis of CGD, LADs, IgA deficiency, SCID, HIM and WAS patients as a supplementary laboratory test in combination with clinical, immunological, and other laboratory findings 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics adenosine deaminase activity is significantly higher in patients with renal cell carcinoma than in controls. The marker adenosine deaminase might be potentially important as an additional biochemical tool for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma 3.5.4.4 adenosine deaminase diagnostics analysis of adenosine deaminase in saliva could be used as a simple, rapid, economic and non-invasive diagnostic tool in porcine production in field conditions 2.7.1.20 adenosine kinase diagnostics a rapid and sensitive colorimetric assay for the determination of adenosine kinase activity is developed 2.5.1.153 adenosine tuberculosinyltransferase diagnostics the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid 1-tuberculosinyladenosine is a target for diagnosing tuberculosis disease 2.7.4.3 adenylate kinase diagnostics adenylate kinase-specific IFN-gamma production and B-cell responses have high potential for diagnosis of tuberculosis 2.6.1.44 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase diagnostics loss of AGXT expression is correlated with a poor prognosis and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 1.5.1.17 alanopine dehydrogenase diagnostics the significant positive relationship between exposure length and enzyme activity of ADH and strombine dehydrogenase, SDH, in Montipora capitata supports the implementation of these enzymes as biomarkers for rapid analysis of hypoxia-induced stress in corals 2.8.2.2 alcohol sulfotransferase diagnostics EST expression is a prognostic factor in breast cancer 1.1.1.21 aldose reductase diagnostics AKR1B10 may have a potential role as a tumor marker 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics enzyme can be used as a marker to differentiate testicular origin azoospermia or oligospermia from ejaculatory failure, as well as ejaculatory failure and excurrent duct blockages in an inexpensive way 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics the enzyme is a useful marker of the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics widely used enzyme, e.g. in ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 3.1.3.1 alkaline phosphatase diagnostics biosensors 3.1.4.39 alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase diagnostics lysoPLD assay can be applied to clinical laboratory testing. Serum lysoPLD activity in healthy female subjects is significantly higher than that in male subjects. It seems likely that lysoPLD and its product lysophosphatidic acid participate in female reproductive biology. lysoPLD assay method seems to be promising for laboratory testing because it allows easy handling of the samples 3.5.2.5 allantoinase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for determination of allantoin in several human biological fluids, such as serum, urine, and saliva. Allantoin is a potential biomarker of oxidative stress in human physiology and pathology 3.2.1.28 alpha,alpha-trehalase diagnostics a trehalase-based biosensor platform offers a versatile and convenient method for point-of-care applications as it does not require sample preparation or handling and can be integrated with existing glucometers or sensors 2.4.1.155 alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase diagnostics the enzyme is useful as diagnostic marker for gastric adenocarcinomas: low intratumoral MGAT5 density is associated with poor differentiation, N classification, TNM stage, and Kiel stage, and is an independent prognosticator for poor overall survival. The combination of intratumoral MGAT5 expression and TNM or Kiel staging systems has a better predictive power for overall survival. Applying the prognostic value of intratumoral MGAT5 density to TNM stage III+IV and Kiel stage IIIB+IV groups shows a better risk stratification for overall survival in patients with late-stage gastric cancer, overview 3.2.1.20 alpha-glucosidase diagnostics the neutral alpha-glucosidase might be a good epididymal marker 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics serum alpha-L-fucosidase is a useful marker in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. The assay has high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is simple, rapid, convenient, and can be adapted to automated clinical analyzers for use in large scale screening for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics alpha-L-fucosidase is a valuable diagnostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. An ultrasensitive plasmonic biosensor converts plasmonic absorption to electrical current in order to detect alpha-L-fucosidase and cardiac troponin I using whole human blood in a real-time and parallel fashion. The detection limit is calculated to be 0.016 U/L for alpha-L-fucosidase and 0.015 ng/mL for cardiac troponin I, respectively. The developed biosensor exhibits a promising application for the prediction of cancers and many other diseases 3.2.1.51 alpha-L-fucosidase diagnostics combined detection of the three tumor markers, serum alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-fetoprotein and thymidine kinase 1 can play a complementary role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, and can significantly improve the sensitivity for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma 3.2.1.24 alpha-mannosidase diagnostics detection of enzymatic changes might relate to the pathogenesis of leukemia disease but also represent a potential peripheral diagnostic marker 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme can be used as a marker in the differential diagnosis of metanephric adenoma and as a molecular marker for prostate carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a biomarker overexpressed in prostate carcinomas and is associated with prostate cancer progression 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a marker for prostate and renal cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a sensitive and specific biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is a tool in the diagnosis of morphologically difficult prostatic carcinoma and is used in combination with the basal cell markers p63 and 34betaE12, the enzyme might also be useful in diagnostics of extramammary Paget disease, EMPD 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is useful for detection of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics AMACR is established as a valuable diagnostic marker for prostate cancer and has shown to be useful in the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics biomarker for cancer in prostate, breast, colon, renal and other cancer cells 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics combined AMACR/p53 analysis to identify dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the elevated expression of the P504S gene and its enzyme product can serve as a molecular marker for prostate cancer 5.1.99.4 alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase diagnostics the enzyme is used to detect prostatic adenocarcinoma and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and also as a marker for other neoplasms, including those of the genitourinary system, breast, upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and their precursor lesions 3.2.1.49 alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase diagnostics the enzyme is used for blood group conversion together with alpha-galactosidase, best in glucose buffer 2.4.3.8 alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase diagnostics putative prognostic marker in breast cancer, estrogen receptor negative patients with high ceramide kinase expression had a worse prognosis then those with low expression 2.4.3.8 alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase diagnostics enzyme expression predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer 5.1.1.10 amino-acid racemase diagnostics broad-specificity amino acid racemase is a non-antibiotic selectable marker for transgenic plants and can be used in the development of genetically modified plants without using antibiotic resistance marker genes. Selection with different amino acid enantiomers using Bsar, Bsar-R174A and Bsar-R174K gene as selectable markers, overview 2.7.4.33 AMP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase diagnostics AMP is known to have potential for use as a reliable indicator in hygiene monitoring, the development of a sensitive method for detecting AMP, by using polyphosphate-AMP phosphotransferase and adenylate kinase in conjugation with firefly luciferase, is useful to detect food samples with high sensitivity 3.2.1.117 amygdalin beta-glucosidase diagnostics evaluating intestinal absorption of amygdalin or prunasin, by estimating its transfer across the mucosal border as well as its uptake into the intestinal tissue, for judgement of toxication rusks, overview. Use of the enzyme in an in vitro digestion model with the Caco-2 cell to estimate the human oral bioavailability of cyanogenic compounds from food or plants, overview 3.4.17.23 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 diagnostics ACE2 levels is a putative early biomarker of SARS-CoV-2 infection severity 3.4.24.83 anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase diagnostics the anthrax lethal toxin neutralization assay (TNA) measures the ability of antibodies to neutralize the cytotoxicity of anthrax lethal toxin rather than quantifying total antibody through a conjugated species-specific secondary antibody. TNA may provide a more relevant immunological measure, as it quantitates functional antibodies only rather than total protective antigen-binding antibodies. In this study, TNA data are generated in several different laboratories to measure the immune responses in rabbits, nonhuman primates, and humans. A collaborative study is conducted in which 108 samples from the three species are analyzed in seven independent laboratories. This study demonstrates that the TNA is a panspecies assay that can be performed in several different laboratories with a high degree of quantitative agreement and precision 3.4.24.83 anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase diagnostics the development, performance characteristics and validation using human serum of a robust and rugged format of the LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assay is reported and its application in evaluating immune serum from humans, Rhesus macaques and rabbits. This format uses standardized and characterized reagents in conjunction with customized interpretive software and a novel mathematical algorithm to calculate and extrapolate multiple reportable values, in addition to ED50, with high specificity, analytical sensitivity, accuracy and precision. This LTx neutralization activity (TNA) assay format is proposed as a unifying platform technology 2.7.3.3 arginine kinase diagnostics development of IgG-ELISA based on antiserum prepared against the recombinant arginine kinase of Toxocara canis. The recombinant-arginine kinase based IgG-ELISA could be applied for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis 2.7.3.3 arginine kinase diagnostics the enzyme is a possible biomarker for allergic asthma