1.1.1.3 homoserine dehydrogenase additional information HOM6 deletion reduces Candida albicans cell adhesion to polystyrene, which is a common plastic used in many medical devices 1.1.1.12 L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase additional information covalent immobilization of purified enzyme HjLAD onto glutaraldehyde-activated silicon oxide nanoparticles shows the a high immobilization efficiency of 94.7%, comparative characterization of free and immobilized enzyme HjLAD, including its thermostability and kinetic parameters, overview. Thermostability of immobilized enzyme is 14.2-fold higher than for free HjLAD, the t1/2 of HjLAD at 25°C is enhanced from 190 min (free) to 45 h (immobilized). The immobilized HjLAD retains 94% of its initial activity after 10 cycles. Immobilization efficiencies of HjLAD onto different supports, silicon oxide nanoparticles (4830HT) show the highest efficiency, method optimization, overview 1.1.1.28 D-lactate dehydrogenase additional information protocol for undergraduate molecular biology and biochemistry laboratory courses spanning two semesters that is organized around the LdhA gene from the yogurt-fermenting bacterium Lactobacillus bulgaricus, using commercially available yogurt. Curriculum starts with cloning the LdhA gene into a prokaryotic expression vector, followed by mRNA isolation and characterization of recombinant gene expression levels using RT-PCR. The biochemistry module begins with overexpression of the cloned LdhA gene and guides students through the process of affinity purification, biochemical characterization of the purified LdhA protein, and analysis of enzyme kinetics using various substrates and an inhibitor, concluding with a guided inquiry investigation of structure-function relationships in the three-dimensional structure of LdhA using molecular visualization software 1.1.1.31 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase additional information 3-HIBADH may play a role in biosynthesis of 3-hydroxypropionate as a biological source 1.1.1.42 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information IDPm siRNA functions as a potentially useful agent for targeting chemo- and radio-resistant hypoxic cells within solid tumors through inhibition of HIF-1alpha expression 1.1.1.42 isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information future clinical and bioengineering applications of hICDH can be in the development of techniques to regulate the growth of glioblastomas and to capture and store carbon dioxide 1.1.1.43 phosphogluconate 2-dehydrogenase additional information usage of isozymes as marker for chromosome identification and evaluation of introgression of genes in apomictic mode of reproduction of Tripsacum dactyloides into Zea mays 1.1.1.44 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent, decarboxylating) additional information the enzyme can be used for power production in biobatteries. Mutant N32E/R33I/T34I versus the wild-type 6PGDH are evaluated electrochemically in an anodic reaction system containing two enzymes: 6PGDH and diaphorase, a coenzyme (NADP+ or NAD+), an electron mediator AQDS, and a 6-phosphogluconate substrate. Cyclic voltammetry results clearly show that both enzymes produce significant oxidation current peaks at -0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl. The mutant N32E/R33I/T34I exhibits a current density 25% higher than that generated by the wild-type 1.1.1.49 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information evaluation and optimization of enzyme production in Candida guilliermondii, modeling, overview 1.1.1.49 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information because isoenzyme replacement of G6PDH in the cytosol of tobacco is beneficial under various kinds of cues, this strategy may be a tool to enhance stress tolerance in general 1.1.1.49 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information loss of cytosolic G6PDH activity affects the metabolism of developing seeds by increasing carbon substrates for synthesis of storage compounds rather than by decreasing the NADPH supply specifically for fatty acid synthesis 1.1.1.80 isopropanol dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information the enzyme is an ideal candidate biocatalyst in the construction of coenzyme regeneration system and the enzymatic bioconversion of high value alcohols or other compounds 1.1.1.118 glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information application in NADPH regeneration for the asymmetric reduction of haloketone by a carbonyl reductase in organic solvent/buffer system 1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase additional information CAD is a useful tool to improve lignin digestibility and/or to lower the lignin levels in plants. Enzyme knockout modification targeted directly to block lignin synthesis causes not only reduced lignin level in fibre, but also affects amount and organization of cellulose and pectin. The process of retting in the transgenic straw is more uniform, which might contribute to an improvement in the fibre quality. Such plants can be successfully cultivated in a field 1.1.1.243 carveol dehydrogenase additional information supply of a mixture of (-)-trans- and (-)-cis-carveol to the organism delivers pure (-)-carvone and pure (-)-cis-carveol 1.1.1.267 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase additional information the enzyme is a target for development of antibacterial drugs, determination of the antimicrobial activities of various essential oils against different microbials 1.1.1.306 S-(hydroxymethyl)mycothiol dehydrogenase additional information thiol formation and detection of MSH-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in cell extracts are relevant to the possible modulation of nitric oxide toxicity generated by strain NRRL 5646 1.1.1.324 8-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase additional information plant (4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactone can be used for synthesis of (4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactol, an aphid pheromone, useful in aphid control 1.1.1.422 pseudoephedrine dehydrogenase additional information both (R,S)-(-)-ephedrine and (S,S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine are constituents of various over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and are also used as decongestants and stimulants. Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 and its isolated ephedrine-oxidizing enzymes have potential for use in decontamination and synthetic applications 1.1.2.4 D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) additional information carbon paste electrode-based biosensor with immobilized D-LCR seems to be optimal for analysis, representing significant advantage due to simplification of the whole device, i.e., the sensor exerts lower limit of detection under supposed concentration of D-lactate in real samples, low material demands, simplicity of D-LCR biosensor and short total time of analysis of about 2 min, pointing at the sensor possibilities in commercial applications 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase additional information GOx bioactive paper is fabricated, which can potentially be used as food packaging paper 1.1.3.4 glucose oxidase additional information despite the broad range of applications for glucose oxidase, the effectiveness of glucose oxidase is restricted by the narrow substrate range of this enzyme and susceptibility to H2O2 inactivation 1.1.3.5 hexose oxidase additional information the enzyme is a good candidate for bioelectrochemical applications. Electrochemical study of electron transfer reactions and bioelectrocatalysis of glucose oxidation by enzyme HOX immobilized on graphite electrodes 1.1.3.7 aryl-alcohol oxidase additional information a two-enzyme system comprising a dye decolorizing peroxidase (DyP, EC 1.11.1.19) from Mycetinis scorodonius and the Pleurotus sapidus AAO enzyme is successfully employed to bleach the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 5. The aryl-alcohol oxidase provides the required H2O2 1.1.3.17 choline oxidase additional information enzyme is of both biotechnological and medical interest, since glycine betaine can be accumulated in the cytoplasm of cells to prevent dehydration and plasmolysis in adverse hyperosmotic environments in pathogenic bacteria 1.1.5.5 alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information applications of PQQ-ADH in bioelectrocatalyst for biosensors and biofuel cells, amperometric determination of ethanol is a potential application for the PQQ-ADH electrode, overview 1.1.5.5 alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information applications of PQQ-ADH in bioelectrocatalyst for biosensors and biofuel cells, amperometric determination of ethanol is a potential application for the PQQ-ADH electrode, overview. Development of a DET-based biofuel system by combination of electrodes coated with FAD-dependent fructose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter sp. as an anode and laccase of mushroom as a cathode 1.1.7.1 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase additional information contains three open reading frames coding for proteins with very high similiarities to 4-HBCR from Thauera aromatica with 85%, 70% and 91% identities respectively 1.2.1.3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information enzyme ALD6 can potentially be used to treat hazardous substances to remove formaldehyde 1.2.1.5 aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] additional information ALDH2 may have antioxidant properties. Yeast ALDH significantly and dose-dependently attenuates HX/XO-generated O2S- signal 1.2.1.5 aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] additional information reduced ALDH-2 activity and expression leads to decreased nitroglycerin bioconversion. ALDH is an important physiological inhibitory factor of superoxide production 1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase additional information BADH isolated from spinach is successfully utilised for selection of chloroplast transformation of tobacco in order to prevent the risk of transferring antibiotic resistance genes to gut microbes or the environment 1.2.1.8 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase additional information nitric oxide and light co-regulate glycine betaine homeostasis in sunflower seedling cotyledons by modulating betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase transcript levels and activity 1.2.1.11 aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase additional information enzyme is an attractive target for development of antibacterial, fungicidal, or herbicidal compounds 1.2.1.12 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) additional information selective inhibition of GAPDHS, one of the glycolytic isozymes with restricted expression during spermatogenesis, is a potential strategy for the development of a non-hormonal contraceptive that directly blocks sperm function. Detailed structural comparisons of sperm-specific glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic (GAPDHS) and the somatic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) isozyme can facilitate the identification of selective GAPDHS inhibitors for contraceptive development 1.2.1.15 malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase additional information iolA is indispensable for myo-inositol fermentation 1.2.1.16 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] additional information the NADP+-dependent succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity encoded by gabD appears to be important for nitrogen metabolism under N limitation conditions 1.2.1.19 aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase additional information AMADH may participate in processes of adaptation to stress events caused by mechanical injury, which involve polyamine catabolism, GABA production and lignification 1.2.1.24 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information genomic copy of the SSADH gene contains two introns. Multiple SSADH gene copies are present in the genome 1.2.1.24 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information genomic copy of the SSADH gene is devoid of introns. Multiple SSADH gene copies are present in the genome 1.2.1.24 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information in the world population, the c.538C variant of SSADH is proceeding to replace the ancestral c.538T, shared with primates. A significant correlation between the frequencies of the derived alleles in SSADH and microcephalin, which show concerted changes worldwide and, at least in Asian populations, also on a restricted geographical scale 1.2.1.24 succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) additional information yneI, responsible for NAD+/NADP+-dependent SSADH activity, plays a unique physiological role in the general nitrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli. The yneI gene has an important, but not essential, role during growth on arginine and probably has an essential function during growth on putrescine as the nitrogen source. The yneI-encoded activity functions primarily as a valve to prevent toxic accumulation of succinate semialdehyde 1.2.1.26 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase additional information the ALDH branch including ycbD protein is designated the KGSADH subclass (type III) 1.2.1.26 2,5-dioxovalerate dehydrogenase additional information three different types of KGSADH appear in the bacterial evolutional stage convergently 1.2.1.32 aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase additional information codG encoding 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase shows a higher degree of similarity to those genes in classical bacteria 1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase additional information Raldh3 is a zebrafish ortholog of mammalian Raldh3. The predicted protein encoded by zebrafish raldh3 exhibits 70.0% amino acid identity with mouse Raldh3 1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase additional information Raldh4 is a zebrafish ortholog of mammalian Raldh4. The predicted protein encoded by zebrafish raldh4 exhibits 73.5% amino acid identity with mouse Raldh4 1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase additional information RDH13 is significantly different from related RDH11, RDH12 and RDH14 in that it is targeted to the mitochondria, but at the same time, RDH13 is very similar to the members of the RDH11-14 cluster of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases in terms of its substrate and cofactor preferences. It may function to protect mitochondria against oxidative stress associated with the highly reactive retinaldehyde produced from dietary beta-carotene 1.2.1.36 retinal dehydrogenase additional information similar localization of Rdh12 and RDH12 proteins in mouse and human photoreceptors, respectively, which may indicate an analogous physiological role of the enzymes in both species 1.2.1.38 N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase additional information rapid, highly sensitive, and reproducible coupled enzyme assays for AGS, AGK, and GAT using recombinant Escherichia coli AGK and AGPR as coupling enzymes 1.2.1.41 glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase additional information the genes proH encoding pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, proJ encoding glutamate-5-kinase, and proA encoding glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase form a transcriptional unit. This pro operon is involved in salinity-induced proline biosynthesis 1.2.1.44 cinnamoyl-CoA reductase additional information CCR1 is present as a single-copy gene in the wheat genome. It groups together with other monocot CCR sequences while it diverges from CCR2. It may be involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis during stem maturity and may contribute to stem strength support in wheat 1.2.1.44 cinnamoyl-CoA reductase additional information the thioacidolysis monomer 1,2,2-trithioethyl ethylguaiacol is a general marker for incorporation of ferulic acid into the lignification process, and is an indicator that can be used judiciously for CCR downregulation in a variety of plants as long as the background levels in control materials are measured 1.2.1.61 4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde dehydrogenase additional information HapE shows 45% sequence identity with CymC, a p-cumic aldehyde dehydrogenase, from Pseudomonas putida 1.2.1.65 salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase additional information two genes code for salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase. NahF resides in the naphthalene degradation upper pathway operon as the meta-cleavage pathway gene, whereas NahV is situated outside of this operon. NahF-like genes occur in all naphthalene-degradation bacteria, whereas nahV-like genes are present in only some naphthalene-degrading bacteria 1.2.1.65 salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase additional information two genes code for salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase. NahF resides in the naphthalene degradation upper pathway operon as the meta-cleavage pathway gene, whereas NahV is situated outside of this operon. NahF-like genes occurr in all naphthalene-degradation bacteria, whereas nahV-like genes are present in only some naphthalene-degrading bacteria 1.2.1.70 glutamyl-tRNA reductase additional information the function of GluTR is regulated by mechanisms that involve the steady-state level of the protein or the activity of the enzyme in response to the cellular heme status 1.2.1.70 glutamyl-tRNA reductase additional information the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway is controlled by HEMA2 and FC1, which normally functions for heme biosynthesis in nonphotosynthetic tissues, but is induced in photosynthetic tissues under oxidative conditions to supply heme for defensive hemoproteins outside plastids 1.2.1.95 L-2-aminoadipate reductase additional information the sequence of the Saccharomycopsis fibuligera alpha-aminoadipate reductase gene Lys2p has the highest identity of 53% with the AAR of Candida albicans SC5314 and an identity of 51% with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of the ORF of SfLYS2 in a lys2- strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can functionally complement the lysine mutant of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Cloning of SfLYS2 may provide a general tool in developing genetics-based studies not only with Saccharomycopsis fibuligera but also with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.2.1.105 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system additional information alpha-ketoglutarate-involving reactions belong to the backbone of high-flux reactions, which is rather conserved in evolution 1.2.1.105 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase system additional information in post-mortem mice brain samples the activity is quickly lost, whereas the activity of another TPP-dependent enzyme, PDH, remains unalterd for at least 24 h 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information 96% amino acid identity with those of human enzyme. Two forms of aldehyde oxidase in monkey are the expression products by a single gene due to possibly existence of two aldehyde oxidase isoforms or two active sites in a single enzyme 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information aldehyde oxidase is involved in the chemo-reception of pheromonal stimuli in the antennae 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information despite divergent evolution, AOXs from the molybdo-flavoenzyme family can share a common function in insects and vertebrates, i.e. the control of the duration and/or strength of olfactory stimuli 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information rat strains with low aldehyde oxidase activity show only a monomer, whereas strains with high activity overwhelmingly exhibit a dimer. Expression levels of aldehyde oxidase homodimer are primarily responsible for rat strain differences in aldehyde oxidase activity 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOH1 by androgens and estrogens 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOX1 and AOH1 by androgens and estrogens 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Gender-specific regulation of AOX1 by androgens and estrogens 1.2.3.1 aldehyde oxidase additional information variations in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity in different strains of experimental animals. Rat strains with low aldehyde oxidase activity lack the ability to produce the catalytically active dimer and express only the monomeric form of the enzyme 1.2.3.3 pyruvate oxidase additional information aerobiosis makes the concerted action of lactate oxidase and pyruvate oxidase possible, enabling cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae to gain more ATP from glucose than under anaerobiosis 1.2.3.3 pyruvate oxidase additional information development of a biosensor based on POX enzyme for the investigation of the effect of thiamine (vitamin B1) molecule on the activity of the enzyme 1.2.3.3 pyruvate oxidase additional information optimization of the medium for PyOD production by recombinant Escherichia coli using shake flask method 1.2.3.3 pyruvate oxidase additional information pyruvate oxidase is not only a stationary-phase enzyme. Removal of the poxB gene affects the central metabolism at the enzyme level 1.2.3.6 pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating) additional information pneumococcal spxB gene influences competence, the mechanism remains elusive 1.2.3.6 pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating) additional information spxB transcription is regulated by both cis- and trans-acting regulatory elements 1.2.4.4 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) additional information activation of the translational regulators by leucine is partly regulated by the activity of BCKDH complex 1.2.4.4 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) additional information NMR techniques to determine the structure of hbSBD and dynamics of several truncated constructs from the E2 component, including hbLBD (residues 1–84), hbSBD (residues 111–149), and a di-domain (hbDD) (residues 1–166) comprising hbLBD, hbSBD and the interdomain linker, the presence of the interdomain linker restricts the motional freedom of the hbSBD more significantly than hbLBD, the linker region likely exists as a soft rod rather than a flexible string in solution 1.2.4.4 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) additional information regulation of BCKD kinase expression by nutritional, hormonal, and pathological factors 1.2.4.4 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) additional information use of a microRNA to exert control on a metabolic pathway of amino acid catabolism 1.3.1.3 DELTA4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase additional information 5beta-POR is highly conserved within the genus Digitalis and the respective genes and proteins share considerable homology to putative progesterone reductases from other plant species 1.3.1.3 DELTA4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase additional information inspection of the MAD-phased electron-density map shows that 5beta-POR is a Rossmann-type reductase and the quality of the map is such that it is anticipated that a complete atomic model of 5beta-POR may readily be built 1.3.1.3 DELTA4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase additional information P5betaR belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, bearing no structural homology to its mammalian counterpart, which is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily 1.3.1.3 DELTA4-3-oxosteroid 5beta-reductase additional information significant homology to the putative progesterone 5beta-reductases isolated from other plant species, such as Digitalis lanata (ca. 98% identical) and Arabidopsis thaliana (ca. 69% identical) 1.3.1.12 prephenate dehydrogenase additional information Mycobacterium tuberculosis PDH is a monofunctional protein, does not possess any chorismate mutase activity unlike many other enteric bacteria 1.3.1.22 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information two isoenzymes of 5alphaR is probably characteristic of the whole plant kingdom 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase additional information BVR regualtes cellular levels of biliverdin, a potent gene regulator and determinant factor for dorsal axis development in Xenopus larva 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase additional information interacts with the insulin receptor kinase domain, key factor in the MAPK pathway and the PI3K pathway as well as regulating PKC isoforms that link the two pathways, plays a role in the mechanism of insulin resistance 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase additional information potential function in propagation of signals relayed through protein kinase C, binds to protein kinase C betaII, increases its phosphorylation, and is a substrate for the kinase, increases PMA-dependent c-fos activation and protein kinase C translocation to the membrane 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase additional information potential role in the insulin signaling pathway, BVR is both a substrate for insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and a kinase for serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 1.3.1.24 biliverdin reductase additional information regulates oxidative response and HO-1 expression 1.3.1.32 maleylacetate reductase additional information graDAFCBE genes are responsible as an operon for the growth of Rhizobium sp. strain MTP-10005 on gamma-resorcylate and are probably regulated by GraR at the transcriptional level, first report of the gamma-resorcylate catabolic pathway in an aerobic bacterium 1.3.2.3 L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase additional information ascorbate, which fulfils well recognized, signalling functions in plants, decliney in a regulated manner during nodule development, indicates a development-related shift in redox-linked metabolite cross-talk that underpins the development and aging processes 1.3.2.3 L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase additional information despite limitations on L-GalL synthesis by regulation of early steps in the ascorbic acid synthesis pathway, the regulation of L-GalLDH activity via the interaction of light and respiratory controls is a crucial determinant of the overall ability of leaves to produce and accumulate ascorbic acid 1.3.2.3 L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase additional information GalLDH protein and activity cannot be used as an indicator for changes in the capacity for ascorbate biosynthesis, thus ascorbic acid biosynthesis is constrained by other factors under stress 1.3.2.3 L-galactonolactone dehydrogenase additional information possibility of the generation of plants that have resistance to environmental stresses by increasing their L-ascorbic acid content 1.3.3.3 coproporphyrinogen oxidase additional information cloned KlHEM13 is functional and able to replace its homologous gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.3.3.3 coproporphyrinogen oxidase additional information cpx1 and cpx2 genes encode almost identical, catalytically active enzymes with distinctive N-terminal peptide sequences, cpx1 encodes a plastid transit peptide, whereas this region is deleted from the cpx2 gene, the 5' regions of both messenger RNAs are highly similar, but the cpx2 gene has an open-reading frame that can encode a new targeting signal 1.3.3.3 coproporphyrinogen oxidase additional information functions as a homodimer in solution 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information in rice plants, outstanding resistance to Protox-inhibiting herbicides can be achieved by expression of Myxococcus xanthus Protox 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information light intensity-dependent degradation of reduced and oxidized porphyrins prevents severe photodynamic leaf damage, moreover, under high-light conditions, elevated contents of reduced and total low-molecular-weight antioxidants, which contribute to the protection against photosensitizing porphyrins 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information metabolic homeostasis by antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051, which includes cnidarian PPO, decreases in ferrochelatase and increases in PPO and heme oxygenase suggest adverse impacts on porphyrin synthesis, damage to porphyrins, and increased porphyrin degradation 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information no consistent beneficial effects on sugarcane from applications of different PPOase inhibitor herbicides, herbicide treatments result in plant injury 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information no consistent effects from herbicide treatments on disease parameters 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information PPO and FeC are each encoded by a single gene in the green alga, multiplicity of genes for PPO and FeC in higher plants could be related to differential expression in differently developing tissues rather than to targeting of different gene products to different organelles 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information presence of the plastidal transit sequence neither excludes the intrinsic ability of subcellular translocation of Protox nor changes herbicide resistance in TTS lines 1.3.3.4 protoporphyrinogen oxidase additional information transgenic rice lines are resistant to the herbicides carfentrazone-ethyl and oxyfluorfen 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information redox potential of the T1 site of BOD is > 650 mV vs. NHE, redox potential of the T2 site is near 390 mV vs. NHE 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information redox potential of the T1 site of BOD is close to 670 mV vs. NHE, redox potential of the T2 site is near 390 mV vs. NHE 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information BODs have a high efficiency of decolorizing compounds such as Trypan blue and Remazol brilliant blue R under mild pH conditions 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information the purified bilirubin oxidase in Myrothecium verrucaria strain has potential application in dye effluent decolorization. Extracellular bilirubin oxidase decolorizes indigo carmine, biosorption and biodegradation of the dye is achieved with more than 98% decolorization efficiency after 7 days at 26°C. Additionally, the crude bilirubin oxidase can efficiently decolorize indigo carmine at 30°C to 50°C and pH 5.5-9.5 with dye concentrations of 50-200 mg/ml 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information usage of the enzyme for a bilirubin oxidase-based air breathing cathode, evaluation by constant monitoring over 45 days, analysis of effect of electrolyte composition on the cathode oxygen reduction reaction output, and of deactivation of the electrocatalytic activity of the enzyme in phosphate buffer saline solution and in activated sludge. BOx electrochemical response as a function of presence of pollutants, solids and bacteria, overview 1.3.3.5 bilirubin oxidase additional information the enzyme is used to decolorize recalcitrant dyes 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information ACOX1 alternative splicing isoforms play a key conserved role in the vertebrate fatty acid metabolism, tissue-specific modulation of ACOX1 activity by exchanging exon 3 duplicated isoforms containing amino acid sequences that are potentially implicated in fatty acyl chain specificity 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information inability of ACX1, ACX3, and ACX4 to fully compensate for one another in indole-3-butyric acid-mediated root elongation inhibition and ability of ACX2 and ACX5 to contribute to indole-3-butyric acid response suggests that indole-3-butyric acid-response defects in acx mutants may reflect indirect blocks in peroxisomal metabolism and indole-3-butyric acid beta-oxidation, rather than direct enzymatic activity of ACX isozymes on indole-3-butyric acid-CoA 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information isomerase activity of rat peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase I, is probably due to a spontaneous process driven by thermodynamic equilibrium with formation of a conjugated structure after deprotonation of substrate alpha-proton 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information nervonic acid is discharged from the spore into the external medium during firing along with the catalase and ACOX enzymes 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information novel Pex5pM is functional and a seven amino acids-insertion, which is present in the L isoform but absent in the M isoform, plays some role in the process of maturation of Aox 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information solvent-accessible acyl binding pocket is not required for oxygen reactivity, the oligomeric state plays a role in substrate pocket architecture but is not linked to oxygen reactivity 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information three distinct ACX genes, ACX1 is upregulated by wounding, both locally and systemically, ACX1 may play a role in the synthesis of jasmonic acid in response to wounding 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information three distinct ACX genes, expression of ACX2 remains unchanged by wounding, ACX2 may be involved in providing germinating seeds with sugar and energy 1.3.3.6 acyl-CoA oxidase additional information three distinct ACX genes, expression of ACX3 remains unchanged by wounding 1.3.5.2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information kinetic isotope effects on flavin reduction in anaerobic stopped-flow experiments, are about 3fold for DHO labeled at the 5-position, about 4fold for DHO labeled at the 6-position, and about 6-7fold for DHO labeled at both the 5- and 6-positions, at a pH value above the pKa controlling reduction, no isotope effect was observed for DHO deuterated at the 5-position, which is consistent with a stepwise reaction, above the kinetic pKa, the deprotonation of C5 is fast enough that it does not contribute to the observed rate constant and, therefore, is not isotopically sensitive 1.3.5.2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information kinetic isotope effects on flavin reduction in anaerobic stopped-flow experiments, pKa near 9.4 controlling reduction, similar to that previously reported for the Escherichia coli enzyme 1.3.5.2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information three types of hydrogen bonding pathways, hydrogen bonding of the active base serine to a water molecule, which is hydrogen bonded to the substrate carboxylate group or a threonine residue, the threonine residue is positioned to enable proton transfer to another water molecule leading to the bulk solvent 1.3.7.3 phycoerythrobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase additional information metabolic engineering of bacteria for the production of various bilins for assembly into phytochromes will facilitate the molecular analysis of photoreceptors 1.3.7.5 phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase additional information co-expression of heme oxygenase in a single operon in conjunction with apophytochrome, is a system to produce phytochromes with various chromophores in Escherichia coli, metabolic engineering of bacteria for the production of various bilins for assembly into phytochromes will facilitate the molecular analysis of photoreceptors 1.3.7.5 phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase additional information conserved histidine and aspartate residues essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme, direct role of the His85-Asp102 pair in exovinyl reduction of biliverdin IXa 1.3.7.5 phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase additional information phycocyanobilin-CpcB(C155I) and phycocyanobilin-PecB(C155I) are also biosynthesized heterologously in vivo, when cpeS is introduced into Escherichia coli with cpcB(C155I) or pecB(C155I), respectively, together with genes ho1 and pcyA 1.3.8.1 short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information common variant SCAD enzymes and their potential contribution to clinical disease in humans 1.3.8.1 short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information development of a novel surface plasmon resonance assay to measure substrate binding 1.3.8.1 short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information overall high degree of thermodynamic modulation of wild-type SCAD, substrate binding appears to make a larger contribution than does product to thermodynamic modulation, substrate redox activation leading to a large enzyme midpoint potential shift 1.3.8.1 short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information type I strain has the same clustered genes with the same arrangement as type II strain, deduced amino acid sequences of these enzymes do not greatly differ between the two strains, and even between Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and clostridia. Amino acid identity appears to be higher within the same type than between types I and II, clustered genes are cotranscribed, and constitutively transcribed without being affected significantly by culture conditions 1.3.8.7 medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information acyl-CoA dehydrogenase LipB is involved in the introduction of the unusual Dcis3 double bond into the acyl residue of friulimicin 1.3.8.7 medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information AFT10-1, which encodes an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, is involved in the formation of the 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid moiety of the host-specific AF-toxin molecule 1.3.8.7 medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information development of fluorogenic and fluoromorphic probes for the enzyme as indicators for selective and sensetive detection of MCAD activity in tissue homogenates 1.3.8.7 medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information highly homologous to human very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.3.8.8 long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase additional information CTE-II expression is induced during embryogenesis in association with neuronal differentiation, and persists after terminal differentiation in neurons at postnatal stages, resulting in constitutive high expression in the adult brain in a neuron-specific manner 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information an ancient common ancestor of Euglenozoa had a mitochondrial DHOD whose descendant exists in Euglena gracilis 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information Bodo saliens has an ACT/DHOD gene fusion encoding aspartate carbamoyltransferase, the second enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine pathway, and DHOD 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information significant heterogeneity in the catalytic behaviors of individual dimer molecules, very similar reaction rates in both the reductive and oxidative half-reactions for different DHODA dimers, single-molecule data provide strong evidence for half-sites reactivity, in which only one subunit reacts at a time 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information species-specific preferential inhibitor binding, different binding mode for the same inhibitor in the two catalytically identical enzymes human DHODH and Plasmodium DHODH 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information the cytosolic DHOD gene acquired may have contributed to adaptation to anaerobiosis in the kinetoplastid lineage and further contributes to the subsequent establishment of parasitism in a trypanosomatid ancestor 1.3.98.1 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (fumarate) additional information the gene LMjF16.0530 possesses a dihydroorotate oxidase activity using fumarate as oxidizing agent 1.3.99.4 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase additional information ksdD-1 and ksdD-2 display respectively high (78%) and low (33%) amino acid sequence identity with the putative ksdD gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1.3.99.4 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase additional information the two putative Mycobacterium tuberculosis KsdDs, MT3641 and MT0809, complement the Mycobacterium smegmatis deltaksdD-1 deltaksdD-2 double mutant 1.3.99.4 3-oxosteroid 1-dehydrogenase additional information 3-oxosteroid DELAT1-dehydrogenases are of particular interest for the etiology of some infectious diseases, for the production of starting materials for the pharmaceutical industry, and for environmental bioremediation applications 1.3.99.17 quinoline 2-oxidoreductase additional information the gene cluster involved in quinoline degradation is transcribed from the quinoline-dependent promoters PoxoO, Porf3, PqorM, and PoxoR in the presence of oxoS. The oxoS gene coding for a quinoline-responsive transcriptional activator of the XylS family is expressed independently of quinoline 1.3.99.23 all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase additional information conserved function but altered specificity of RetSat in vertebrates 1.4.1.1 alanine dehydrogenase additional information alanine dehydrogenase activity is necessary for an adequate cellular response to nitrogen starvation, is required for efficient degradation of phycobilisomes only during nitrogen starvation 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information GDH gene expression and translation are apparently subject to complex regulation 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information glutamine synthetase-GOGAT pathway and GDH play distinct roles in the source-sink nitrogen cycle of tobacco leaves, regardless of leaf age, [15N]ammonium does not depend on GDH 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information high sequence similarity to GDH genes from the Bacteroides, GDH is an anabolic enzyme catalysing the assimilation of ammonia by Entodinium caudatum in the rumen, the gene is probably acquired by lateral gene transfer from a ruminal bacterium 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information induction of GDH1 and GDH2 transcripts along the root do not coincide with that of NADH-GOGAT expression 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information large modulation of GDH beta-subunit titre does not affect plant viability under ideal growing conditions, GDH gene expression and translation are apparently subject to complex regulation 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information possible role of enzyme under Hg-stress 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information Q144R can be used as a template gene to modify the substrate specificity of Bacillus subtilis GluDH for industrial use 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information reactivation of D165N is a consequence of the catalytic chemistry of the enzyme’s active site 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information shift in GDH cellular compartmentation is important during leaf nitrogen remobilization 1.4.1.2 glutamate dehydrogenase additional information subunit rearrangement, i.e., a change in the quaternary structure of the hexameric recombinant GDH, is essential for activation of the enzyme 1.4.1.3 glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] additional information C323 plays an important role in catalysis by human GDH isozymes 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information in order for the wild-type nitrogen assimilation control protein to exert strong repression of gdhA, it must form a tetramer that bridges the two sites at gdhA, similar to other DNA looping models, the negative control mutants of nitrogen assimilation control protein fail to tetramerize and cannot form this loop, thus fail to exert the strong repression at gdhA 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information lack of a structure called antenna, NAD(P)-binding motif GAGNVA, and a second putative coenzyme-binding motif GVLTGKG together with the four residues Lys, Ser, Arg and Thr involved in the binding of the reduced form of NADP, key role of GDH4 in ammonium assimilation 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information minor role in ammonium assimilation in ectomycorrhizal fungi 1.4.1.4 glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+) additional information minor role in ammonium assimilation in ectomycorrhizal fungi, NADPH-GDH activity detected in ectomycorrhizas formed with Pseudotsuga menziesii 1.4.1.14 glutamate synthase (NADH) additional information possible relationship between NADH-GOGAT, IDH and GDH, IDH is a good candidate to generate the 2-oxoglutarate required for NH4+-induced NADH-GOGAT activity in rice roots, GDH shows no significant differences in its localization between the conditions with or without NH4+ application 1.4.1.21 aspartate dehydrogenase additional information first report of an archaeal L-aspartate dehydrogenase, within the archaeal domain, homologues in many methanogenic species, but not in Thermococcales or Sulfolobales species 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information a helical domain is exclusively responsible for the unusual dimerisation mode of the enzyme and is not found in other members of the family so far. Most groups present at the active site are involved in substrate recognition, binding and fixation, i.e. they direct the trajectory of the interacting orbitals. In this mode of catalysis orbital steering/interactions are the predominant factors for the chemical step(s). A mirrorsymmetrical relationship between the two substrate-binding sites of D and L-amino acid oxidases is observed which facilitates enantiomeric selectivity while preserving a common arrangement of the residues in the active site 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information expressed LAAO exhibits the same electrophoretic mobility as native LAAO and exhibits approximately the same extent of glycosylation as authentic LAAO from snake venom. Catalytic properties and substrate specificity of recombinant LAAO are similar to those of native enzyme 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAAO causes cell death by induction of apoptosis in yeast. Lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide accompanied by leucine deficiency may have a role in enhancing cell death in leucine auxotrophic yeast strain. LAAO interacts with the cell surface of yeast. Depletion of leucine from the medium by LAAO and the interaction of LAAO with yeast cells are shown to be the major factors responsible for cell demise in the presence of catalase 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAAO contributes to competitive edge of Streptococcus oligofermentans over Streptococcus mutans in mixed-species biofilm with peptone 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAAO dose-dependently induces aggregation of washed human platelets. It induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of platelet proteins including Src kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, and phospholipase C gamma2. Both H2O2 production and binding to platelet membrane proteins may be involved in its action. The enzyme binds to the platelet membrane to enhance the sensitivity of platelets to H2O2. At the same time, H2O2 released by the enzyme activates platelets by an unknown mechanism 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAO is a macromolecule with antimicrobial activity, shows broad substrate specificity 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAO is a potential candidate for a mechanism that catalyses nitrogen mineralization from amino acids at the ecosystem level 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information LAO is involved in the innate immunity of fish skin. Shows potent antibacterial activity against fish pathogens, specifically Gram-negative bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida and Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information potent and effective activity of SSAP against waterborne virulent pathogens. Shows antibacterial activity, acts selectively on Gram-negative bacteria. SSAP inhibits potently the growth of Aeromonas salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.078, 0.16 and 0.63 microg/mL, respectively. Bacteria binding activity may be involved in the bacterial cell selectivity of SSAP. Treatments with SSAP induce cell surface damage to Aeromonas salmonicida, remarkable elongation of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida bodies and pores into Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information SSAP is predominantly synthesized in skin and gill and probably functions as an antibacterial LAO in both tissues. It shows antibacterial activity against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida 1.4.3.2 L-amino-acid oxidase additional information the enzyme has antibacterial activity inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. LAAO dose-dependently inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation with IC50 of 0.094 micromol and 0.036 micromol, respectively 1.4.3.16 L-aspartate oxidase additional information is essential for plant growth and development 1.4.4.2 glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring) additional information GDC is dispensable for cyanobacterial metabolism 1.4.4.2 glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring) additional information GDC is not necessary for cell viability under standard conditions. GDC is dispensable for Synechocystis 1.5.1.18 ephedrine dehydrogenase additional information both (R,S)-(-)-ephedrine and (S,S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine are constituents of various over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and are also used as decongestants and stimulants. Arthrobacter sp. TS-15 and its isolated ephedrine-oxidizing enzymes have potential for use in decontamination and synthetic applications 1.5.1.34 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase additional information the purified recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli is used for 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine (BH4) regeneration to alleviate 7,8-dihydropteridine (BH2) inhibition of L-tyrosine hydroxylation by crude tyrosine hydroxylase (SrTH) from Streptosporangium roseum DSM 43021 as part of a combined whole-cell catalyst, and a series of tyrosine hydroxylase/sepiapterin reductase (TH/SPR) synthesis systems, overview 1.6.2.4 NADPH-hemoprotein reductase additional information the CPR activity in different recombinant enzyme preparations is crucial for in vitro CYP3A5-mediated clearance of midazolam. The level of CPR affects both the affinity/binding of midazolam to the CYP enzyme and the velocity of the metabolic reaction 1.6.3.1 NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming) additional information NADPH oxidase but not myeloperoxidase is required for host defense in lymphopenic mice. Lymphocytes and NADPH oxidase may compensate for each other's deficiency in providing resistance to spontaneous bacterial infections 1.6.5.2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information ERbeta and hPMC2 are required for trans-hydroxytamoxifen-dependent recruitment of coactivators such as PARP-1 to the electrophile response element of NQO1 resulting in the induction of the antioxidative enzyme and subsequent protection against oxidative DNA damage 1.6.5.2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information oxidative stress-type cytotoxicity of chromate in FLK cells may be partly attributed to its reduction by NQO1, but not by glutathione reductase 1.6.5.2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information PIFI is a novel component essential for NDH-mediated nonphotochemical reduction of the plastoquinone pool in chlororespiratory electron transport 1.6.5.2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) additional information WrbA bridges flavodoxins and oxidoreductases. WrbA shows a close relationship to mammalian Nqo1 1.7.1.6 azobenzene reductase additional information health protection, the activity of the pure oxidoreductase YhdA can be used for efficient bioremediation of Cr(VI), it counteracts the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of oxygen radicals induced by intracellular factors and those generated during reduction of hexavalent chromium. Oxidoreductases that possess the ability to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), avoiding the intermediates Cr(V) and Cr(IV), are of significant biotechnological value 1.7.1.17 FMN-dependent NADH-azoreductase additional information the enzyme can be applied for textile wastewater treatment 1.7.2.8 hydrazine dehydrogenase additional information anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a very good alternative for treatment of high strength nitrogenous waste streams. The introduction of anaerobic ammonium oxidation to N-removal would lead to a 90% reduction in operational costs. Anammox would replace the conventional denitrification step and would also save half of the nitrification aeration costs 1.7.2.8 hydrazine dehydrogenase additional information the application of anammox to nitrogen removal would lead to a reduction of operational costs of up to 90%. The process targets wastewaters that contain much ammonium and little organic material, such as sludge digestor effluents. Anammox would replace the conventional denitrification step completely and would also save half of the nitrification aeration costs 1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase additional information a mutation in LPD leads to a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that is less sensitive to inhibition by NADH, allowing the enzyme to function in an anaerobic culture, which changes the fermentation profile of the mutant. Presence and functional activity of such an NADH-insensitive pyruvate dehydrogenase may have significant unexplored physiological and biotechnological applications 1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase additional information high stability of rBfmBC may make it useful for practical use 1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase additional information metabolic context(s) of DLDHs remains an open question 1.8.1.4 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase additional information the lipoyl protein domain (but not lipoic acid alone) plays a regulatory role in the enzymatic characteristics of pneumococcal DLDH 1.8.1.12 trypanothione-disulfide reductase additional information modeled structure of trypanothione reductase shows different active site from glutathione reductase, a specific inhibitor against trypanothione reductase can be designed without interfering with host glutathione reductase activity 1.8.2.1 sulfite dehydrogenase (cytochrome) additional information N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature SorA from Cupriavidus necator H16 is currently unique 1.8.2.1 sulfite dehydrogenase (cytochrome) additional information the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature SorA from Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 is found in about 500 proteins 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information alternative functional model ([Mo(TmMe)(O)2Cl]) of the metalloenzyme sulfite oxidase undergoes oxygen atom transfer chemistry and performs the primary function of the enzyme, sulfite oxidation 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information layer-by-layer assembly of globular proteins is feasible without use of polymers as counterpolyelectrolyte, which is interesting for the construction of third-generation biosensors. The assembly is made by co-adsorption of the enzyme SOx and the electron transfer protein cytochrome c 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information plants can utilize sulfite oxidase in a sulfite oxidative pathway to cope with sulfite overflow. Protects plants from toxic doses of SO2 gas 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information SO may play a role in protecting catalase from sulfite damage. SO may possibly serve as a safety valve to detoxify excess amounts of sulfite and protect the cell from sulfitolysis 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information SO may possibly serve as a safety valve to detoxify excess amounts of sulfite and protect the cell from sulfitolysis 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information sulfite oxidase may possibly serve as a safety valve to detoxify excess amounts of sulfite and protect the cell from sulfitolysis 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information sulfite treatment may cause oxidative stress and competent animals in SOX cope with this stressful conditions by increase in all antioxidant enzyme activities 1.8.3.1 sulfite oxidase additional information sulfite treatment may cause oxidative stress, and SOX normal animal copes with this stressful condition due to oxidative/antioxidative balance, whereas SOX-deficent rats, which are an exaggerated model for the normal human situation, cannot handle the sulfite-dependent oxidative stress 1.8.3.2 thiol oxidase additional information Erv1 represents a substrate of the Mia40-dependent translocation pathway 1.8.3.2 thiol oxidase additional information functions exclusively in the reducing environment of the cytosol and functions in partnership with auxiliary proteins 1.8.3.2 thiol oxidase additional information overexpression of QSOX1a suppresses the lethality of a complete deletion of endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 in yeast and restores disulfide bond formation. The enzyme has a minimal role in catalysis of disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum 1.8.7.3 ferredoxin:CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase additional information the HdrABC-MvhAGD atomic model serves as a structural template for numerous HdrABC homologs involved in diverse microbial metabolic pathways 1.8.99.B2 tetrathionate reductase additional information the Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans strain SH enzyme is isolated to develop a bioleaching process for NaCl-containing sulfide minerals. Thiosulfate-metabolizing activity is most important for bioleaching, as the sulfur moiety of sulfide minerals is thought to be metabolized via thiosulfate as an intermediate 1.10.3.1 catechol oxidase additional information the enzyme needs to be inactivated in wine production from grape must, since it causes undesirable color and turbidity modifications, which can change the stability and organoleptic characteristics of grape juice and musts, overview 1.10.3.1 catechol oxidase additional information tyrosinase is an important enzyme in the food industry because during the processing of fruits and vegetables any wounding may cause cell disruption and lead to quinone formation, the enzymatic browning implies a considerable economic loss in the commercial production of fruits and vegetables, the appearance of food and beverages may be affected, as may the taste and its nutritional value, often decreasing the quality of the final product 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information the enzyme is useful in decolorization of azo dyes, method optimization, overview 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information environmental protection, potential application of waste water cyanobacterial bloom and dyeing effluent as a medium for laccase production by Coriolus versicolor strain MTCC138 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information environmental protection: laccases are of interest in the field of bioremediation because of their ability to oxidize both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin-related compounds, as well as environmental pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, and certain explosives 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information laccases are versatile biocatalysts with various potential biotechnological applications, e.g. the treatment of industrial waste waters, the detoxification of environmental pollutants, or the functionalization of renewable polymeric materials 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information the enzyme may be used in a variety of biotechnological applications, including textile dye bleaching, pulp bleaching, bioremediation, polymer synthesis and biosensors 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information usage of thermotolerant laccase from Bacillus sp. for biodegradation of synthetic dyes, overview 1.10.3.2 laccase additional information pulp biobleaching 1.11.1.6 catalase additional information the level of catalase activity in fat body may be a reliable biochemical index to recognize thermotolerant breeds in order to develop resistant hybrids for tropical areas 1.11.1.12 phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase additional information an assay for sperm PHGPx activity emerges as a unique tool to evaluate semen quality for sire selection 1.11.1.12 phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase additional information comparative analysis of invertebrate GPx genes provides information evidence to support the modular pathways of GPx evolution, which have been accompanied with sporadic expansion-deletion and exon-intron remodeling, the study would be beneficial to get detailed insights into the complex GPx evolution, and to understand the molecular basis of the specialized physiological implications of the antioxidant system in their respective organisms 1.11.1.13 manganese peroxidase additional information maganese peroxidase (MnP) has a great application potential and ample opportunities in diverse area, such as alcohol, pulp and paper, biofuel, agriculture, cosmetic, textile, and food industries detailed overview 1.11.1.13 manganese peroxidase additional information maganese peroxidase (MnP) has a great application potential and ample opportunities in diverse area, such as alcohol, pulp and paper, biofuel, agriculture, cosmetic, textile, and food industries, detailed overview 1.11.1.13 manganese peroxidase additional information maganese peroxidase (MnP) has a great application potential and ample opportunities in diverse area, such as alcohol, pulp and paper, biofuel,agriculture, cosmetic, textile, and food industries, detailed overview 1.11.1.13 manganese peroxidase additional information the recombinant isotzyme MnP3 from Cerrena unicolor strain BBP6, rMnP3-BBP6, has promising biotechnological application potential in textile industries and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation 1.11.1.14 lignin peroxidase additional information lignin peroxidase has a broad spectrum of potential industrial and biotechnological applications attributed by its non-specific catalytic mechanism towards a variety of substrates. The use of LiP may provide a cost-effective, efficient and greener route for the transformation of biomass into second-generation (2 G) biofuels and other high-value green biochemicals, and thus effectively improve the economics of biorefineries. This biocatalyst can be applied in diverse industries such as pulp and paper mills, biofuels, food and feed, pharmaceuticals and also serve as a bioremediation agent, overview 1.11.1.14 lignin peroxidase additional information peroxidases are well-known biocatalysts produced by all organisms, especially microorganisms, and used in a number of biotechnological applications 1.11.1.16 versatile peroxidase additional information peroxidases are well-known biocatalysts produced by all organisms, especially microorganisms, and used in a number of biotechnological applications 1.11.1.19 dye decolorizing peroxidase additional information AnaPX is a useful alternative of horseradish peroxidase or fungal DyPs 1.11.1.19 dye decolorizing peroxidase additional information DyP-type peroxidases are interesting for applications in the waste treatment sector 1.11.1.19 dye decolorizing peroxidase additional information nonpurified crude recombinant DyP can be a useful candidate for development as a practical biocatalyst in colored wastewater treatment 1.11.1.19 dye decolorizing peroxidase additional information the increased stability of Anabaena sp. DyP variants coupled with the broad substrate specificity can be potentially useful for the further practical application of these enzymes especially in bioremediation of wastewater contaminated with recalcitrant anthraquinone dyes 1.11.1.19 dye decolorizing peroxidase additional information the enzyme can be used as biocatalyst for flavor production 1.11.2.1 unspecific peroxygenase additional information Agrocybe aegerita peroxygenase is a particularly potent biocatalyst that fills the gap between cytochrome P450s and common heme peroxidases 1.13.11.12 linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase additional information the manipulating of the expression of the LOX gene may provide a basis for advancing both the fundamental and applied biology of rice 1.13.11.12 linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase additional information the enzyme can be used for decolorization purposes in pulp, textile, and wastewater treatment industries 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase additional information detection of tumor cells bearing a particular surface marker 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase additional information Gluc reporter as a sensitive marker in elucidation endoplasmic reticulum stress in mammalian cells 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase additional information imaging of T cells in the context of a competent immune system, bioluminescent imaging 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase additional information monitor processing of proteins through the secretory pathway and endoplasmic reticulum 1.13.12.5 Renilla-type luciferase additional information visualize proteins being secreted by exocytosis 1.13.12.7 firefly luciferase additional information the combined mutant luciferase, which has high luminescence intensity, will be useful for detecting bacteria with high sensitivity in production safety tests 1.14.11.9 flavanone 3-dioxygenase additional information F3H gene may be used as biomarker in tea breeding programs and genetic engineering to improve tea quality 1.14.11.65 [histone H3]-dimethyl-L-lysine9 demethylase additional information LSD1 is a rational target for inducing the reexpression of aberrantly silenced genes 1.14.13.7 phenol 2-monooxygenase (NADPH) additional information potential application of LmPH as a molecular marker for the phylogenetic analysis of phenol-degrading strains 1.14.13.50 pentachlorophenol monooxygenase additional information the enzyme can be used for development of a model system for the study of recent evolution of catabolic pathways among bacteria that degrade xenobiotic molecules introduced into the environment during the recent past 1.14.13.84 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase additional information as acylcatechols are valuable synthons for the fine chemical industry, HAPMO might develop as a useful biocatalytic tool 1.14.13.84 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase additional information potential of HAPMO for biotechnological applications 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase additional information the Cyt P450 monooxygenases can be utilized in the bioremediation of pollutants, as these enzymes convert chemically inert compounds to more water-soluble, hydroxylated derivatives, which may be suitable substrates for many other enzymes 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase additional information the enzyme is a target for improving the catalytic performance of P450 BM-3 toward nonnatural substrates of industrial importance in the presence of organic solvents or cosolvents for industrial applications 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase additional information the use of genetically engineered herbicide resistant plants is one of the most effective ways for broomrape control, since the parasitic plant damages the agriculturally important tobacco plants in Bulgaria, overview 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase additional information right immobilization conditions are important for developing a catalytically active P450 based biosensor 1.14.14.1 unspecific monooxygenase additional information rhubarb may be the most appropriate plant for the phytotreatment of organic pollutants by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-catalysed reactions 1.14.14.22 dibenzothiophene sulfone monooxygenase additional information TdsA shows higher activity toward bulkier substrates than its mesophilic counterpart, DszA. These properties suggest the applicability of biodesulfmizatfon to the processing of actual petroleum fractions 1.14.14.81 flavanoid 3',5'-hydroxylase additional information understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits 1.14.14.81 flavanoid 3',5'-hydroxylase additional information introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Blue chrysanthemum is produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum 1.14.14.81 flavanoid 3',5'-hydroxylase additional information two transgenes, namely, CamF3'5'H and CtA3'5'GT, are enough to generate blue chrysanthemum: The 3',5'-diglucosylated delphinidin exhibits a blue color by intermolecular association with flavone glucosides under the weakly acidic pH conditions of general flower petals 1.14.14.82 flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase additional information understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits 1.14.14.94 leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase additional information induction of CYP4F3 may play a role in the development of benzene hematotoxicity and serve as a biomarker of benzene exposure 1.14.15.1 camphor 5-monooxygenase additional information P450cam is not an antifungal target, but is an excellent model in which to study the phenomenon of drug resistance 1.14.15.1 camphor 5-monooxygenase additional information knowledge of the conformational landscape is central to understanding P450 activity, which has important practical ramifications for the design of therapeutics with optimized pharmacokinetics, and the manipulation of P450s, and possibly other enzymes, for biotechnological applications 1.14.15.3 alkane 1-monooxygenase additional information the enzyme is useful in a whole-cell biotransformation system by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli to regioselectively synthesize 2,2-, 3,3- and 4,4-difluorooctan-1-ols, from simple and inexpensive starting materials, method evaluation, overview 1.14.15.4 steroid 11beta-monooxygenase additional information assays can be used for assessing the potency and selectivity of CYP11B2 inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure 1.14.16.4 tryptophan 5-monooxygenase additional information enhancement of L-tryptophan hydroxylation activity of L-phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum using information on the crystal structures of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases including TPH 1.14.17.4 aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase additional information potential of 2-aminooxyisobutyric acid as a preservative for carnations and other ornamentals, in which ethylene plays a key role in the induction of senescence, by inhibition of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase. 2-aminooxyisobutyric acid at 1 mM causes 91.5% reduction of maximum ethylene production rate as compared to the control in cut Excerea carnation flowers undergoing senescence, thereby lengthening their vase life to 7 d from 3 d of the control flowers. The compound also extends significantly the vase life of cut flowers of Pax carnation, and tends to do so in Primero Mango carnation. Suppression of flower senescence, overview 1.14.18.1 tyrosinase additional information phenoloxidase inhibitors are increasingly used in medicinal and cosmetic products 1.14.18.1 tyrosinase additional information tyrosinase is an important enzyme in the food industry because during the processing of fruits and vegetables any wounding may cause cell disruption and lead to quinone formation, the enzymatic browning implies a considerable economic loss in the commercial production of fruits and vegetables, the appearance of food and beverages may be affected, as may the taste and its nutritional value, often decreasing the quality of the final product 1.14.18.1 tyrosinase additional information when applied in various cross-linking reactions the tyrosinase is able to cross-link casein and gelatin in the absence of a phenolic compound, showing potential for application in the food industry and for the production of biomaterials 1.14.18.1 tyrosinase additional information when applied in various cross-linking reactions the tyrosinase is able to cross-link casein and gelatine in the absence of a phenolic compound, showing potential forapplication in the food industry and for the production of biomaterials 1.14.19.62 secologanin synthase additional information involved in vindoline biosynthesis 1.14.20.4 anthocyanidin synthase additional information the specific primer pairs developed for rye ABP genes represent effective rye chromosome-specific markers and can be used for chromosome identification in wheat-rye hybrids 1.14.20.5 flavone synthase I additional information down-regulation by RNAi results in flavone depleted roots 1.14.20.5 flavone synthase I additional information down-regulation by RNAi results in significantly reduced nodulation when inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti 1.14.99.24 steroid 9alpha-monooxygenase additional information strain NwIB-01 can be applied as excellent phytosterols-transformation strains in potential industrial applications 1.14.99.39 ammonia monooxygenase additional information The amoA gene, encoding the catalytic alpha-subunit of the AMO enzyme, is widely used as a genetic marker to detect ammonia-oxidizing bacteria 1.14.99.66 [histone H3]-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine4 FAD-dependent demethylase additional information LSD1 is a rational target for inducing the reexpression of aberrantly silenced genes 1.15.1.1 superoxide dismutase additional information the highly thermostable enzyme DaSOD might be useful for preventing the oxidation of refrigerated or frozen foods, as well as in the preparation of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products 1.17.4.1 ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase additional information the enzyme is a target for drug design against the parasite 1.20.1.1 phosphonate dehydrogenase additional information has great potential for cofactor regeneration 1.20.1.1 phosphonate dehydrogenase additional information random mutagenesis followed by comprehensive saturation mutagenesis further improves the enzyme thermostability while maintaining its activity. Mutant has improved the half-life of thermal inactivation at 45°C by 23,000fold over the parent enzyme. The engineered phosphite dehydrogenase will be useful in NAD(P)H regeneration 1.20.9.1 arsenate reductase (azurin) additional information bacterial arsenite oxidase genes are not only phylogenetically diverse, but also ecologically widespread. Genes for aerobic arsenite oxidation are widely distributed in the bacterial domain, are widespread in soil-water systems containing arsenite, and play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycling of arsenite 1.20.9.1 arsenate reductase (azurin) additional information biosensor for arsenite using molybdenum-containing arsenite oxidase, which is applicable for repeated analysis of spiked arsenite in tap water, river water, and commercial mineral water 1.21.1.1 iodotyrosine deiodinase additional information target for disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis by environmental halogenated chemicals 1.21.99.4 thyroxine 5'-deiodinase additional information food restriction leads to reduced liver type 1 deiodinase activity, administration of 3,3’,5,5’-tetraiodo-L-thyronine restores type 1 deiodinase activity and promotes body protein loss 1.21.99.4 thyroxine 5'-deiodinase additional information type 2 deiodinase is inactivated via WSB-1 mediated ubiquination but can be rescued from proteasomal degradation by USP-33 mediated deubiquination, expression of WSB-1 and USP-33 underlie cell specific posttranslational control of type 2 deiodinase 2.1.1.5 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase additional information Bhmt expression is strongly regulated by changes in ambient osmolarity, osmotic regulation of BHMT may be part of a cell volume-regulatory response and additionally leads to metabolic alterations that depend on the availability of betaine-derived methyl groups 2.1.1.5 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase additional information in contrast to previous suppositions based on enzyme activity, under most dietary conditions, the quantity of homocysteine remethylated by methionine synthase appeared to exceed that remethylated by the alternate betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase pathway 2.1.1.5 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase additional information lower BHMT expression can impair homocysteine metabolism, which can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress 2.1.1.5 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase additional information relationship between BHMT expression and ApoB mRNA in transfected McA cells recapitulated in vivo through dietary BHMT induction, providing additional support for a physiologic linkage between 1-carbon metabolism and apob gene expression 2.1.1.5 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase additional information sequence of the pseudogene BHMT2 shows 97% homology to mouse BHMT 2.1.1.9 thiol S-methyltransferase additional information a few changes in key residues are sufficient to convert an OMT into a S-methyltransferase 2.1.1.20 glycine N-methyltransferase additional information phosphorylated serine residues 71, 182, and 241, in GNMT prepared from liver tissue and hepatocytes an S9 additional residue is phosphorylated, in hepatocytes and in recombinant GNMT S139 is detected, serine 9 is also identified as a target for cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro, positions of these phosphorylated residues in the tertiary structure of GNMT indicate their possible effect on enzyme conformation and activity 2.1.1.28 phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase additional information a potent inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, which exhibits a minimal affinity for the alpha-adrenoceptor, would be a useful pharmacological tool for clearly defining the connection between central epinephrine concentrations and blood pressure. 2.1.1.28 phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase additional information a potent inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, which exhibits minimal affinity for the alpha2-adrenoceptor and is able to cross the brain-blood-barrier, would be a useful pharmacological tool for defining the role of epinephrine in the central nervous systhem. 2.1.1.28 phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase additional information selective inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase would be useful pharmacological tools for clearly defining the connection between central epinephrine concentrations and peripheral blood pressure 2.1.1.53 putrescine N-methyltransferase additional information chimera proteins obtained by fusion of fragments of Solanum tuberosum pmt2 and Hyoscyamus niger pmt are active as PMT 2.1.1.53 putrescine N-methyltransferase additional information different polyamine catabolic processes in hypergeous and hypogeous tissues, duality in polyamine catabolic pathways involves correlation of amine oxidases with PMT for the production of nicotine alkaloids, and with POX for the lignification, cell wall formation, and vascular differentiation 2.1.1.53 putrescine N-methyltransferase additional information no functional protein translated from Solanum tuberosum pmt2, chimera proteins obtained by fusion of fragments of Solanum tuberosum pmt2 and Hyoscyamus niger pmt are active as PMT, if the initial part of pmt2 is used, indicating that a mutation in the terminal part of the gene causes insolubility of the enzyme 2.1.1.53 putrescine N-methyltransferase additional information protein model of PMT based on the crystal structure of SPDS suggests that overall protein folds are comparable, the respective cosubstrates S-adenosylmethionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine, however, appear to bind differentially to the active sites of both enzymes, and the substrate putrescine adopts a different position 2.1.1.53 putrescine N-methyltransferase additional information the deduced amino acid sequence of Anisodus tanguticus shows 92% identity with both Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna PMT 2.1.1.57 methyltransferase cap1 additional information domain VI of vesicular stomatitis virus L protein functions as a methyltransferase, active-site residues K1651, D1762, K1795, and E1833 within domain VI are essential for mRNA cap methylation 2.1.1.57 methyltransferase cap1 additional information related to the vaccinia virus VP39 cap 2'-O-methyltransferase, may has a minor role in the biogenesis of the SL RNA cap 4 structure 2.1.1.57 methyltransferase cap1 additional information relatively low overall sequence conservation between vaccinia virus VP39 and TbMT57, has a major role in the biogenesis of the SL RNA cap 4 structure 2.1.1.61 tRNA 5-(aminomethyl)-2-thiouridylate-methyltransferase additional information putative nuclear modifier gene TRMU may modulate the phenotypic manifestation of the deafness-associated mitochondrial 12S rRNA mutations 2.1.1.68 caffeate O-methyltransferase additional information transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants over-expressing the maize R2R3-MYB transcription factors ZmMYB31 and ZmMYB42 down-regulate both the Arabidopsis thaliana and the maize COMT genes, associated with lignin biosynthesis repression 2.1.1.68 caffeate O-methyltransferase additional information Vanilla planifolia OMT-2 is most similar to caffeic acid O-methyltransferases, reveals new instance of COMT-like enzyme with novel substrate preferences 2.1.1.68 caffeate O-methyltransferase additional information Vanilla planifolia OMT-3 is most similar to caffeic acid O-methyltransferases, reveals new instance of COMT-like enzyme with novel substrate preferences 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information contains complete DNA-[adenine] MTase-like ORF but the DNA-[adenine] MTase like gene is a pseudogene, no evidence of DNA-[adenine] methylation 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information DNA-[adenine] MTase like gene is a pseudogene, no evidence of DNA-[adenine] methylation, DNA methylation may occur in a cell-cycle regulated manner, or as a developmental stage-specific event that does not include the red cell stage 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information DNA-[adenine] MTase pseudogene, ORF encodes a protein exhibiting a high degree of homology to the putative Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTase 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information high degree of homology to the prokaryote enzymes 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information potential ORF that appears to code for DNA-[adenine] MTase, seems to be a pseudogene 2.1.1.72 site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) additional information transcriptionally active macronuclear DNA contains N6-methyladenine 2.1.1.104 caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase additional information CCoAOMT and cinnamoyl co-enzyme A reductase are neighboring enzymes, reactions mediated by these two enzymes require different pH environments, indicating that compartmentalization is probably needed for CCoAOMT and cinnamoyl co-enzyme A reductase to function properly in vivo 2.1.1.104 caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase additional information CCoAOMT is related to lignin biosynthesis, lignin level is lower in leaves of plants subjected to water deficit than in those of well-watered plants, CCoAOMT is highly correlated with caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic 3-O-methyltransferase 2.1.1.116 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase additional information localization of seven biosynthetic enzymes to the sieve elements, unique, cell type-specific biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the opium poppy 2.1.1.116 3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase additional information the fragment A11A1 with increased expression in Papaver somniferum plants compared to other Papaver species shows the highest homology (75% identity on protein level) to the 4'-OMT from Coptis japonica 2.1.1.122 (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase additional information low TNMT activity 2.1.1.148 thymidylate synthase (FAD) additional information autoregulates its own translation, RNA stem-loop structure acts as an inhibitory regulator of translation by preventing the binding of its Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence by positioning it in the stem region, addition of Thy1 into the in vitro translation system also inhibits translation 2.1.1.148 thymidylate synthase (FAD) additional information complements the Escherichia coli chi2913 strain that lacks its conventional TS activity, residues Lys165 and Arg168 play critical roles in ThyX activity, possibly by governing access to the carbon atom to be methylated of a totally buried substrate dUMP 2.1.1.148 thymidylate synthase (FAD) additional information residues His53, Glu190, Arg90, and Arg182 are essential for TS activity 2.1.1.202 multisite-specific tRNA:(cytosine-C5)-methyltransferase additional information changes in tRNA methylation profiles are sufficient to specify cellular metabolic states and efficiently adapt protein synthesis rates to cell stress 2.1.1.274 salicylate 1-O-methyltransferase additional information priming of tomato seeds with 0.1 mM methyljasmonate before sowing enables the seedlings grown from these seeds to reduce the attack of the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici 2.1.1.355 [histone H3]-lysine9 N-trimethyltransferase additional information functions as a coactivator for nuclear receptors, cooperating synergistically with nuclear receptor coactivators glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1, coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1, and p300 in transient transfection assays, synergy depends strongly on the arginine-specific protein methyltransferase activity of CARM1 but does not absolutely require the enzymatic activity of G9a and is specific to CARM1 and G9a among various protein methyltransferases, link between histone arginine and lysine methylation and a mechanism for controlling whether G9a functions as a corepressor or coactivator 2.1.1.355 [histone H3]-lysine9 N-trimethyltransferase additional information growth factor independent 1 interacts with G9a and recruits G9a and histone deacetylase 1 to its target promoters, including the cell cycle regulator p21Cip/WAF1 and other cell cycle regulators, in order to repress transcription through histone H3(K9) dimethylation 2.1.1.360 [histone H3]-lysine79 N-trimethyltransferase additional information mDot1a is a novel aldosterone regulated histone modification enzyme, and, through binding the ENaCalpha promoter and hypermethylating histone H3 K79 associated with the ENaCalpha promoter, a negative regulator of ENaCalpha transcription 2.1.2.1 glycine hydroxymethyltransferase additional information two conserved inserts of 3 and 31 amino acids, distinctive characteristics of the Chlamydiales order, ancient lateral gene transfers from actinobacteria to chlamydiae 2.2.1.1 transketolase additional information development of a comprehensive reaction model for a transketolase mediated carbon-carbon formation, based on the synthesis of erythrulose, which includes component degradation as a function of time and concentration as well as glycolaldehyde toxicity towards the enzyme and which can perform detailed simulations and link bioconversion to upstream fermentation and downstream product purification to determine optimal operating strategies to minimise process costs 2.2.1.1 transketolase additional information phylogenetically variant active-site residues are useful for modulating activity of transketolase on natural or structurally-homologous substrates, whereas conserved residues which no longer interact with modified target substrates are useful sites to apply saturation mutagenesis for improvement of activity of transketolase 2.2.1.1 transketolase additional information ppGpp-dependent functional pathway that operates through transketolase B, and which is buffered in wild-type strain by the presence of an isozyme, transketolase A 2.2.1.1 transketolase additional information strategy for identifying target sites for focussed saturation mutagenesis of transketolase, for the incremental modification of substrate specificity. Shell active-site residues that are phylogenetically variant can be randomly mutated to improve the overall activity but not specificity of transketolase. Residues with low sequence entropy that no longer interact with either of the smaller target substrates can similarly provide non-specific activity improvements in at least half of the mutants. The other half of these mutants show a preference for the hydroxylated substrate. Residues with low sequence entropy that interact directly with altered regions of the target substrate are most likely to improve the substrate specificity 2.3.1.1 amino-acid N-acetyltransferase additional information N-acetylglutamate synthase is a molecular marker for evolution of tetrapods 2.3.1.117 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-succinyltransferase additional information DapA is not an optimal target for drug development against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.3.1.157 glucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetyltransferase additional information the increase in activity induced by some substitutions and truncations may be a useful feature that can be exploited for commercial application of this enzyme 2.3.2.13 protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase additional information microbial transglutaminase alters the immunogenic potential and cross-reactivity of horse and cow milk proteins. Possibility of reducing the immunoreactivity of horse milk proteins by microbial transglutaminase (TG) polymerization. The diet based on modified horse milk proteins could be an alternative for some patients with cow milk protein allergy 2.4.1.1 glycogen phosphorylase additional information the enzyme is a target for development of inhibitors to prevent unwanted hepatic glycogenolysis under high glucose conditions in treatment of diabetes type 2 in humans 2.4.1.14 sucrose-phosphate synthase additional information expression of the Arabidosis thaliana SPS gene in Populus alba x Populus grandidentata as model system for tree biology with substantial industrial relevance in the context of short rotation forestry and a target bioenergy crop 2.4.1.123 inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase additional information the enzyme an important target to reduce raffinose family oligosaccharides concentration in chickpea seeds 2.4.1.140 alternansucrase additional information the enzyme is utilised in the biotransformation of stevioside to fully or partially remove the bitter taste of the stevioside, 13-O-beta-sophorosyl-19-O-beta-D-glucosyl-steviol, a non-cariogenic and low-calorigenic diterpenoid glycoside with a bitter taste and a bad aftertaste, from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, commercially used as a low calorie and a non-cariogenic sweetener. Effects of reaction condition and enzyme concentration on biotransformation, overview 2.4.1.155 alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase additional information an elevation of enzyme Gnt-V activity leads to radiosensitivity and migration of small cell lung cancer cells by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT, thereby highlighting Gnt-V as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of EMT-associated tumour radioresistance and migration 2.4.1.244 N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein 4-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase additional information GalNAC-beta-(1,4)-GlcNAc and beta4GalNAc-T3 are novel differentiation markers of surface mucous cells in the gastric mucosa 2.4.1.249 delphinidin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase additional information creation of blue flowers in ornamental plants. Introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Blue chrysanthemum is produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum 2.4.1.249 delphinidin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase additional information creation of blue flowers in ornamental plants. Two transgenes, namely, CamF3'5'H and CtA3'5'GT, are enough to generate blue chrysanthemum: The 3',5'-diglucosylated delphinidin exhibits a blue color by intermolecular association with flavone glucosides under the weakly acidic pH conditions of general flower petals 2.4.1.249 delphinidin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase additional information generation of blue Chrysanthemums through genetic engineering. The blue coloration of the Chrysanthemum is accomplished by constructing functional genes producing flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase and anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase. Accumulation of 3',5'-O-glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanins synthesized by the transgenes leads to the development of blue color via intermolecular copigmentation with flavone glycosides present in chrysanthemum petal 2.4.2.9 uracil phosphoribosyltransferase additional information MtUPRT is unlikely to be a good target for drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2.4.2.14 amidophosphoribosyltransferase additional information marginal secondary enzyme activities can dramatically improve the fitness of contemporary organisms 2.5.1.9 riboflavin synthase additional information the enzyme is a target for development of antimicrobial drugs 2.5.1.9 riboflavin synthase additional information mutant C48S of the N-terminal domain is used as tool for high throughput screening system for searching for inhibitory compounds for riboflavin synthase activity 2.5.1.B31 5-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase additional information prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthase superfamily catalyze Friedel-Crafts alkylation with high flexibility for aromatic substrates, but the high specificity for dimethylallyl diphosphate prohibits their application as biocatalysts 2.5.1.34 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase additional information prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyl-tryptophan synthase superfamily catalyze Friedel-Crafts alkylation with high flexibility for aromatic substrates, but the high specificity for dimethylallyl diphosphate prohibits their application as biocatalysts 2.5.1.78 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase additional information protection of mice against Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-associated damage by maternal immunization with a Brucella lumazine synthase-Stx2 B subunit chimera. The enzyme can be useful in vaccine development against enterohemorrhagic Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (EHEC), which causes a prodromal hemorrhagic enteritis, remaining the most common etiology of the typical or epidemic form of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The EHEC challenge contributes to sustain a specific and protective immune response against Stx2 2.6.1.18 beta-alanine-pyruvate transaminase additional information the enzyme can be utilized as a catalyst for kinetic resolution of beta-amino acids and amines 2.7.1.23 NAD+ kinase additional information conserved GGDGT motif of NADKs 2.7.1.23 NAD+ kinase additional information key role of NADK in animal cells for the maintenance of the cellular NADPH pool. NADK overexpression and the ensuing increase of the NADPH level only moderately enhances protection against oxidant treatment 2.7.1.23 NAD+ kinase additional information one of the key enzymes regulating the balance of NAD(H) and NADP(H) 2.7.1.74 deoxycytidine kinase additional information deoxycytidine kinase is a key enzyme in the activation of several therapeutic nucleoside analogues 2.7.1.145 deoxynucleoside kinase additional information DmdNK broad substrate specificity and fast turnover rate make it an interesting candidate for suicide gene therapy, as well as in numerous biotechnological applications 2.7.1.160 2'-phosphotransferase additional information Inhibitors of Tpt1p might prove useful as selective antifungal agents. 2.7.2.2 carbamate kinase additional information putative gene for carbamate kinase is ef0735 on the DNA strand of the Enterococcus faecalis V583 chromosome. The arginine deiminase pathway of arginine catabolism probably supplies the genes for PTC and CK but not those for the agmatine/putrescine antiporter 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information Arg148 as a key residue involved in open-to-closed transition, during catalysis, a conformational change occurs that brings the N- and C-domains of PGK closer together 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information formation of a double-sided H-bond network, which affects substantially the shape of the main molecular hinge at beta-strand L, under the concerted action of both substrates 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information hierarchic finite level landscape model that quantitatively describes the refolding of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase from 1 ms to 15 min. Early steps of the folding process happen in the upper region of the landscape, where the surface has a hierarchic structure. This leads to stretched kinetics in the early phase of the folding. The lower region of the energy landscape is dominated by a trap that reflects the accumulation of molten globule intermediate state. From this intermediate, the protein can reach the global energy minimum corresponding to the native state through a cross-barrier folding step 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information immobilizing PGK on solid supports like glass or muscovite mica does not strongly modify its enzymatic activity, guideline for biosensors made with the method of Tapping Mode atomic force microscopy whenever a rapid assessment of the remaining surface activity is needed 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information importance of interdomain contacts in the overall dynamics of the protein, hinge bending in the nanosecond timescale, the two domains of the complete enzyme exhibit rigid body motions anticorrelated with respect to each other. The correlation of the intradomain motions of both domains converges, yielding a distinct correlation map in the enzyme. In the isolated domain simulations, in which interdomain interactions cannot occur, the correlation of domain motions no longer converges and shows a very small correlation during the same simulation time 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information interacts specifically with the 3'-UTR of Bamboo mosaic virus RNA, associates with the poly(A) tail 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information not resistant to proteolytic cleavage, both domains of the yeast protein fold in isolation into stable structures, extremely similar tertiary structures and global stabilities as compared to the homologous Escherichia coli PGK, but significant differences in proteolysis 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information PGKB mRNA and PGKB protein are much more abundant in the procyclic life-cycle stage than in bloodstream forms, whereas PGKC mRNA and PGKC protein are specific to bloodstream forms. PGKC 3'-UTR exerts strong regulatory effects, they are exerted at the levels of both mRNA stability and translation. PGKC3'-UTR contains some elements which promote active degradation in procyclic forms, but it also is responsible for an active stabilisation process in bloodstream forms 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2 is a trans-acting factor that helps to stabilize PGK2 mRNA in male mouse germ cells, specifically binds to the F1 region of the PGK2 3'-UTR 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information resistant to proteolytic cleavage, the C-domain of PGK cannot be expressed or fold independently of the N-domain, extremely similar tertiary structures and global stabilities as compared to the homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGK, but significant differences in proteolysis 2.7.2.3 phosphoglycerate kinase additional information submolecular mechanism of amyloid formation based on a model system of PGK, evaluated by microscopic measurements and tryptophan fluorescence. Interactions between the polypeptide chains of the two domains of the protein direct the misfolding process from the early steps to the amyloid formation, and influence the final structure. Kinetics of misfolding is different for the individual domains. Misfolding of the domains within the complete protein is synchronized indicating that domain-domain interactions direct the misfolding and amyloid formation mechanism 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information AK DR1365 is not used for lysine biosynthesis but for threonine and methionine biosynteses, AK TTC0166 in Thermus thermophilus and AK DR1365 in Deinococcus radiodurans have different protein structure and evolutionary origins, but their functions are not different 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information ASK1 and ASK2 share a high degree of identity with each other, there is one amino acid difference in the Ask2 enzymes of Oh545o2 and Oh51Ao2 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information upon binding to the inactive AK1-Lys complex, S-adenosyl-L-methionine promotes a slow conformational transition leading to formation of a stable aspartate kinase 1-Lys-S-adenosyl-L-methionine complex. Increase in AK1 apparent affinity for lysine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine results from the displacement of the unfavorable equilibrium between AK1 and aspartate kinase 1-Lys towards the inactive form, S-adenosyl-L-methionine and Lys binding to AK1 is sequential, with Lys binding preceding S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information upon binding to the inactive AK1–Lys complex, S-adenosyl-l-methionine promotes a slow conformational transition leading to formation of a stable aspartate kinase 1–Lys–S-adenosyl-l-methionine complex. Increase in AK1 apparent affinity for lysine in the presence of S-adenosyl-l-methionine results from the displacement of the unfavorable equilibrium between AK1 and aspartate kinase 1–Lys towards the inactive form, S-adenosyl-l-methionine and Lys binding to AK1 is sequential, with Lys binding preceding S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information AK has biological importance, as a target candidate for developing new antifungal and antibacterial compounds, because mammals cannot biosynthesize lysine. 2.7.2.4 aspartate kinase additional information The absence of the aspartate biosynthetic pathway in humans makes it a good target for new pesticides and antibiotics. 2.7.2.7 butyrate kinase additional information coexpression of PhaP1 alongside the BPEC pathway is important for optimizing strains towards enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoic acid or polythioester production 2.7.2.11 glutamate 5-kinase additional information G5K and the homologous acetylglutamate kinase closely resemble each other concerning substrate binding and catalysis, but that they have different mechanisms of feed-back control, roles of K10, K217 and T169 in catalysis and ATP binding and of D150 in orienting the catalytic lysines, roles of D148 and D150 in glutamate binding and of D148 and N149 in proline binding 2.7.2.11 glutamate 5-kinase additional information GK is the rate-limiting enzyme in the proline biosynthesis 2.7.2.11 glutamate 5-kinase additional information proBA fusion gene and some of the mutated proBA fusion genes can be expressed and functionally complement the proline auxotrophy in Escherichia coli JM83, the fused gamma-glutamyl kinase/gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase is more active than the separate gamma-glutamyl kinase and gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase enzymes 2.7.4.1 ATP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase additional information enviromental protection, overexpression of polyP induces resistance to mercury, poly P in leaves mediates an accumulation of mercury from mercury-contaminated soil, phytoremediation of mercury pollution 2.7.4.3 adenylate kinase additional information isoenzyme AK1b mediated AMP-induced activation of recombinant ATP-sensitive potassium channels in presence of ATP 2.7.4.3 adenylate kinase additional information CFTR gating mechanism based on adenylate kinase activity 2.7.4.3 adenylate kinase additional information adenylate kinase is used as a soluble tag to facilitate MEK1R4F protein expression and its application in large-scale phosphorylated ERK1/2 preparation and purification 2.7.4.9 dTMP kinase additional information Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidine monophosphate kinase (TMPKmt) recently emerged as a potentially attractive target for the design of a novel class of antituberculosis agents. 2.7.4.33 AMP-polyphosphate phosphotransferase additional information AMP is known to have potential for use as a reliable indicator in hygiene monitoring, the development of a sensitive method for detecting AMP, by using polyphosphate-AMP phosphotransferase and adenylate kinase in conjugation with firefly luciferase, is useful to detect food samples with high sensitivity 2.7.6.2 thiamine diphosphokinase additional information Administration of oxythiamine to animals produces primarily metabolic aberrations such as lethargy and anorexia while the administration of pyrithiamine to animals produces neurological problems similar to Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. 2.7.7.1 nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase additional information The expression of Nmnat1 itself is sufficient to protect axons in an in vitro Wallerian degeneration assay, suggesting that increased NAD production is crucial for axonal protection. 2.7.8.24 phosphatidylcholine synthase additional information since choline is not a biosynthetic product of prokaryotes, the Pcs pathway is probably a direct sensor of environmental conditions, using choline availability as an indicator of the status of the location in which the bacterium is found 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information around 38% tyrosine phosphorylation events from Drosophila RTK proteins conserved on 185 human proteins are confirmed in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation events 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information B-cell proliferation and the induction of increased surface expression of costimulatory ligand CD86 by PorB are dependent on PTK activity and not Erk1/2 activation 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information existence of a disulfide-linked, dimeric form of DDR1 in human cells, which is activated upon collagen stimulation. Two cysteines in the stalk region of the receptor are most likely necessary not only for the formation of covalent dimers but also for proper receptor post-translational maturation 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information model of c-MET activation. Relative importance of the main regulatory processes that work in concert to sharply switch between an inactive and active c-MET state. Importance of dimerization mediated changes in c-MET kinetic, biochemical, and dephosphorylation properties for enabling activation specificity. Ligand-stimulated c-MET is a highly competent signaling species and its activation is sensitive to changes in its biochemical parameters 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information possible physiological role of the EphA1 receptor as an extracellular pH sensor. Glu547 may serve as a sensor of the environment surrounding the EphA1 receptor on the cell surface, and its deprotonation may partly disrupt the coupling between the extracellular and cytoplasmic domains of the receptor because of transient local melting of helical structure and thus modulate signal transduction 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information PTP1B and TCPTP play distinct and non-redundant roles in the regulation of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Residues Y1234 and Y1235 of Met are essential for the interaction of Met with TCPTP and PTP1B, while Y1003 may play an accessory role 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information RET is a cell-intrinsic marker that regulates hindgut colonization by sacral neural crest cells, and has the ability to promote the enteric nervous system developmental potential of sacral neural crest cells towards that of vagal neural crest cells 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information role of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor in regulating MuSK endocytosis and subsequent signaling in response to agrin stimulation 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information Tie1 does not transduce anti-apoptotic or anti-permeability effects of Ang1 in endothelial cells 2.7.10.1 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase additional information Tie2 mediates the inhibitory effects of Ang1 on endothelial permeability and apoptosis 2.7.11.12 cGMP-dependent protein kinase additional information data obtained with Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS as cGKI inhibitor should be interpreted with caution and not be used as sole evidence to dissect the role of cGKI in signaling processes 2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase additional information eEF2 kinase does not play a role in regulating elongation factor 2 2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase additional information eEF2 kinase is stabilized against decay during hypoxia by phosphorylation 2.7.11.20 elongation factor 2 kinase additional information novel function of GCN2, regulates lipid metabolism during leucine deprivation in addition to regulating amino acid metabolism 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Cdc5 is required to establish contractile actin ring assembly and to maintain it. Cdc5 controls the targeting and activation of Rho1 at the division site via Rho1 guanine nucleotide exchange factors Tus1 and Rom2 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Cdc5p is required for the production of key mitotic regulators 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information is an essential factor for Ca2+-induced meiotic exit 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information late mitotic function of Plk1, kinase activity of Plk1 is needed for an early event in cytokinesis, acts upstream of RhoA, Plk1 activity is required for the equatorial localization of RhoA and its effectors during anaphase 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information only one polo kinase found, is a master mitotic regulator, involved in the regulation of mitotic entry, the metaphase to anaphase transition, mitotic exit and cytokinesis 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 controls both spindle elongation and cytokinesis, coordinates chromosome segregation with cytokinesis through its dual control of anaphase B and contractile ring assembly 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 facilitates chromosome alignment during prometaphase through BubR1, Plk1 is necessary for not only proper spindle assembly but also the formation of functional kinetochore-microtubule attachments 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 functions during mitosis and cytokinesis 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 has specific functions in Emi1 degradation, activation of Cdk1-cyclin B, cohesin release, centrosome function, and regulation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments, Plk1 is not required for prophase entry, but is required for timely entry into prometaphase 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 is responsible for causing mitotic BubR1 upshift, and attribute a kinetochore-specific function to the hyperphosphorylated form of BubR1 in the stabilization of kinetochore-microtubule interactions 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk1 may regulate cell cycle progression of mouse fertilized eggs by means of inhibiting the phosphorylation of Tyr15 of Cdc2 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk2 is expressed earlier in the cell cycle 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plk3 is expressed earlier in the cell cycle, regulates entry into S phase, attenuates cyclin E expression through a post transcriptional mechanism, it must be a critical regulator of G1 events 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information Plx1 is required for M phase specific telomere binding of TRF1, is required for efficient loading of TRF1 to mitotic chromatin 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information RhoA and Plk1 physically interact, their interaction appears to be enhanced during mitosis, Plk1 may alter activation of RhoA during mitotic cytokinesis 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information role for PLK kinase activity in basal body and kinetoplast migration, PLK is essential for cytokinesis furrow ingression in bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information temporal control of HsCdc14A phosphatase activity by PLK1 is essential for chromosome segregation in mitosis 2.7.11.21 polo kinase additional information with respect to both substrate and ATP-site specificity, highest similarity is between PLK2 and PLK3, PLK1 is next most similar, and PLK4 is least similar 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information Cdk2 activity is involved in the mitochondrial translocation of Bax, which plays an important role in the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition during apoptotic progression 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information CDK5 exerts some of its biologic activities in neuronal cells through the glucocorticoid receptor, dynamically modulating glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity in a target promoter dependent fashion 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information cell-cycle effects in early embryos under normal conditions and after irridation are paralleled by changes in the activity of the central cell-cycle driving enzyme complex, the cdk1/cyclin B1 complex 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information no support of the proposed function of PNQALRE/CCRK in activating CDKs, but instead reinforcement of the notion that Cdk7 is the major, and to date the only, CAK in mammalian cells 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information PFTK1 acts as a CDK that regulates cell cycle progression and cell proliferation 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information S phase onset coincides with activation of Cdk2, whereas Cdk1 triggers mitosis, Cdk7 is the Cdk1 and 2-activating kinase in vivo 2.7.11.22 cyclin-dependent kinase additional information zebrafish cdk5 is 96% identical to its human counterpart, Xenopus and most other vertebrate cdk5, the enzyme plays a crucial role in the development of the peripheral nervous system 2.7.11.23 [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase additional information Ctk1 controls the maintenance of suppressive chromatin in the coding regions of genes by both promoting H3K36 methylation, which leads to histone deacetylation, and preventing the 3' spread of H3K4 trimethylation, a mark associated with transcriptional initiation 2.7.11.23 [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase additional information functions in translation by enhancing decoding fidelity, Ctk1 interacts with the transcription and mRNA export complex, which couples transcription to mRNA export, may bind to correctly processed mRNPs during transcription and accompany the mRNP to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where Ctk1 enhances efficient and accurate translation of the mRNA, function of Ctk1 in translation seems to be conserved in evolution 2.7.11.23 [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase additional information required for accurate transcription initiation and transcription elongation 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information 21 putative poplar MAPK genes identified and located within the poplar genome, distributed over 12 of the 19 poplar chromosomes 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information a role for active Hog1 in maintaining signaling specificity under conditions of persistently high external osmolarity 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information constitutively active p38 MAPK serves an essential, permissive role in mechanically induced changes in ERK activation and in the accumulation of hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrices that serve a key role in joint development, constitutively active p38 influences the duration and extent of ERK1/2 activation and hyperphosphorylation of one of its downstream targets c-Fos 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information increased phosphorylation at M phase is dependent on MAPK, controls several major steps in the spindle checkpoint 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information indirect interactions between neuronal MAPK and peripheral insulin-like signaling in response to environmental stimuli (temperature, H2O2) 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information MAPK signal transduction pathway plays a pivotal role in the immune responses of snail hemocytes. ERK appears to strongly regulate cell motility. ERK, JNK and p38 contribute to phagocytosis-mediated signal transduction. ERK also plays a major role in oxidative burst activation and the encapsulation of trematode larvae by snail hemocytes 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information p38 MAPK signalling pathway has a role in mediating immune and stress response in fish, shows more than 85% identity to the mammalian homolog p38alpha, contains the conserved phosphorylation motif TGY located in the activation loop of the kinase 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information phosphorylated ERK2 has an increased capacity to form dimers relative to unphosphorylated ERK2, dimerization of SAPKalphaI/JNK2 displays no dependence on phosphorylation 2.7.11.24 mitogen-activated protein kinase additional information Trichoderma asperellum exerts its protective effect on plants through activation of the TIPK gene, a MAPK that is involved in signal transduction pathways of defense responses, TIPK is a homolog of wound-induced MAPKs. Plants overexpressing TIPK are more resistant to pathogenic bacterial attack than control plants, even in the absence of Trichoderma preinoculation 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information ASK2, a highly related serine/threonine kinase to ASK1, functions as a MAP3K only in a heteromeric complex with ASK1 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information cells can customize their transcriptional response to MAPKKK cascade signaling by selective expression of the SMRT or N-CoR locus, by selective utilization of a specific corepressor splice variant, and by selective exploitation of specific tiers of the MAPK cascade 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information may play a structural role in signaling, independent of its protein kinase activity, MEKK1 kinase activity may not be required to activate FLS2-mediated defense responses in Arabidopsis. MEKK1 acts upstream of MPK4 as a negative regulator of pathogen response pathways, a function that may not require MEKK1's full kinase activity 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information MEKK1 has a dual function, it can bind to the promoter of WRKY53 and it can interact with the WRKY53 on the protein level and can phosphorylate WRKY53 in vitro thereby increasing its DNA-binding activity. MEKK1 may be able to take a very direct short cut in MAPK signalling by directly phosphorylating a transcription factor 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information MEKK1 negatively regulates temperature-sensitive and tissue-specific cell death and H2O2 accumulation that are partly dependent on both RAR1, a key component in resistance protein function, and SID2, an isochorismate synthase required for salicylic acid production upon pathogen infection 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information MEKK1 regulates multiple processes during vegetative development, accumulation of reactive oxygen species and redox homeostasis 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information role of FRK2 in pre- and post-fertilization events, overexpression of FRK2 leads to the production of fruits with a severely reduced number of seeds, and leads to changes in the expression of the class D floral homeotic gene ScFBP11, suggesting that FRK2 kinase may interact, directly or indirectly, with the FBP7/11 pathway that directs establishment of ovule identity 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information Ssk2p is one of the three MEKK kinases in the HOG pathway, the other two being Ste11p and Ssk22p, Ssk2p is homologous to MEKK4, monitors the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and regulates its recovery from osmotic stress 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information the association between MEKK3 and 14-3-3 is dependent on Ser526 and prevents dephosphorylation of Ser526 in HEK293 EBNA cells, Ser526 of MEKK3 is an autophosphorylation site within the T-loop that is regulated by PP2A and 14-3-3 proteins 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information two isoforms of MEKK4, monitors the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and regulates its recovery from osmotic stress, MEKK4 and TRAF4 are involved in the process of neurulation 2.7.11.25 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase additional information two isoforms of MEKK4, play a role in downregulating apoptosis during neurulation via the p38 MAPK pathway 2.7.11.26 tau-protein kinase additional information model of tauopathy in which, depending on toxic challenges (e.g., oxidative stress, exposure to amyloid peptide, etc.), abnormal phosphorylation of tau by kinases distinct from GSK-3beta leads to progressive accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau oligomers that are resistant to degradation. Sgg activity is required to prevent the accumulation of high-molecular-weight forms of human tau 2.7.11.26 tau-protein kinase additional information phosphorylation of T231 by GSK3beta may play an important role in tau’s hyperphosphorylation and functional regulation 2.7.11.31 [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase additional information AMPK is an earlier indicator of temperature stress in rock crabs than HSP70, especially during the initial response to high temperatures. AMPK activity is a cellular marker that indicates a thermal threshold, called the pejus temperature 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MAPKK is involved in IPO expression pathway, but the regulatory role of MAPKK in ethylene transduction pathway is in the downstream of Ca2+ accumulation in cytosol. Position of MAPKK in the signal transduction of ethylene is downstream of the dephosphorylated protein(s). The signal induced by ethylene is transferred to dephosphorylated protein(s) first, and then passes to MAPKK to cause the activation of IPO 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MEK/ERK pathway plays an important role in myeloid differentiation, especially granulocyte/macrophage lineage commitment, not only in ectopic interleukin-2 driven lineage conversion in common lymphoid progenitors but also in physiologic hematopoiesis 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MEK1 is an important regulator of SMAD3 expression 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MEK1 plays an in vivo role in Golgi reorganization, which regulates cell cycle progression, MEK signaling promotes G2/M cell cycle transition by unlinking the Golgi, that involves, at least in part, phosphorylation of the putative Golgi structural protein GRASP55 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MKK3 pathway plays a role in pathogen defense, MKK3 is an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14. MKK3 shows the strongest interaction with MPK7, it phosphorylates MPK7. H2O2, but not flg22, activates MPK7 in an MKK3-mediated manner, MKK3 and MPK7 are part of a signaling pathway that regulates PR1 expression 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information MKK4 promotes the survival of MEF cells by decreasing the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10 PTEN. MKK4 inhibits PTEN transcription by activating NFkappaB, a transcriptional suppressor of PTEN. MKK4 is required for nuclear translocation of RelA/p65 and processing of the NFkappaB2 precursor p100 into the mature form p52. MKK4 promotes cell survival by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase through an NFkappaB/PTEN-dependent pathway 2.7.12.2 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase additional information the carboxyl-most 20 amino acids of MAP3K11 interact with the CRISP domain of CRISP2. CRISP2 may be a MAP3K11-modifying protein or, alternatively, MAP3K11 acts to phosphorylate CRISP2 during acrosome development 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information 15 of the 30 known Escherichia coli histidine kinases contain a single HAMP domain, has an important role in signal transduction 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information 44 genes for Hiks on the chromosome, Hik34 might act as a negative regulator of the expression of heat-shock genes during normal growth. Hik33 is a cold sensor, participates in the positive regulation of the expression of more than 60% of the cold-inducible genes, is also involved in the perception of hyperosmotic stress and salt stress and transduction of the signals, findings cannot be explained by the current model of two-component systems 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information a LOV domain at the N-terminus, followed by a PAS domain in the intervening sequence, and a histidine kinase at the C-terminus 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information BOS1 is necessary for normal osmoregulation, is not the general oxidative stress signal transducer, is required for normal macroconidiation and full virulence 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information great effect of temperature on the dynamics of the HAMP linker domain, which is a key feature in signal transduction 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information Hik33, Hik34, Hik16 and Hik41, are involved in perception and transduction of H2O2 signals that regulate the gene expression of 26 of the 77 H2O2-inducible genes with induction factors higher than 4.0, Hik33 is the main contributor 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information hybrid histidine protein kinase in which four signalling domains are required for full activity 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information induces phosphorylation of its concomitant response regulator RaxR 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information intact HP0165 and HP1364 histidine kinases are required for acid resistance in Helicobacter pylori 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information LOV domain at the N terminus, followed by a histidine kinase and a putative C-terminal receiver domain 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information LOV domain followed by a linking sequence and a C-terminal histidine kinase domain 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information MtrB belongs to a class of histidine protein kinases that sense environmental changes at cytoplasmatic protein domains independently of the periplasmic loop and the cytoplasmic HAMP domain 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information PdhS contains an N-terminal multimerization part and a C-terminal histidine kinase part interacting with DivK, PdhS can enhance the phosphorylation of DivK and its subsequent polar localization, the enzyme has essential functions in controlling some aspects of the division process, maybe through the control of CtrA activity, PdhS recognizes a polar structure conserved in several alpha-proteobacteria 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information responsible role of the response regulator TrrA for the feedback regulation of sensing and/or kinase activities of ThkA 2.7.13.3 histidine kinase additional information long-range signal transmission through the histidine kinase VirA can be exploited for synthetic signaling circuits 3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol lipase additional information codon optimization for improved expression of LIP1 in Pichia pastoris for uuse of the enzyme in industrial processes 3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol lipase additional information LipB68 acts as biocatalysts in biodiesel production and produces biodiesel with a yield of 92% after 12 h, at the lowest temperature of 20°C, catalyzing the transesterification reaction of biodiesel production, thus LipB68 represents a highly competitive energy-saving biocatalyst 3.1.1.3 triacylglycerol lipase additional information the galactolipase/triacylglycerol lipase ratio can be used to classify phytophagy in lepidopterans 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase additional information use of enzyme as a molecular marker of the nervous system in platyhelminthes 3.1.1.7 acetylcholinesterase additional information AChE from the juvenile Colossoma macropomum brain can be used as an alternative biocomponent of organophosphorus and carbamate biosensors in routine pesticide screening in the environment 3.1.1.8 cholinesterase additional information human serum butyrylcholinesterase is the most viable candidate for the prophylactic treatment of organophosphate poisoning 3.1.1.13 sterol esterase additional information in presence of taurocholate the enzyme is an effective cleaner for contact lenses stained with lipids consisting of cholesteryl oleate, tripalmitin, and stearyl stearate 3.1.1.20 tannase additional information sensitive probe for determining the structure of naturally occurring gallic acid esters 3.1.1.20 tannase additional information tannases are used in food industries during instant tea manufacture, wine and fruit juice clarification, and for the antinutritional reduction effects of tannins in animal feed. In addition, the enzyme reaction product gallic acid is used for propyl gallate and trimethropim synthesis. Propyl gallate is used as an antioxidant in fats, oils, and beverages, while trimethropim is an important antibacterial drug 3.1.1.20 tannase additional information white-rot medicinal fungi from Phellinus pini, Fomes fomentarius, and Tyromyces pubescens are sources of tannase (induced by different carbon sources) for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries 3.1.1.73 feruloyl esterase additional information the enzyme is a promising biocatalyst for biomass degradation 3.1.1.73 feruloyl esterase additional information the feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus nidulans can be useful for the enzymatic deconstruction of xylans in plant cell walls 3.1.1.74 cutinase additional information can be exploited in treating agricultural, food, and forest raw materials as well as their processing by-products 3.1.1.74 cutinase additional information cutinase combined with alkaline pectinase or xylanase, can improve the degradation of cotton seed coat during the cotton fabric bioscouring process 3.1.1.74 cutinase additional information cutinase combined with alkaline pectinase or xylanase, can improve the degradation of cotton seed coat during the cotton fabric bioscouring process. The cutinase can modify the surface of synthetic fibers, like polyesters, polyamides, acrylics, and cellulose acetate, and improve their wettability and dyeability 3.1.1.81 quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase additional information heterologous expression of qsdS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in reduction of biofilm formation. These results suggest that the AHL-degrading activity in Sphingopyxis is useful as an effective agent for biofilm inhibition 3.1.1.81 quorum-quenching N-acyl-homoserine lactonase additional information heterologous expression of qsdS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa results in reduction of biofilm formation. These results suggested that the AHL-degrading activity in Sphingopyxis is useful as an effective agent for biofilm inhibition 3.1.1.117 (4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronate---lignin esterase additional information fungal glucuronoyl esterases (FGEs) catalyze cleavage of the ester bond connecting a lignin alcohol to the xylan-bound 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid of glucuronoxylans. Thus, FGEs are capable of degrading lignin-carbohydrate complexes and have potential for biotechnological applications toward woody biomass utilization 3.1.1.117 (4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronate---lignin esterase additional information glucuronoyl esterases are highly important enzymes for industrial applications that aim for selective lignin recovery in order to obtain a final high-quality lignin product from hardwood 3.1.3.4 phosphatidate phosphatase additional information fibroblasts that overexpress LPP1 enter S-phase at approximately the same time as vector control cells 3.1.3.4 phosphatidate phosphatase additional information fibroblasts that overexpress LPP3 enter S-phase at approximately the same time as vector control cells 3.1.3.4 phosphatidate phosphatase additional information increasing LPP2 activity causes premature entry into S-phase, premature cyclin A expression and decreased rates of proliferation at high passage and accumulation in G2/M. Cells transduced with LPP2 activate the G2/M checkpoint and show characteristics of senescence at high passage 3.1.3.4 phosphatidate phosphatase additional information LPP1 overexpression markedly reduces platelet-derived growth factor-induced activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase. This occurs via a mechanism that involves the LPP1-induced down-regulation of typical protein kinase C isoform(s), which are normally required for platelet-derived growth factor-induced activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and migration 3.1.3.B4 phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate phosphatase additional information usage of the recombinant Sac1p Sac1 phosphatase activity to deplete phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate from semi-intact cell membranes, method development and optimization, overview 3.1.3.8 3-phytase additional information PhyA115 is a beta-propeller phytase that has application potential in aquaculture feed 3.1.3.8 3-phytase additional information phytase has great potential applications not only in the areas of animal nutrition and resource conservation, but also in environmental protection and public health 3.1.3.8 3-phytase additional information phytases show great potential for application in different sectors such as in animal nutrition, human nutrition, aquaculture, and pharmacology. These enzymes are considered as a green feed additive that can be used to neutralize the antinutritional effects of phytate, thereby increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus and other minerals. They also contribute to the reduction of environmental pollution by phosphorus 3.1.3.8 3-phytase additional information the enzyme is useful as animal feed additive, in dephytinization of food ingredients, and bioremediation of phosphorous pollution in the environment 3.1.3.11 fructose-bisphosphatase additional information deletion mutants of the isoforms imp and fbp. Fbp null mutant cannot grow under gluconeogenetic conditions while glycolytic growth is unimpaired, disruption results in complete abolishment of intracellular enzymic activity. Endogenous imp gene cannot complement the defect of fbp disruption, and its disruption does not lead to any detectable phenotypic changes 3.1.3.53 [myosin-light-chain] phosphatase additional information dephosphorylation of myosin regulatory light-chain is essential for rapid recruitment or assembly of myosin II filaments, myosin phosphatase localizes to stress fibers depending on the activity of myosin II ATPase 3.1.3.53 [myosin-light-chain] phosphatase additional information phosphorylation of endogenous inhibitor proteins provides a mechanism for reciprocal coordination of kinase and phosphatase activities 3.1.3.74 pyridoxal phosphatase additional information hypothetical protein Q8CHP8 shows 44-47% sequence identity to pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase 3.1.4.4 phospholipase D additional information production of egg yolk with ameliorated rheological and emulsifying properties by treatment with PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus. Emulsions prepared with such an incubated egg yolk show a higher viscosity, in particular at high egg yolk concentration. Especially in the case of lower concentrations, smaller droplets indicating better emulsifying activities, and stability after heat treatment of the emulsions are significantly improved by the application of egg yolk incubated with PLD 3.1.4.4 phospholipase D additional information production of egg yolk with ameliorated rheological and emulsifying properties by treatment with PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus. Emulsions prepared with such an incubated egg yolk show a higher viscosity, in particular at high egg yolk concentration. Especially in the case of lower concentrations, smaller droplets indicating better emulsifying activities, and stability after heat treatment of the emulsions are significantly improved by the application of egg yolk incubated with PLD. The improved emulsifying activity of egg yolk after PLD incubation are attributed both to a higher interface activity of the phosphatidic acid itself and to modified interactions of protein and phospholipids in egg yolk 3.1.4.39 alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase additional information regulates cell growth, motility, and angiogenesis 3.1.4.50 glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase D additional information GPI-PLD predicts the change in insulin resistance in subjects randomized to the low-fat diet, but not in response to those randomized to the very low carbohydrate diet 3.1.6.2 steryl-sulfatase additional information gene expression of both sulfotransferase and steroid sulfatase in all prostate cancer cell lines examined, accompanied by synthesis of estrone and estradiol. 85% of cell lines show immunoreactivity for steroid sulfatase 3.1.6.12 N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase additional information a relatively high rate of immunotolerance towards recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase can be achieved in MPS-VI cats with a shortcourse tolerisation regimen ultimately permitting removal of lysosomal storage within the dura mater with the use of intrathecal therapy 3.1.6.13 iduronate-2-sulfatase additional information improvement of the total activity of recombinant IDS-Like at 3 litre bioreactor in glycerol as carbon source. Clone IDS28 of Pichia pastoris expressing IDS-Like employed for low-scale production of the recombinant enzyme in a saline culture media without phosphate. Biological activity is about 1.73 to 7times higher in batch culture than the result obtained with the same clone in shake flask culture 3.1.8.1 aryldialkylphosphatase additional information design of stable mutants on PON1-scavengers to be used as safe and effective countermeasures to challenge organophosphates 3.1.8.1 aryldialkylphosphatase additional information PON1 is an attractive as a candidate bioscavenger of organophosphorus compounds 3.1.8.1 aryldialkylphosphatase additional information the organophosphorus-hydrolyzing enzymes such as Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (PTE) are used for development of alternative catalytic bioscavengers to treat organophosphorus agents, e.g. pesticides and warfare agents, intoxications of humans 3.1.8.2 diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase additional information the enzyme protects the liver from toxic effects of the substrate diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate 3.1.8.2 diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase additional information the OPH enzyme is incorporated successfully into fire-fighting foams for large-scale response cleanup studies of contaminated areas 3.1.8.2 diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase additional information the organophosphorus-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (PTE), are used for development of alternative catalytic bioscavengers to treat organophosphorus agents, e.g. pesticides and warfare agents, intoxications of humans 3.1.11.1 exodeoxyribonuclease I additional information EXO1 can function as either an exonuclease or flap endonuclease on switch substrates. Model for exonuclease 1 function in class switch recombination, in which cleavage at activation-induced deaminase (AID)-initiated nicks produces gaps that become substrates for further attack by AID and subsequent repair 3.1.11.1 exodeoxyribonuclease I additional information model for exonuclease 1 function in class switch recombination, in which cleavage at activation-induced deaminase (AID)-initiated nicks produces gaps that become substrates for further attack by AID and subsequent repair 3.1.11.1 exodeoxyribonuclease I additional information role of BLM and Exo1 in the initiation of recombinational DNA repair. Stimulation of DNA resection by human Exo1 is independent of BLM helicase activity and is, instead, mediated by an interaction between the two proteins. DNA ends resected by Exo1 and BLM are used by human Rad51, but not its yeast or bacterial counterparts, to promote homologous DNA pairing 3.1.11.2 exodeoxyribonuclease III additional information using the cleavage function of exonuclease III on double-stranded DNA, design of an amplified DNA detection scheme employing a stem-loop DNA molecular beacon as the signaling probe. Exonuclease III used to recycle target molecules, thus leading to improved sensitivity relative to traditional molecular beacons without any significant restriction in the choice of target sequences 3.1.11.3 exodeoxyribonuclease (lambda-induced) additional information preparation of single-stranded DNA is an essential and important step in the combinatorial chemistry technique SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) for in vitro selection of single-stranded DNA aptamers and numerous other molecular biology procedures, whereby single-stranded DNA generation by lambda exonuclease digestion is superior to other techniques. Important role for complete lambda exonuclease digestion of phosphorylated DNA strand plays the manufacturing of phosphorylated primer 3.1.11.5 exodeoxyribonuclease V additional information AddA mutants that cannot bind or hydrolyze ATP are completely defective for DNA recombination 3.1.11.6 exodeoxyribonuclease VII additional information ExoVII, encoded by xseA, has an antirecombination function 3.1.11.6 exodeoxyribonuclease VII additional information RecA-independent recombination is depressed by the redundant action of single-strand exonucleases. ExoVII inhibits crossing-over 3.1.13.3 oligonucleotidase additional information requirement of dimerization for RNase T action 3.1.13.3 oligonucleotidase additional information YtqI, in addition to oligoribonuclease activity, has 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate-phosphatase activity in vitro. YtqI is able to complement both orn and cysQ mutants in Escherichia coli 3.1.13.4 poly(A)-specific ribonuclease additional information Mg2+ has dual effects on PARN stability, protecting the active site against denaturation, but destabilizing the overall structural stability of the protein 3.1.13.4 poly(A)-specific ribonuclease additional information R3H domain may stabilize PARN by acting as a protector or intermolecular chaperone of the RRM domain 3.1.13.4 poly(A)-specific ribonuclease additional information RRM motif of PARN harbors both poly(A) and cap binding properties, RRM plays an important role in PARN activity, i.e. recognition and dependence on both the cap structure and poly(A) tail during poly(A) hydrolysis. Trp475 plays an essential role in PARN cap recognition, whereas Glu455 and especially Trp456 play auxiliary roles. Cap binding is not essential for the hydrolytic activity of PARN. Cap and RNA-binding sites of the RRM are structurally and functionally separated from each other 3.1.13.4 poly(A)-specific ribonuclease additional information the entire RRM domain not only contributes to the substrate binding and efficient catalysis of PARN, but also stabilizes the overall structures of the protein. p46 contains only one Trp residue (W219), p54 contains two (W219 and W456), and p74 contains six (W219, W456, W474, W526, W531 and W639) 3.1.16.1 spleen exonuclease additional information Ape2 exhibits strong 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase activities and has only a very weak AP-endonuclease activity 3.1.16.1 spleen exonuclease additional information important role for TRM2 in DNA repair with a potential involvement of its nuclease function in homologous recombination based repair of DNA double-strand breaks, plays no role in the nucleotide excision repair and/or base excision repair pathways 3.1.16.1 spleen exonuclease additional information Plasmodium FEN-1s have enzymatic activities similar to other species but contain extended C-termini and a more internally located proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding site. FEN-1 homologs exhibit both endonuclease and exonuclease activities in vitro 3.1.16.1 spleen exonuclease additional information XRNA and XRND are required for trypanosome growth 3.1.21.1 deoxyribonuclease I additional information the gonadotrophin releasing hormone cGnRH II is pro-apoptotic to pyriform cells, exerting its effects by activating an alternative cell death pathway, probably involving calcium as first messenger and DNase I as first executioner 3.1.21.3 type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease additional information inactivation of the hsdR gene of the Sau1 type I restriction-modification system is responsible for the high transformation efficiency of RN4220 3.1.21.3 type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease additional information transcription of both the restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase genes is controlled by interdependent regulatory loops governed by the C.Esp1396I protein 3.1.21.5 type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease additional information inactivation of this restriction system dramatically increases the transformation efficiency of clinical Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-resistant strains, opening the field of molecular genetic manipulation of these strains using DNA of exogenous origin 3.1.21.6 CC-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease additional information deoxyribonuclease is an endonuclease, but is not a restriction endonuclease 3.1.21.6 CC-preferring endodeoxyribonuclease additional information important role of residues Y98 and N180 for the sequence recognition of R1Bm EN 3.1.22.1 deoxyribonuclease II additional information a nuclear export signal on LEI involved in the control of LEI/L-DNase II nuclearization in healthy cells 3.1.22.1 deoxyribonuclease II additional information caspase-independent apoptosis induced by hexamethylene amiloride, LEI/L-DNase II can activate PARP-1 and promote its auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, thus inhibiting PARP-1 activity. Overexpression of LEI blocks the pro-survival effect of PARP-1 in this model of cell death 3.1.22.1 deoxyribonuclease II additional information DNase II enzyme and the ability to clear macromolecular DNA are essential for maintaining proper immune function in Drosophila 3.1.22.1 deoxyribonuclease II additional information potential of acid DNase response in mussels to serve as a biomarker of contaminant exposure, whereby the digestive gland is a suitable tissue for discrimination of polluted areas from maricultured area. Since acid DNase activity in mussel Mytilus galloprovincilais is tissue-specific and pollutant-specific the digestive gland/hemocyte (Hep/Hem) ratio reveals a pollutant effect that can not be detected by acid DNase measurement in single tissue only 3.1.22.1 deoxyribonuclease II additional information the DNase II from the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is toxic 3.1.26.3 ribonuclease III additional information drosha, pasha and their ancillary factors may represent excellent targets for novel nematicides and/or in planta controls, and potentially other parasitic nematodes, through disruption of micro-RNA-directed developmental pathways 3.1.26.4 ribonuclease H additional information RNA-directed off/on switch of RNase H activity using boronic ester formation 3.1.26.5 ribonuclease P additional information magnetic sensor technique suitable for the measurement of specific RNA-protein interactions, whereby properties of the streptavidin-coated magnetic beads decide on success or failure of the technique 3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase additional information cold-active alpha-amylase from mutant Microbacterium foliorum strain GA2 can be profitably used in detergents for laundry and automatic dishwashing to degrade the residues of starchy foods 3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase additional information the enzyme is highly efficient in removing starch stains from the cotton cloth 3.2.1.1 alpha-amylase additional information the purified alpha-amylase is successfully utilized for the improvement of antioxidant potential of wheat 3.2.1.6 endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase additional information the enzyme is a good candidate for extensive application in the detergent, textile, feed, and food industries 3.2.1.7 inulinase additional information inulinase from Pichia guilliermondii strain 1 is closely related to that from Kluyveromyces marxianus 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information Cellulomonas flavigena CDBB-531 secrets a bifunctional cellulase/xylanase 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information Penicillium citrinum XynB is close to xylanases from other Penicillium spp. and also to enzymes from black aspergilli 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information simultaneous production of endoxylanase and oligosaccharides 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information the Bacillus sp. KT12 xylanolytic enzyme is a suitable enzyme for the synthesis of polyphenyl beta-oligoxylosides 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information the hybrid xylanase, whose parents are Thermomonospora fusca xylanase A and Aspergillus niger xylanase A, inherits some hydrolytic properties from its parents, and it is an endo-acting xylanase. X4 may be the minimum oligomer hydrolyzed by it 3.2.1.8 endo-1,4-beta-xylanase additional information the enzyme can be used for various biotechnological applications such as for prebiotic xylooligosaccharides and bioethanol production from pretreated agrowaste biomass 3.2.1.14 chitinase additional information the expression of chitinase and type I ribosome inactivating protein from a heterologous source in Brassica juncea provide subsequent protection against Alternaria leaf spot disease and can be helpful in increasing the production of Indian mustard 3.2.1.14 chitinase additional information the enzyme is a good candidate for application in different biotechnological fields 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information besides their role in recycling organic matter, saprobiotic enzymes like endopolygalacturonase may also play an important role in the induction of defensive mechanisms in wild plants by enhancing their non-specific resistance against pathogens 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information function of polygalacturonase in the colonization of plant material rather than in the destruction of plant 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information 18 polygalacturonase genes identified in strain 99-880. Ancestral form of polygalacturonase in fungi is endolytic and exolytic function evolved later 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information ADPG1 and ADPG2 are essential for silique dehiscence. ADPG2 and QRT2 contribute to floral organ abscission, while all three genes contribute to anther dehiscence 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information BcMF2 (Brassica campestris male fertility 2) gene may encode a new polygalacturonase with an important role in pollen wall development, possibly via regulation of pectin’s dynamic metabolism 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information endoPG genes play important roles in the pathogenesis of Phytophthora parasitica. Each gene causes specific effects, varying from no symptoms to dwarfism, necrosis, leaf curl, silvery leaf, and cracks in leaf stalks. Appearance of these effects depends on the expression of a endoPG protein with a normal active site in the apoplast. Each gene plays a distinct role in the decomposition of plant cell wall 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information may be involved in cotton petal development and senescence, and in response to cold stress 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information PehA is the major but not the sole polygalacturonase, it plays a minor role in Xanthomonas campestris virulence 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information polygalacturonase genes can be efficiently induced in planta and are required for the full virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to Arabidopsis. Polygalacturonase is secreted via the type II secretion system in an Xps-dependent manner 3.2.1.15 endo-polygalacturonase additional information tobacco and Arabidopsis polygalacturonase plants inoculated with Botrytis cinerea are more resistant to microbial pathogens and have constitutively activated defense responses 3.2.1.17 lysozyme additional information adsorption studies are conducted to investigate the effects of shaking rate, temperature, and initial lysozyme concentration on the uptake rate of lysozyme by the NaY zeolite (immobilization support) 3.2.1.26 beta-fructofuranosidase additional information stabilization of enzyme against thermal denaturation by intermolecular and intramolecular crosslinking of the surface nucleophilic functional groups with diisocyanate homobifunctional reagents of various lengths. Crosslinking with 1,4-diisocyanatobutane is most effective in enhancing thermostability. Stability is improved dramatically by crosslinking 0.5 mg/ml of protein with 30 micromol/ml of the reagent. Molecular engineering by crosslinking reduces the first-order thermal denaturation constant at 60°C from 1.567 per min for the native enzyme to 0.437 per min for the stabilized enzyme. The best crosslinking treatment increases the activation energy for denaturation from 391 kJ per mol for the native protein to 466 kJ per mol for the stabilized enzyme 3.2.1.B28 Pyrococcus furiosus beta-glycosidase additional information the enzyme converts flavanone glycoside to flavanone aglycone via a one-step reaction. It may be useful in the production of the flavanone aglycones naringenin and hesperetin from flavanone glycosides in citrus extracts 3.2.1.37 xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase additional information the beta-xylosidase from Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 135684 is a prospective enzyme for a wide range of applications, especially for the bioconversion of hemicellulose 3.2.1.37 xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase additional information the enzyme can be a suitable additive for hemicellulases in long-term hydrolysis reactions. Because of its moderate inhibition by monomeric sugars but its high inhibition by ethanol, the enzyme can be particularly more useful in separate hydrolysis and fermentation than in simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation or consolidated bioprocessing 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase additional information FDL may have a role in N-glycan processing in addition to its apparent role in cuticular chitin turnover during insect development 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase additional information Hex1 may be mostly involved in insect chitin catabolism and may be a specific target for pesticide development 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase additional information NAG1 may have a role in N-glycan processing in addition to its apparent role in cuticular chitin turnover during insect development 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase additional information NAG2 may have a role in N-glycan processing in addition to its apparent role in cuticular chitin turnover during insect development 3.2.1.52 beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase additional information NAG3 may have a role in N-glycan processing in addition to its apparent role in cuticular chitin turnover during insect development 3.2.1.54 cyclomaltodextrinase additional information neopullulanases, cyclomaltodextrinases and maltogenic amylases display similar biochemical properties and share almost the same 3D structures, enzymes should be classified under the same name and enzyme code, cyclodextrins are the most preferred substrates 3.2.1.59 glucan endo-1,3-alpha-glucosidase additional information Agn2p participates in the endolysis of the ascus wall by hydrolysing its (1,3)-alpha-glucan, thereby assisting in the release of ascospores 3.2.1.62 glycosylceramidase additional information regulation of LPH exocytosis by multiple Rab GTPases 3.2.1.67 galacturonan 1,4-alpha-galacturonidase additional information endo- and exo-acting polygalacturonases are produced by western tarnished plant bug 3.2.1.68 isoamylase additional information isoamylase can potentially be used in the elucidation of fine structures of polysaccharides and related alpha-glucans and can be also be used as effective additive in dishwashing and laundry detergents 3.2.1.70 glucan 1,6-alpha-glucosidase additional information bifunctional mechanism of the archaeal glycogen-debranching enzyme TreX, showing alpha-1,4-transferase and alpha-1,6-glucosidase activities 3.2.1.73 licheninase additional information the alkaline beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase may have potential in industrial applications, such as detergent, paper and pulp industries 3.2.1.73 licheninase additional information application of lichenases is attractive and promising for biocatalytic conversion of biomass, in particular, in the areas of their biotechnological application, such as brewing industry, animal feed manufacture, and biofuel production 3.2.1.73 licheninase additional information application of lichenases is attractive and promising for biocatalytic conversion of biomass, in particular, in the areas of their biotechnological application, such as brewing industry, animal feed manufacture, and biofuel/bioethanol production 3.2.1.73 licheninase additional information upon addition to a commercial cellulase cocktail, Af-EGL7 significantly improves sugarcane exploded bagasse (SEB) saccharification, which suggests that enzyme Af-EGL7 has great potential to hydrolyze complex biomass. Af-EGL7 is a promising candidate to enhance enzyme cocktails used in biorefineries such as consolidated bioprocessing 3.2.1.74 glucan 1,4-beta-glucosidase additional information obtaining of renewable energy 3.2.1.80 fructan beta-fructosidase additional information fuel production 3.2.1.83 kappa-carrageenase additional information the enzymatic degradation offers an alternative approach to prepare kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides, which could be used as a powerful tool for further study on biological activity-structure relationship and thorough industrial exploitation of kappacarrageenan 3.2.1.91 cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (non-reducing end) additional information ability to amplify a key fungal cellobiohydrolase I gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ 3.2.1.96 mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase additional information polymerization by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase may find useful applications for the synthesis of novel artificial polysaccharides 3.2.1.99 arabinan endo-1,5-alpha-L-arabinanase additional information the hydrolysis of pretreated sugar cane biomass increases by 15% when a commercial enzyme cocktail is supplemented with immobilized ABNase. Pectin hydrolysis by recombinant ABNase plays a role in the effective application of enzymatic cocktails for biomass saccharification 3.2.1.102 blood-group-substance endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase additional information a highly sensitive fluorescence-based high-throughput assay for both endo-beta-galactosidase and activity specific for the oligosaccharide structure of the blood group A antigen is developed. The potential to use this assay is demostrated to screen the expressed gene products of metagenomic libraries in the search for efficient blood group antigen-cleaving enzymes 3.2.1.129 endo-alpha-sialidase additional information the C-terminal domain plays a crucial role in folding and assembling not only the C-terminal domain of endosialidases but also of other, unrelated phage proteins 3.2.1.129 endo-alpha-sialidase additional information almost complete removal of polysialic acid by endo-N injection into the brain 5 days after stimulation (return to normal polysialic acid levels after 11 weeks): no effect on proliferation, neurogenesis, and the fate of newborn cells in the hippocampus of rats without status epileptics. Increase of newborn cells in status epileptics rats compared to controls without significant difference between endo-N and vehicle treatment. However, endo-N treatment reduces the total number of newborn neurons (64%) upon induction of the status epileptics compared to vehicle treatment. No endo-N effect on hilar basal dendrite generation compared to vehicle control. No effect on doublecortin-expressing neuronal progenitor cells, and no effect on subpopulation of these cells with persistent basal dendrites compared to vehicle control. No difference in number, severity and duration of seizures between groups. Spatial learning deficit of status epilepticus mice is reduced by end-N treatment compared to vehicle control 3.2.1.131 xylan alpha-1,2-glucuronosidase additional information alpha-glucuronidase due to its catalytic properties may be of great importance in processes of enzymatic biomass conversion as well as a tool for altering rheological properties of glucuronoxylans 3.2.1.131 xylan alpha-1,2-glucuronosidase additional information development of an activity assay with commercially available reagents that can be used to search DNA libraries for alpha-glucuronidase genes in a highthroughput, solid phase activity screen 3.2.1.139 alpha-glucuronidase additional information immobilized enzyme is effective in high yield production of D-glucuronic acid 3.2.1.141 4-alpha-D-{(1->4)-alpha-D-glucano}trehalose trehalohydrolase additional information trehalose is gaining applications as sweetener component, preservative or stabilizer of food, cosmetics, vaccines, medicines, cells, and organs 3.2.1.168 hesperidin 6-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-beta-D-glucosidase additional information rutinose-containing glycoconjugates are resistant to hydrolysis in human tissues because of the absence of rutinoside-attacking glycosidases such as rhamnosidases or alpha-L-rhamnosyl-beta-D-glucosidases. Thus, rutinose-capped HQ may offer an additional advantage over other hydroquinone (HQ)-containing glycoconjugates in that it may be less prone to enzymatic degradation than, for example, glucosylated HQ when applied to human skin. Moreover, rutinosides have potential applications as food additives and antiviral agents 3.2.1.168 hesperidin 6-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-beta-D-glucosidase additional information rutinose-containing glycoconjugates of phenolics might have antiviral activity and by useful as therapeutics/antiviral agents 3.2.1.176 cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (reducing end) additional information ability to amplify a key fungal cellobiohydrolase I gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ 3.2.2.22 rRNA N-glycosylase additional information ricin is used as biological weapon for warefare and terrorism 3.2.2.27 uracil-DNA glycosylase additional information the UDG mutant ight be useful as a varicella vaccine 3.3.2.10 soluble epoxide hydrolase additional information sEH may have tissue- or cell-type-specific functionality 3.4.17.1 carboxypeptidase A additional information PTD012 might not belong to the carboxypeptidase family of enzymes, might belong to the superfamily of metallo-beta-lactamase fold proteins 3.4.17.B1 Sulfolobus solfataricus carboxypeptidase additional information effect of temperature and pressure on conformational modifications and enzyme-substrate interactions are generally dissimilar and barely predictable 3.4.17.4 Gly-Xaa carboxypeptidase additional information sorting of Cps1p into the luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies requires ubiquitination of their cytosolic domains by the ubiquitin ligases Rsp5p and/or Tul1p, whereas Sna3p, another integral membrane protein, does not require ubiquitination for entry into multivesicular bodies. Sna3p follows an ubiquitination-independent, but Rsp5p-mediated, sorting pathway to the vacuole 3.4.17.17 tubulinyl-Tyr carboxypeptidase additional information cell-based assay for anti-microtubule compounds suitable for automation, based on the substrate properties of the tubulin-modifying enzymes TCP and TTL involved in the tubulin tyrosination cycle. Assay allows the identification, in a single screening campaign, of both microtubule-destabilizing and microtubule-stabilizing agents 3.4.17.17 tubulinyl-Tyr carboxypeptidase additional information interaction between MAP1B and TTL may have relevance to the dynamics of microtubule assembly and thus neuronal migration and axonogenesis 3.4.17.17 tubulinyl-Tyr carboxypeptidase additional information link between tubulinyl-Tyr carboxypeptidase and Nna1-like proteins 3.4.17.22 metallocarboxypeptidase D additional information Drosophila CPD is encoded by the silver gene svr, which is differentially spliced to produce long transmembrane protein forms with three metallocarboxypeptidase-like domains and short soluble forms with a single metallocarboxypeptidase domain. Flies that retain the short form are viable, whereas flies that are missing all forms of CPD do not survive past the early larval stages 3.4.19.1 acylaminoacyl-peptidase additional information amino acid sequence of PMH displays high similarity to that of the Streptomyces acyl-peptide hydrolase. PMH is an aminopeptidase carrying a putative catalytic triad, Ser511-Asp593-His625, with broad substrate specificity 3.4.19.3 pyroglutamyl-peptidase I additional information C-terminal alpha-helix in the D1 state plays an important role in retaining the D1 state under the stable conditions and in correctly folding into the native structure of PCP-0SH 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information the enzyme and the zebrafish can be utilized as an animal model for analysis of development of Parkinson's disease 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information direct role of Doa4 in multivesicular body sorting pathway that is linked to its catalytic activity. Doa4 mediates a deubiquitination step required for sorting of CPS into the multivesicular body pathway 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information dynamic regulation of apically located epithelial sodium channel by recycling, which is facilitated by UCH-L3 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information essential role of UCH-L1 in oocyte maturation and in the completion of the first meiosis and its transition to anaphase 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information UCH-L1 and UCH-L3 may have a role in growth transformation 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information Uch37 is responsible for isopeptidase activity 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information UCHL1 is a candidate aging-related protein 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information UCHL1 is related to cellular senescence process 3.4.19.12 ubiquitinyl hydrolase 1 additional information YUH effciently cleaves the ubiquitin-piscidin fusion protein, and since it can easily be prepared in the lab, it provides a cost-effective way of preparing the antimicrobial target peptide piscidin as compared to other systems 3.4.21.1 chymotrypsin additional information potential application value of the two chymotrypsins A and B where low processing temperature and higher enzymatic activity is needed 3.4.21.B1 hyaluronan-binding serine protease additional information nucleic acids are cofactors for FSAP-mediated inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein kinase 44/42 phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells. FSAP protects RNA from the actions of RNase 3.4.21.5 thrombin additional information a modified in situ proteolysis approach is applied to specifically remove the His tag by thrombin cleavage during crystallization screening trials. This improves the morphology and diffraction quality of the crystals and allowes the acquisition of high-resolution diffraction data and structure solution 3.4.21.B6 prostasin additional information coexpression with the epithelial sodium channel increases the amiloride-sensitive sodium current 3.4.21.B6 prostasin additional information proteolytic mechanism for prostasin to intercept cytokine signaling during bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced bladder inflammation 3.4.21.B7 mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 additional information MASP-1 enhances complement activation triggered by mannose-binding protein-MASP-2 complexes, but cannot initiate activation itself 3.4.21.B7 mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 additional information native MBL-MASP complexes on average do not have fixed MBL-(MASP-1)-(MASP-2) stoichometry 3.4.21.9 enteropeptidase additional information utility of enterokinase light chain as a site-specific cleavage enzyme is hampered by sporadic cleavage at other sites than the canonical D4K recognition sequence 3.4.21.B10 neurosin additional information hK6 is involved in normal myelin turnover/demyelination processes, but it is unlikely to self-activate. Possibly it modulates ionotropic glutamate receptors and activates PAR 2 3.4.21.B21 trepolisin additional information 43000 protein involved in the stabilization of the dentilisn protein 3.4.21.B21 trepolisin additional information contributes to tissue invasion and lysis of host cells, important in migration of the organism through basement membrane, cytopathic effects on epithelial cells, able to trigger release of polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules and activates latent matrix metalloproteinases 3.4.21.B24 proprotein convertase 4 additional information therapeutic targeting of PCSK4 for contraceptive purposes in man may not be associated with the endocrinological pitfalls of hormonal contraception. And PCSK4-based assays for sperm fertilizing ability is possible 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information maternal XPACE4 plays an important role in embryonic patterning by regulating the production of a subset of active mature TGFbeta proteins in specific sites, it is required for the endogenous mesoderm inducing activity of vegetal cells before gastrulation 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information PACE4 contributes to prohormone processing under some circumstances 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information PACE4 is crucial to normal adipocyte differentation 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information selective and transient association of reticulocalbin-3 with the precursor of PACE4 plays an important role in the biosynthesis of PACE4 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information the cysteine-rich domain of PACE4 binds the C-terminal segment of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, which is responsible for the attachment of this complex to the cell surface 3.4.21.B25 PACE4 proprotein convertase additional information the pattern of PACE4 expression in development suggests a role in the extracellular actions or activation of inductive signals 3.4.21.26 prolyl oligopeptidase additional information oral therapeutic candidate for protecting celiac sprue patients from the toxic effects of dietary gluten 3.4.21.B27 proprotein convertase 7 additional information compartment-specific biosensors can be used to gain insight into the regulation of proprotein convertase (PC) trafficking and to map the tropism of PC-specific inhibitors 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information functions in protein quality control 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information induction of lon contributes to the adaptive resistance of the organism towards antibiotic treatment 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon causes proteolysis of normal proteins in cells and is lethal to host cells. lon-polyphosphate complex is the missing link between protein degradation and the phenomen of stringent response. The complex between lon and polyphosphate is formed during the stringent response, whereon degrades at lest free ribosomal proteins, providing amino acids for synthesizing enzymes required for adaption to a nutrient-poor environment 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon is involved in the control of swarmer cell differentiation 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon is required for cell cycle-dependent regulation of methylation, correct completion of cell division and normal progression of the cell cycle 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon may be an important defense mechanism to protect mitochondria of steroidogenic cells against oxidative damage induced by steroid hydroxylation and to maintain the level of postfunctional steroidogenic acute regulatory protein compatible with mitochondrial homeostasis 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon plays a role in protein quality control by destroying unfolded proteins, it participates in regulatory circuits by controlling amount and availability of specific substrates 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lon protease functions in trans translation 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lonA plays a major role in initiating sporulation in response to environmental conditions, lonB is forespore-specific and may have a limited role in the regulation of sporulation 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information lonV gene is essential for viability, lonD gene is essential for spore and fruiting body formation 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information plays vital roles in maintaining cellular functions by selectively eliminating misfolded, damaged and certain short-lived regulatory proteins. lon is essential for cellular homeostasis, mediating protein quality control and metabolic regulation 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information roles for lon in linking protein and mitochondrial DNA quality control 3.4.21.53 Endopeptidase La additional information stress response network between the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and mitochondrion up-regulates the expression, thereby providing a cytoprotective function during endoplasmic reticulum stress and hypoxia 3.4.21.61 Kexin additional information expression of PCSK9 is regulated by sterol at the transcriptional level in HepG2 cells and that both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 can transcriptionally activate PCSK9 via sterol-regulatory element in its proximal promoter region in vitro 3.4.21.61 Kexin additional information requirement of both Kex1p and Kex2p peptidases for functional K2 toxin production 3.4.21.61 Kexin additional information 1G08 fragment antigen binding represents a useful new tool for delineating the mechanism of PCSK9 uptake and low density lipoprotein receptor degradation 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information ability of poly(ethylene)-glycol-modification to systematically modulate the structural dynamics of subtilisin Carlsberg in 1,4-dioxane. At increasing levels of modification the enzyme becomes more flexible, thus catalytically more active. In contrast, increasing the enzyme flexibility through poly(ethylene)-glycol-modification reduces the enzyme enantioselectivity 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information biocatalyst preparations which are capable of yielding higher/adequate transesterifaction activity of subtilisin in ionic liquids 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information Gly56 is required in stabilizing the propeptide fold. Stabilization of this fold leads to strong binding of the propeptide to subtilisin, high resistance of the propeptide to proteolytic degradation, and slow maturation of Pro-subtilisin 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information predicting protein interaction interfaces from sequences by using PAM matrix (PIFPAM) and subtilisin Carlsberg (1CSE chain E) as a reference sequence. The advantage of PIFPAM is that it is capable of predicting interaction interfaces from sequences without 3D structure information 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information slow folding of subtilisin results from the formation of an unstable and topologically challenged intermediate and the proline-limited isomerization of the intermediate to the native state 3.4.21.62 Subtilisin additional information the subtilisin Karlsberg complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate in anhydrous organic solvents is an effective catalyst of peptide synthesis with multifunctional amino acids in positions P 1 and (Glu, Arg, and Asp) containing unprotected side ionogenic groups 3.4.21.63 Oryzin additional information the produced enzyme is able to recover silver from used X-ray film under optimized condition, overview 3.4.21.68 t-Plasminogen activator additional information tPA can act as a cytokine, executing its cytoprotective actions via activation of a survival signaling hierarchy in interstitial fibroblasts 3.4.21.75 Furin additional information furin A activates endothelin 1 signaling 3.4.21.75 Furin additional information furin B activates endothelin 1 signaling 3.4.21.75 Furin additional information Sox-9 regulates furin during chondrogenesis 3.4.21.75 Furin additional information compartment-specific biosensors can be used to gain insight into the regulation of proprotein convertase trafficking and to map the tropism of PC-specific inhibitors 3.4.21.76 Myeloblastin additional information design of potent and highly specific substrates of proteinase 3 and other proteinases optimized in the prime site region 3.4.21.77 semenogelase additional information human seminal proteinase and prostate-specific antigen are identical 3.4.21.79 granzyme B additional information cytotoxic granule-mediated death of both primary and transformed beta cells requires granzyme B. Early cell death is completely dependent on granzyme B. Death induced by granzyme B is dependent on cosecretion with perforin 3.4.21.79 granzyme B additional information Equine granzyme B shows close proximity to putative equine mast cell protease and to granzyme B from mouse, rat, and human. Equine granzyme B may be useful in the development of immunological assays for the activity of equine lymphocytes 3.4.21.79 granzyme B additional information role for granzyme B as mediator in mast cell biology 3.4.21.79 granzyme B additional information role for granzyme B in the dismantling of the cytoskeleton. In the execution phase of apoptosis it may modify key structural proteins thus enabling the cell to be properly dismantled and eliminated by phagocytosis 3.4.21.79 granzyme B additional information ability of gzmH to cleave host proteins involved in essential viral functions provides a novel mechanism by which granzymes can mediate direct antiviral activities 3.4.21.93 Proprotein convertase 1 additional information PC1 may be a potential target for the maturation of somatostatin 3.4.21.93 Proprotein convertase 1 additional information PC1/3, through its various domains, is capable of controlling its enzymatic activity in all regions of the cell that it encounters 3.4.21.93 Proprotein convertase 1 additional information transmembrane domain of PC3 plays a key role in sorting the enzyme to the regulated secretory pathway 3.4.21.94 proprotein convertase 2 additional information PC2 may be a potential target for the maturation of somatostatin 3.4.21.96 Lactocepin additional information exposure of PrtP, and not its proteolytic activity, is responsible for greater cell hydrophobicity and adhesion. The increased bacterial affinity to polar and apolar solvents indicates that exposure of PrtP on lactococcal cell surface can enhance the capacity to exchange attractive van der Waals interactions, and consequently increase their adhesion to different types of solid surfaces and solvents. PrtP or its derivatives may be used as a tool to construct strains with increased adhesion that form protective biofilms 3.4.21.97 assemblin additional information conformational changes of the dimer upon covalent binding reproduced by molecular dynamics simulations of the noncovalent complex model, demonstrating that the HCMV protease operates by an induced-fit mechanism. Catalytic activity of the dimer is a result of more favorable interactions between the oxyanion in the covalently bound state and the backbone nitrogen of Arg165 3.4.21.98 hepacivirin additional information domain movements between NS3 protease and NS3 helicase result in the regulation of its activities. NS3 protease increases the stability of subdomain 1 of the RNA helicase. Upon release of the carboxy-terminus from NS3 protease, the residues involved in this interaction are folded back into the last alpha helix. Slow collective motions of NS3. The two lowest-frequency normal modes are enough to describe reorientations of NS3 protease relative to NS3 helicase. Movements induce an increment in the exposure of the active site of NS3 protease that can be important during the proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein. The third low-frequency normal mode is correlated to subdomain reorientations of NS3 helicase 3.4.21.98 hepacivirin additional information participation of the protease domain in promoting the NS3 helicase activity. Protease domain plays an assisting role in the RNA unwinding process 3.4.21.107 peptidase Do additional information regulatory role for pneumococcal HtrA in modulating the activity of a two-component signaling system that controls the development of genetic competence 3.4.21.108 HtrA2 peptidase additional information a role for Omi-mediated processing of WTS in negative regulation of cell cycle progression at interphase. Omi protease is not necessarily required for cell death 3.4.21.108 HtrA2 peptidase additional information simple and rapid strategy for molecular cloning using a gel-free and antibiotic selection method, which allows for the complete elimination of DNA extraction by gel electrophoresis, and thus has several advantages over gel-based cloning methods, including a cloning efficiency that is approximately 10times higher due to the prevention of ethidium bromide ultraviolet-induced DNA damage and contamination with ligase inhibitors, the amount of plasmid DNA required is approximately five times less, and cloning time is several hours less 3.4.21.108 HtrA2 peptidase additional information the bacterial protein quality control factor DegP is allosterically regulated by model peptides mimicking cellular stress signals. Strategy for the development of antimicrobials 3.4.21.109 matriptase additional information resistance to degradation and stabilization of beta1-6GlcNAc matripase are specifically due to the presence of beta1-6GlcNAc branching on the sugar chains, binds strongly to leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin, which preferentially recognizes beta1-6 GlcNAc branches of tri- or tetraantennary sugar chains, beta1-6 GlcNAc matriptase is resistant to autodegradation, as well as trypsin digestion, compared with matriptase purified from mock-transfected cells, N-glycosidase-F treatment of beta1-6 GlcNAc matriptase greatly reduces its resistance to degradation 3.4.21.110 C5a peptidase additional information greatly reduces ability to bind to receptors of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as compared with native C5a, inactivation is temperature dependent, mediates a small decrease in the molecular weight of C5adesArg and a six-residue peptide in inactivated C5a is lost 3.4.21.110 C5a peptidase additional information ScpA and the multifunctional protein streptococcal plasmin receptor/surface dehydrogenase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are both necessary for the cleavage of C5a on the bacterial surface 3.4.21.110 C5a peptidase additional information streptococcal C5a peptidase binding to integrins by the Arg-Gly-Asp motifs may stabilize conformational changes required for substrate binding 3.4.21.111 aqualysin 1 additional information C-terminal pro sequence of the enzyme functions as an intramolecular chaperone that stabilizes the partially unfolded structure of the protease domain, and thereby facilitates its secretion 3.4.21.112 site-1 protease additional information cleaves glycoprotein, the only cleaved glycoprotein is incorporated into virions and this is necessary for the formation of infectious virus 3.4.21.112 site-1 protease additional information S1P is required for the endoplasmic reticulum stress response as well as for lipid synthesis 3.4.21.112 site-1 protease additional information PrsW is responsible for sensing antimicrobial peptides that damage the cell membrane and other agents that cause cell envelope stress 3.4.21.118 kallikrein 8 additional information the type II form (longer form) of neuropsin is only expressed in the central nervous system of human. Its origin is less than 5 million years ago. The occurrence of the type II form in human is caused by a human-specific mutation near the novel splicing site. It persists a molecular mechanism for the creation of novel proteins through alternative splicing in the central nervous system during human evolution. Potential importance of the creation of novel splicing forms in the central nervous system in the emergence of human cognition 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B additional information cathepsin B is a marker for malignant diseases such as colorectal cancer, diagnostic accuracy, overview 3.4.22.1 cathepsin B additional information the purified AC-5 is usel for vaccination of lambs against Haemonchus contortus infection 3.4.22.B1 vignain additional information a role of Cyp15a cysteine protease in germination and stress adaption and also in nodule organogenesis and function 3.4.22.7 asclepain additional information asclepain f is revealed as a successful enzyme for biocatalysis of protein hydrolysis processes at alkaline pH. It has a broad substrate specificity and is capable of selectively degrading the fractions of soy proteins and improving its functional properties 3.4.22.15 cathepsin L additional information CATL gene sequences are useful for diagnosis, population genotyping and evolutionary studies of Trypanosoma theileri 3.4.22.28 picornain 3C additional information stemloop D of the 5' cloverleaf RNA is the cognate ligand of the coxsackievirus B3 3C proteinase, both are indispensable components of the viral replication initiation complex, NMR spectroscopy of the stemloop D structure, 3Cpro recognizes a structural motif instead of a specific sequence 3.4.22.B30 calpain 10 additional information identification of two nonsense mutations, p.C77* and p.Q115*, in the calpain catalytic domain of CAPN10. All of the patients have common clinical features in spite of specific brain structural abnormalities on magnetic resonance brain images 3.4.22.33 Fruit bromelain additional information bromelain can be useful in leather production industry for unhairing of skin 3.4.22.33 Fruit bromelain additional information high pressure processing treatment can effectively enhance the fibrinolytic activity of fruit bromelain in vivo and increase the added-value as well as market competitiveness of pineapple-derived products. High-pressure processing-treated fruit bromelain can potentially be used in the development of a functional food that can prevent thrombosis 3.4.22.60 caspase-7 additional information apoptosis is preceded by proteolytic cleavage of e.g. caspase 7, prolonged nuclear localization of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 results in apoptosis involving specific regulation of caspase pathway 3.4.22.70 sortase A additional information sortase A mediates site-specific immobilization for identification of protein interactions in affinity purification-mass spectrometry experiments, overview. the enzyme is used for proteins or peptide baits with a C-terminal LPXTG recognition motif that are covalently immobilized to beads carrying an oligoglycine peptide (nucleophile). Tryptic on-bead digestion and spike-in of a heavy isotope labeled reference peptide (13C515N1-Val) allows for the absolute quantification of immobilized peptide or protein by MALDI-MS, method overview 3.4.22.70 sortase A additional information Staphylococcus aureus sortase A is a transpeptidase that is extensively used in various protein research applications, the enzyme is highly selective and does not require any cofactors for the catalysis of protein ligation and can be produced in high yields 3.4.22.B79 nsP2 protease additional information nsP2/GFP is capable of efficient functioning in Sindbis virus replication complexes that can synthesize RNA and, ultimately, produce virus at a level comparable to that of wild-type Sindbis virus. GFP inserted into nsP2 is accessible to specific antibodies and capable of functioning as an efficient tag for the isolation of protein complexes formed during Sindbis virus replication 3.4.23.B2 Simian immunodeficiency virus proteinase additional information SIV retropepsin can serve as an inhibitor-resistant retrovirus variant model of HIV-1 retropepsin 3.4.23.4 chymosin additional information under typical cheese-making conditions (pH 6.6, 0-2 mM CaCl2) the clotting activity of camel chymosin is ca. 80% higher than the activity of bovine chymosin (average clotting activity of camel chymosin is 70% higher than the activity of bovine chymosin), camel chymosin is more thermostable than bovine chymosin 3.4.23.34 cathepsin E additional information CatE is essential for processing of ovalbumin by murine B-cells, Cat E could play a major role in antigen processing, involvement of CatE in the MHC class II pathway 3.4.24.B2 oligoendopeptidase F additional information overexpression in Bacillus subtilis inhibits sporulation initiation 3.4.24.B2 oligoendopeptidase F additional information PepFBa can facilitate sporulation by processing a pro-Phr into active pentapeptides 3.4.24.B6 matrix metalloproteinase-20 additional information MMP-20 acts either directly or indirectly to faciliate the removal of maturation-stage enamel proteins 3.4.24.B6 matrix metalloproteinase-20 additional information MMP-20 expression is primarly confined to tooth tissue 3.4.24.B12 ADAMTS5 endopeptidase additional information neurite extension mediated by the MAP kinase pathway, increased number of primary and secondary neurites 3.4.24.14 procollagen N-endopeptidase additional information ADAMTS2 diplays procollagen III N-endopeptidase activity, proteolytic processing of ADAMTS2 may generate fragments displaying specifically either procollagen I/II or procollagen III N-endopeptidase acitvity 3.4.24.16 neurolysin additional information agaricoglycerides are devoid of activity in a large number of biochemical and cellular assays, emphasizing their selectivity towards neurolysin 3.4.24.16 neurolysin additional information EP12.16 modulates intracellular, peptidergic signaling cascades through the type-2 BK receptor in physiologically relevant nociceptive system 3.4.24.B16 protease lasA additional information cell lysis of Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus radiodurans and Gaffkia tetragena 3.4.24.19 procollagen C-endopeptidase additional information involved in deposition of collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix following processing of procollagen propeptides, dorsoventral patterning through cleavage of chordin, collagen and elastin cross-linking by processing of inactive precursors of lysyl oxidases, proteoglycan maturation and assembly of the dermal-epidermal junction by processing of laminin 5 chains and cleaving the C-propeptide of type VII procollagen 3.4.24.B19 i-AAA protease additional information Yme1p and Mgr1 are both members of the i-AAA-complex 3.4.24.24 gelatinase A additional information in patients with degenerative disc disease, proenzyme levels in nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc are higher at early stages of the disease. Proenzyme and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 levels negatively correlate in herniated disc samples, and proenzyme levels negatively correlate with the collagen content 3.4.24.27 thermolysin additional information thermolysin crystal can be used as the stationary phase in liquid chromatography to separate D/L-phenylglycine, thermolysin crystal is useful for chiral separation 3.4.24.27 thermolysin additional information thermolysin treatment improves the yield of human intestinal epithelial cells. The thermolysin and endothelin-3 method can be used to isolate and generate viable human intestinal epithelial cells from the human small intestine 3.4.24.27 thermolysin additional information thermolysin powder is not acutely toxic with an oral LD50 of more than 18,000 mg/kg (2520 mg/kg thermolysin protein) in rats and more than 24,000 mg/kg (3360 mg/kg protein) in mice. Subchronic feeding studies in rats for 91 days at doses up to 1000 mg/kg (390 mg/kg protein) revealed no significant differences between treated and non-treated groups, no evidence from allergenicity sequence analysis that thermolysin is an allergen, thermolysin is safe for use in food production 3.4.24.32 beta-Lytic metalloendopeptidase additional information ability to lyse Arthrobacter globiformis, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus cells, inhibits growth of sensitive organisms and may potentially serve as an antimicrobial agent 3.4.24.32 beta-Lytic metalloendopeptidase additional information ability to lyse Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus cells 3.4.24.33 peptidyl-Asp metalloendopeptidase additional information AspN is shown to be an alternative protease for in-capillary digestion (during capillary electrophoresis), AspN behaves very similarly to trypsin 3.4.24.39 deuterolysin additional information likely enables organisms to utilize substrates in their environment 3.4.24.42 atrolysin C additional information molecular characteristics that influence the toxic effects of snake venom metalloproteases, subdivision in hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteases 3.4.24.59 mitochondrial intermediate peptidase additional information MIP stimulates iron uptake by mitochondria 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information botulinum neurotoxins are biological hazards to humans and a serious potential bioweapon threat 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information botulinum neurotoxins BoNT/A-G are the most potent of all toxins and potential bioterrorism agents, they are also used in cosmetic applications 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information the enzyme can be used as an agent in biowarfare 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information the enzyme is used as a biowapon 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information botulinum neurotoxin serotype A causes a life-threatening neuroparalytic disease known as botulism that can afflict large, unprotected populations if the toxin is employed in an act of bioterrorism 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information botulinum neurotoxin type A is the most poisonous substance known to humans and is a potential bioterrorism agent 3.4.24.69 bontoxilysin additional information development of in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo assays for drug discovery and development, especially with regard to the potential for medium- to high-throughput automation and its use in identifying physiologically relevant inhibitors, overview 3.4.24.74 fragilysin additional information intestinal epithelial cells in vitro possess a specific membrane BFT receptor that is distinct from E-cadherin 3.4.24.74 fragilysin additional information single point mutations in the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif do not affect BFT processing but do reduce or eliminate BFT biologic activity in vitro 3.4.24.75 lysostaphin additional information antistaphylococcal agent in clinical laboratories 3.4.24.80 membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 additional information association of MT1-MMP with different membrane subdomains may be crucial in the control of its different activities like cell migration, invasion or MT1-MMP-dependent signaling pathways 3.4.24.80 membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 additional information degradomics method that efficiently identifies substrates of MMP-14 3.4.24.80 membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 additional information glycolysation of MT1-MMP may protect against autolysis and thus stabilize ative MT1-MMP 3.4.24.80 membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 additional information MMP-2 and MT1-MMP are cooperative dynamic components of a cell surface proteolytic axis involved in regulating the cellular signaling environment and pericellular collagen homeostasis 3.4.24.82 ADAMTS-4 endopeptidase additional information neurite extension mediated by the MAP kinase pathway, increased number of primary and secondary neurites 3.4.25.1 proteasome endopeptidase complex additional information peptide splicing is an intrinsic additional catalytic property of the proteasome, which may provide a qualitative peptide pool for immune selection 3.4.99.B1 RCE1 additional information Rce1-mediated removal of of the last three amino acids from isoprenylated Rho GTPases is required for the proteolytic activity of Yersinia enterocolitca outer protein T in living cells 3.5.1.2 glutaminase additional information food-processing industry, increases the amount of the savory flavoring L-glutamic acid 3.5.1.2 glutaminase additional information production of enzymically hydrolyzed plant proteins to reach high glutamic acid yields 3.5.1.2 glutaminase additional information Streptomyces rimosus strain LG-10 is a candidate for industrial production of extracellular L-glutaminase 3.5.1.28 N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase additional information cwlC gene deletion completely blocks the release of spores and crystals from the mother cell without affecting insecticidal activity. This may provide an effective strategy for crystal encapsulation against UV light inactivation 3.5.1.87 N-carbamoyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase additional information enzyme immobilization on solid matrix results in a great enhancement of the enzyme activity toward N-formyl-tryptophan, the reaction can be repeated for several cycles, method optimization, overview 3.5.1.87 N-carbamoyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase additional information immobilization of the enzyme by covalent coupling to a solid support material including additional cross-linking with polyaldehyde-dextran, method development, overview. Temperature and pH optima of immobilized enzyme are increased by 10°C and 0.5 unit, respectively. The enzyme is significantly stabilized, it is recycled nine times with about 100% conversion efficiency when batch experiments are carried out at 35°C, pH 7.5, for the 180 min cycle 3.5.1.88 peptide deformylase additional information PDF1B is not an appropriate selective marker for chloroplast transformation 3.5.1.97 acyl-homoserine-lactone acylase additional information fundamental roles in biofilm formation 3.5.2.2 dihydropyrimidinase additional information useful for industrial production of enantiomerically pure D-amino acids 3.5.3.1 arginase additional information pulmonary vascular and airway diseases in which arginase activity is increased are associated with decreased NO production and reduced smooth muscle relaxation 3.5.3.6 arginine deiminase additional information human serum albumin is an effective fusion partner for chemically modifying the enzyme resulting in a longer half-life in serum of two weeks, human serum albumin is more suitable than PEG, overview 3.5.3.6 arginine deiminase additional information PEG binding does not affect the enzyme activity, but does improve pharmocodynamics and pharmacokinetics, best at 20 kDa size of PEG, overview 3.5.3.18 dimethylargininase additional information DDAH1 plays an important role in development 3.5.3.18 dimethylargininase additional information dimerization is not critical for the maintenance of the biological function of the protein 3.7.1.3 kynureninase additional information cosmid pRA3 contains a trp operon that resembles that of the pathogen Chlamydophila caviae, containing the unusual kynU gene, which specifies kynureinase 3.7.1.6 acetylpyruvate hydrolase additional information 75fold increased productivity of the enzyme by media optimization, optimal glucose, yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 concentrations produce 7fold more biomass than the initial medium, optimization also by determining the optimal time of feed and amount of orcinol 3.7.1.24 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol hydrolase additional information by degrading 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol to mildly toxic monoacetylphloroglucinol, PhlG may help avoid accumulation of a metabolite that at high levels may become toxic to the producing bacterium, as has been observed for strains CHA0 and F11 3.8.1.2 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase additional information L-2-haloacid dehalogenase acts specifically on L-2-haloalkanoic acids to produce D-2-hydroxyalkanoic acids, which have potential applications in chemical industries and bioremediation 3.8.1.2 (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase additional information the L-haloacid dehalogenase from a psychrotrophic Pseudoalteromonas from the Arctic revealed its potential in industrial applications such as in synthetic chemistry and environmental protection 3.8.1.9 (R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase additional information D-specific dehalogenase DehD from Rhizobium sp. strain RC1 can be exploited as a potential target enzyme for industrial, pharmaceutical and other biotechnological applications 3.13.1.3 2'-hydroxybiphenyl-2-sulfinate desulfinase additional information environmental protection, the enzyme is useful in biodesulfurization, in which microorganisms selectively remove sulfur atoms from organosulfur compounds, a viable technology to complement the traditional hydrodesulfurization of fuels 4.1.2.61 feruloyl-CoA hydratase/lyase additional information modelling data as a prerequisite for enzyme engineering 4.1.2.61 feruloyl-CoA hydratase/lyase additional information studies on genetic manipulation of cell walls in plants 4.1.3.1 isocitrate lyase additional information constitutive enzymic activity can be used to identify Yersinia pestis in humans, animals, water, soil and food 4.1.99.11 benzylsuccinate synthase additional information target for the detection of toluene degrading organisms in environmental samples 4.2.1.1 carbonic anhydrase additional information carbonic anhydrase is a biocatalyst that catalyzes the hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons, thus useful in mitigating green house effect by sequestering CO2 from various point sources 4.2.1.1 carbonic anhydrase additional information immobilized hCA I on the magnetic nanoparticles has high operational stability and magnetic recovery which is desirable for biotechnological applications 4.2.1.66 cyanide hydratase additional information strain DN25 shows high cyanide degradation activity and has a potential of industiral application 4.2.1.84 nitrile hydratase additional information Rhodococcus erythropolis A4 converts benzonitrile herbicides into amides, the strain is able to hydrolyze 2,6-dichlorobenzamide into 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid, and produces also the carboxylic acids from the other herbicides. Transformation of nitriles into amides decreases acute toxicities for chloroxynil and dichlobenil, but increases them for bromoxynil and ioxynil. The amides inhibit root growth in Lactuca sativa less than the nitriles but more than the acids. The conversion of the nitrile group may be the first step in the mineralization of benzonitrile herbicides but cannot be itself considered to be a detoxification 4.2.1.84 nitrile hydratase additional information Rhodococcus rhodochrous PA-34 converts benzonitrile herbicides into amides, but the strain does not hydrolyze 2,6-dichlorobenzamide into 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid. Transformation of nitriles into amides decreases acute toxicities for chloroxynil and dichlobenil, but increases them for bromoxynil and ioxynil. The amides inhibit root growth in Lactuca sativa less than the nitriles but more than the acids. The conversion of the nitrile group may be the first step in the mineralization of benzonitrile herbicides but cannot be itself considered to be a detoxification 4.2.2.3 mannuronate-specific alginate lyase additional information use of recombinant abalone alginate lyase and beta-1,4-endoglucanase for protoplast isolation from Laminaria japonica. In Laminaria japonica blades pretreated with proteinase K and incubated in artificial seawater containing alginate lyase and beta-1,4-endoglucanase, the protoplast number is increased up to 5000000 protoplasts/g fresh weight. These cells are mostly derived from the epidermal layer rather than the cortical layer. Results suggest that at least three enzymes, alginate lyase, cellulase, and protease, are essential for effective protoplast isolation from Laminaria japonica 4.2.2.10 pectin lyase additional information orange peel agroindustrial waste can be utilized for production of enzyme in solid state culture 4.2.2.10 pectin lyase additional information tremendous applications in textile industry, plant tissue maceration, and fruit juice waste water treatment 4.2.2.10 pectin lyase additional information the purified pectin lyase is efficient in retting of of natural fibers of mature stems of Linum usitatissimum, Cannabis sativa, and Crotalaria juncea 4.2.2.10 pectin lyase additional information the purified pectin lyase shows retting ability for natural fibers viz. Cannabis sativa and Linum usitatissimum 4.2.2.11 guluronate-specific alginate lyase additional information use of recombinant abalone alginate lyase and beta-1,4-endoglucanase for protoplast isolation from Laminaria japonica. In Laminaria japonica blades pretreated with proteinase K and incubated in artificial seawater containing alginate lyase and beta-1,4-endoglucanase, the protoplast number is increased up to 5000000 protoplasts/g fresh weight. These cells are mostly derived from the epidermal layer rather than the cortical layer. Results suggest that at least three enzymes, alginate lyase, cellulase, and protease, are essential for effective protoplast isolation from Laminaria japonica 4.2.99.18 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase additional information opposite-base specificity of Nei is primarily governed by residues in the Q69-Y71 loop, both Q69-Y71 loop and the zinc finger contribute significantly to the substrate specificity of Nei 4.2.99.18 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase additional information enzyme APE1 is a promising target for the development of small-molecule inhibitors to be used in combination with anticancer agents 4.3.2.2 adenylosuccinate lyase additional information participates in the purine biosynthetic pathway, enzyme defects result in psychomotor retardation, epilepsy, muscle wasting and autistic features 4.3.3.7 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase additional information the enzyme is not an optimal target for drug development against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase additional information H2S donors elicit pharmacological effect on ocular smooth muscle is of great interest and merits further investigation 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase additional information H2S is a physiologic vasodilator and regulator of blood pressure 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase additional information H2S might be a novel insulin resistance regulator 4.4.1.1 cystathionine gamma-lyase additional information insulin release is impaired in diabetic animals and inhibition of abnormally increased endogenous pancreatic H2S production in diabetes may represent a novel avenue for diabetes treatment 4.4.1.4 alliin lyase additional information general properties and evaluation of its application in on-site production of allicin-dependent fungicidal activity 4.4.1.5 lactoylglutathione lyase additional information GloI has two functional active sites with similar catalytic activities and pH profiles but different substrate affinities. Glu91/Glu272 and Glu345/Glu161 are isofunctional to Glu99 and Glu172 in human GloI, respectively. As a consequence, Glu91 and Glu345 are part of active site A between the N- and C-terminal domains, and Glu272 and Glu161 form active site B between the intermediate domains. Both active sites are able to adopt two different conformations and are allosterically coupled 4.4.1.5 lactoylglutathione lyase additional information Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses GlxI enzymes from two metal activation classes. The gloA1 and gloA2 genes encode non-Zn2+ dependent glyoxalase I enzymes and the gloA3 gene encodes a Zn2+-dependent homolog 4.4.1.5 lactoylglutathione lyase additional information compared to control cells, transgenic cells with Pseudomonas putida glyoxalase I display a significant reduction of 35-43% in intracellular methylglyoxal and a significant decrease of 30% in extracellular methylglyoxal. Expression of Pseudomonas putida glyoxalase I in transgenic Escherichia coli markedly improves cell growth and results in a 50% increase in 1,3-propanediol production 4.4.1.5 lactoylglutathione lyase additional information is able to exist in two alternative domain-swapped forms. Active site and an essential metal binding site are disassembled and reassembled by the process of domain swapping. 3D domain swapping can be regulated by a small organic ligand 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information 15 putative AC genes present 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information AC8 acts as a low-pass filter for high-frequency Ca2+ events, enhancing the regulatory options available to this signalling pathway 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information ACA has the same architecture as mammalian membrane-bound ACs, is essential for reacting to and production of cAMP. ACG is essential for germination. ACB is required for terminal maturation of spores 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information ACIII is a marker for primary cilia throughout many regions of the adult mouse brain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information ACT enhances the adhesive functions of filamentous haemagglutinin and modifies the performance of the filamentous haemagglutinin heparin-inhibitable carbohydrate binding site 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information activation of the HCO3-/sAC transduction pathway enhances both cftr gene and CFTR protein expression and appears to be a physiological mechanism whereby the cell adapts to variations in extracellular HCO3- concentration 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information both sAC and tmACs participate in the sperm acrosome reaction and sperm motility 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Ca2+-stimulated AC regulates If via cAMP, modulation of the If pacemaker current 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information can function as a ion channel 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information class IV AC fold is distinct from the previously described folds for class II and class III ACs 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information compartmentalization of cAMP signalling, cAMP levels change in discrete domains of the cell with discrete local consequences 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information contains a GGDEF domain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information CyaB1 is composed of two GAF domains, a PAS domain, a CHD and a single tetratricopeptide repeat 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information CyaB2 is composed of two GAF domains, a PAS domain, a CHD and a single tetratricopeptide repeat 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information CyaC consists of a receiver domain, two GAF domains, a histidine kinase domain, another receiver and a CHD 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information endothelin-1 deficiency increases inner medullary collecting duct AC5/6 content, that may synergize with acute endothelin-1 inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated cAMP accumulation 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information essential role of Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated ACs in learning and memory 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information interaction between the N-terminus of AC5 and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Ric8a provides a pathway to fine-tune AC5 activity via a Galphai mediated pathway 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information involved in sensing high osmotic pressure 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information is an exotoxin 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information isoform-selective signaling complexes likely contribute to various functional consequences of cAMP elevation in vascular smooth muscle cells. AC1 isoform contributes to modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, proliferation, and control of cell division, whereas AC6, at least partly because of uncoupling of cAMP synthesis from cAMP breakdown, results in sustained cAMP accumulation, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation, and control of cytoskeletal rearrangements that contribute to vascular arborization 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information membrane transitions in cAMP strengthen the endothelial cell barrier, whereas the production of cAMP by soluble AC within the cytosol away from the membrane disrupts the endothelial cell barrier 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information overexpression of AC1 in forebrain enhances long-term potentiation 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information restores adenylate cyclase activity in Escherichia coli knockout mutants 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv0386 shows both adenylyl and a guanylyl cyclase side-activity 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1120c is a pseudogene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1264 plays a role in mycobacterial survival in the acidic environment of the pahgolysosome 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1318c has a HAMP domain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1319c has a HAMP domain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1320c has aHAMP domain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1625c has the highest sequence similarity with the mammalian enzymes 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv1647 adenylyl cyclase has a cyclase domain that is more closely related to fungal and protist cyclases 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv2212 gene has a domain composition identical to that of the AC isoform Rv1264, limited similarity of the N-termini, N-terminal domain of Rv2212 is not autoinhibitory as in Rv1264 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information Rv3645 has a HAMP domain 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information sAC is localized to motile airway cilia and it contributes to the regulation of human airway ciliary beat frequency in conditions of changing intracellular CO2/HCO3- via production of cAMP 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information senses ional changes in the environment 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information shares high sequence similarity (approximately 62%) with the Drosophila AC39E, enzyme serves in biogenic amine signal transduction cascades and in higher brain functions that contribute to learning and memory of the bee 4.6.1.1 adenylate cyclase additional information construction of a fusion between Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome linked to Synechocystis sp. guanylate/adenylate cyclase. The construct shows low dark-state activity and high dynamic range that outperforms previous optogenetic tools in vitro 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information biochemical properties of Gyc-88E are unique for guanylate cyclases, the enzyme possibly functions as an oxygen sensor 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information BR1 may belong to a class of guanylate cyclases that contains both a cytosolic kinase and GC domain 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information bronchial smooth muscle cGMP-, but not cAMP-dependent, relaxant response is developmentally regulated and significantly reduced in the adult rat, correlates with the higher expression of the two isoforms and higher activity of sGC in newborn rat bronchial tissue 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information cGMP suppresses pseudopod formation in the back of the cell, whereas the sGC protein refines pseudopod formation at the leading edge 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information coexistence of homologous and heterologous desensitization of GC-A in the same cell type, these reactions are mediated by different pathways, cross talk between phospholipid and natriuretic peptide signaling 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information differences in the effects of ATP on signal transduction of GC-coupled natriuretic peptide receptor A between Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information GCC is involved in cytosolic apical sorting signals in epithelial cells, apical sorting determinant for GCC is a region of 11 highly conserved amino acids (PTPPTVENQQR) in the COOH terminus, which are essential for the normal polarization of GCC in MDCK cells. This sequence is sufficient to selectively target an unpolarized reporter protein, interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain, to the apical membrane 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information intrinsic requirement of guanylate cyclases for stability and/or transport of a set of membrane-associated phototransduction proteins 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information NO-cGMP pathway modulates the neural circuitry in inner retina, preferentially within the cone pathway 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information residues H104, Y140, the YxS/TxR motif and missing cysteines Cys78 and Cys214 are conserved in all the insect atypical sGC subunits 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information residues H104, Y140, the YxS/TxR motif and missing cysteines Cys78 and Cys214 are conserved in all the insect atypical sGC subunits. Atypical sGCs can function as O2 sensors and can modulate sensitivity to sweet tastants 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information segments spanning amino acids alpha1 363-372, alpha1 403-422, alpha1 440-459, beta1 212-222, beta1 304-333, beta1 344-363, and beta1 381-400 within the predicted dimerization region are involved in the process of heterodimerization and therefore in expression of functional sGC 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information sGC has two NO-regulated activity states 4.6.1.2 guanylate cyclase additional information two nucleotide-binding sites with high and low affinity for GMP-CPP, one of the two sites constitutes the substrate site responsible for catalysis. The other site is the pseudosymmetric site, which exclusively serves as the binding site for YC-1 or BAY 41-2272 4.6.1.13 phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase additional information optimization of PI-PLC binding to substrate-containing vesicles is a balancing act between anchoring the protein in the correct conformation and orientation while also allowing it to dissociate in order to find substrate phospholipids or GPI-anchored proteins by scooting and/or hopping 4.6.1.19 ribonuclease T2 additional information the enzyme may be an effective target for the intervention of biomaterial colonization, and consequently limit the organism’s transmission within the hospital setting 4.6.1.24 ribonuclease T1 additional information acquisition of male, female or bisexual sterility by transgenic plants with the help of barnase. The enzyme is useful in medical research, overview 4.6.1.24 ribonuclease T1 additional information the enzyme is useful in medical research, overview 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase additional information C-terminal extension is critical for activity of FeCH and it is strictly required for oligomerization of the enzyme 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase additional information conformational changes in a structurally conserved phi-helix that is predicted to have a central role in product release 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase additional information convergent evolution in prokaryotes 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase additional information convergent evolution in prokaryotes, possesses a cysteine-rich C-terminal extension similar to that of the human enzyme 4.98.1.1 protoporphyrin ferrochelatase additional information reverse reaction of ferrochelatase, which may contribute to a new route of the recycling of protoporphyrin and heme in cells 5.1.1.5 lysine racemase additional information the enzyme is used for isotopic labeling of cells 5.1.2.2 mandelate racemase additional information mandelate racemase from Pseudomonas putida is a promising candidate for the dynamic kinetic resolution of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids 5.1.3.8 N-acylglucosamine 2-epimerase additional information the mammalian enzyme is a target for development inhibitors for sialic acid biosynthesis 5.2.1.2 maleylacetoacetate isomerase additional information knowledge of the GSTz1/MAAI haplotype can be used prospectively to identify individuals at potential risk of dichloroacetate’s adverse side effects from environmental or clinical exposure or who may exhibit aberrant amino acid metabolism in response to dietary protein 5.3.1.1 triose-phosphate isomerase additional information the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase occupies a central position in the development of structural and mechanistic enzymology 5.3.1.4 L-arabinose isomerase additional information additionally, D-tagatose can potentially be used as a prescription drug additive to mask unpleasant tastes, and as a sweetener in toothpaste, mouthwash, and cosmetics such as flavoured lipstick 5.3.1.4 L-arabinose isomerase additional information additionally, tagatose can potentially be used as a prescription drug additive to mask unpleasant tastes, and as a sweetener in toothpaste, mouthwash, and cosmetics such as flavoured lipstick 5.4.99.11 isomaltulose synthase additional information in contrast to sucrose, isomaltulose is scarcely fermented by oral microbes and effectively inhibits the formation of water-insoluble glucans, showing that it is particularly suitable as a noncariogenic sucrose replacement 5.4.99.16 maltose alpha-D-glucosyltransferase additional information physicochemical properties and industrial applications of trehalose, overview. The low energy (<1 kcal/mol) of the alpha,alpha-1,1-glycosidic bond enables trehalose to be the most stable sugar in solutions. In cosmetics, trehalose is in creams and lotions as moisture-retaining agent and storage stability enhancer and suppressor of the odor from active ingredients. In pharmaceuticals, trehalose has had roles in the preservation of tissues and organs for transplantation and cryopreservation of blood stem cells and sperm, with increased cell viability. Trehalose is also reported to have a suppression effect on bone loss. In vivo studies showed trehalose is found to be effective in reducing peptide aggregation and increasing autophagy in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease 5.4.99.16 maltose alpha-D-glucosyltransferase additional information physicochemical properties and industrial applications of trehalose, overview. The low energy (<1 kcal/mol) of the alpha,alpha-1,1-glycosidic bond enables trehalose to be the most stable sugar in solutions. In cosmetics, trehalose is in creams and lotions as moisture-retaining agent and storage stability enhancer and suppressor of the odor from active ingredients. In pharmaceuticals, trehalose has had roles in the preservation of tissues and organs for transplantation and cryopreservation of blood stem cells and sperm, with increased cell viability. Trehalose is also reported to have a suppression effect on bone loss. In vivo studies showed trehalose was found to be effective in reducing peptide aggregation and increasing autophagy in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information active scorpion venom of Leirus quinquestriatus hebraeus may be used as a tool to study the conformational changes that occur during CFTR gating 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information applicability of ten different antibodies under various fixation techniques for CFTR localization in fresh-brushed nasal epithelia cells collected from cystic fibrosis patients homozygous for F508del and control individuals 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information CFTR is a an ATP-dependent chloride channel, tightly regulated by phosphorylation, two distinct gating modes with one dependent on hydrolysis and the other requiring only stable ATP binding 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information coexpression of CFTR and murine or human epithelial Na+ channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes results in an 3fold increase in CFTR Cl- current, and a reduced amiloride-sensitive current, C-terminal 20 amino acid residues of alpha epithelial Na+ channel functional response to CFTR activation 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information functions as a Cl- channel, important in transepithelial salt and water transport, Cl-channel pore at the first and sixth transmembrane region, positive charges attract Cl- ions into the pore 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information plays a role in cAMP-mediated apical-vasolateral ion and fluid transport 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information reduced sensitivity to activation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase imparted by Ser 768 may serve to ensure activation of wild type CFTR by strong stimuli while dampening responses to weak signals 5.6.1.6 channel-conductance-controlling ATPase additional information unaltered phosphorylation and ATP dependence of macrosopic current in severed CFTR channels lacking nucleotide-binding domain 1 insertion or extension 6.3.1.2 glutamine synthetase additional information the enzyme is a tissue marker in central nervous tissue, especially for astrocytes 6.3.1.8 glutathionylspermidine synthase additional information GSPS is no valuable target for antiparasitic drug development 6.3.1.9 trypanothione synthase additional information enzyme TRYS is a valuable target for antiparasitic drug development 6.3.2.17 tetrahydrofolate synthase additional information the enzyme is a viable target for reducing cell wall recalcitrance in plants 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information an assembled complex IV helps to maintain complex I in mammalian cells 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information crucial role for mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase in oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial complex I inactivation 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information if phosphorylation occurs in vivo, effects on complex I activity are significant 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information missense mutation in the MT-ND5 subunit of NADH dehydrogenase in Tibet chicken breed. Significant differences between animals carrying mitochondria with the EF493865.1:m.1627A versus EF493865.1:m.1627C alleles for respiratory control ratio and enzyme activity. MT-ND5 gene variation is significantly associated with brain mitochondrial respiratory function in Tibet chicken embryos under hypoxia, which identifies MT-ND5 as a candidate gene for adaptation to hypoxia (or high hatchability under hypoxia) in Tibet chickens 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information reduction in complex I activity results in a decrease in mitochondrial movement which is compensated for by an increase in mitochondrial length and degree of branching and an enhanced diffusion of matrix constituents 7.1.1.2 NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating) additional information two variants of the mitochondrial complex I subunit NDUFA10. A D/N substitution at position 120 resulting from a 353A/G transition in the coding gene is the biochemical difference between the two most abundant NDUFA10 isoforms 7.1.1.8 quinol-cytochrome-c reductase additional information the complex from the alpha-proteobacterium Paracoccus denitrificans is a model for the medically relevant mitochondrial complexes 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information 100% homology among cox1 sequences from morphotype 1 (females presenting caudal tips smooth without spines) and morphotype 2 (females presenting caudal tips smooth with spines) of Filaria martis collected from beech martens, thus indicating that the shape of female posterior edge may vary among specimens 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information an assembled complex IV helps to maintain complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in mammalian cells 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information Arabidopsis thaliana COX19 genes encode functional homologues of the yeast metal chaperone. Smaller COX19-1 isoform, but not the larger one, is able to restore growth on non-fermentable carbon sources when expressed in a yeast cox19 null mutant. Induction by biotic and abiotic stress factors may indicate a relevant role of this protein in the biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase to replace damaged forms of the enzyme. COX19 has additional functions besides its participation in COX assembly as, for example, metal transport, detoxification, or general protection against oxidative stress 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information counteracting relationship exists between the effects of withdrawal and 17beta-estradiol on the activity of COX in a subunit specific manner, which may not alter protein synthesis 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information cytochrome c oxidase is involved in mercury reduction in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells. Levels of mercury resistance in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains correspond well with the levels of mercury resistance of cytochrome c oxidase 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information inhibition of COX activity is rather caused by ischemia-induced modification of COX polypeptides than by inhibition of mitochondrial translation 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information mean nucleotide variation within the Steganinae subfamily is 8.1% 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information mean nucleotide variation within the Steganinae subfamily is 8.1%, variation within Amiota spp. is 21.8% 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information mean nucleotide variation within the Steganinae subfamily is 8.1%, with a variation within Phortica spp. of 1.6% 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information molecular phylogenic analysis based on COXI indicates Gobiocypris rarus belongs to Gobioninae. Comparison of DNA with cDNA shows that RNA editing phenomenon does not occur in the COXI of Gobiocypris rarus 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis functions not just to release cytochrome c but also to maintain it oxidized via cytochrome oxidase, thus maximizing caspase activation 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information prion protein may not be involved in regulation of cytochrome c oxidase 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information simple and rapid isolation of COX by immunocapture 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information the MCOX2e region is unique to unionoidean bivalve male genomes. MCOX2e is functional and is likely the result of a single insertion event that took place over 65 MYA, the predicted transmembrane helices/interhelical loops number, length and position variability likely stems from substitution-based processes rather than the typically implicated insertion/deletion events. MCOX2e has relatively high rates of evolution in its primary and secondary structures. MCOX2e displays evidence suggestive of site-specific positive selection. MCOX2e has an overall pattern of purifying selection that leads to the preservation of the transmembrane helices/interhelical loops and hydrophilic C-terminus tail sub-regions, and the more conserved C-terminus tail (relative to the transmembrane helices/interhelical loops sub-region of MCOX2e) is likely biologically active because it contains functional motifs. MCOX2e may have a novel reproductive function within unionoidean bivalves 7.1.1.9 cytochrome-c oxidase additional information the monomeric form of Rhodobacter sphaeroides COX when reconstituted into a phospholipid bilayer is completely functionally active in its ability to perform electron transfer and proton pumping activities of the enzyme 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information cleavage of the gamma subunit of the ATP synthase by trypsin prevents inhibition of ATPase activity by the sigma subunit, but only partially overcomes Mg2+-ADP inhibition during assay 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information formation of an active alpha3beta3EG hybrid complex by co-reconstitution of subunits alpha and beta of the F1-ATPase and of subunits E and G of Saccharomyces cerevisiae V-ATPase, the coupling subunit gamma inside the alpha3beta3 oligomer of F1 can be effectively replaced by subunit E of the V-ATPase, the E and gamma subunit are structurally similiar, but their genes do not show homology 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information incorporation of F1F0 into soybean liposomes yields well-coupled and highly active proteoliposomes 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information simple and inexpensive method to grow yeast to high density and purify the mitochondrial F1-ATPase quickly and efficiently 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information site-specific spin-labeling of single cysteine mutations within mutant of subunit b of the ATP-synthase and employed electron spin resonance indicate tight binding interaction between b2 and F1, different binding interactions of b to F1 in the presence or absence of sigma, b preperations spin-labeled between amino acid position 101 and 114 are indicative of either two populations of b subunits with different packing interactions or to helical bending within this region 7.1.2.2 H+-transporting two-sector ATPase additional information the catalytic site at the alphaTP-betaTP interface is loaded first upon addition of nucleotides to nucleotide-depleted F1-ATPases 7.2.2.10 P-type Ca2+ transporter additional information determination of enzyme activity and Ca2+ transport rates in different human muscles types are important for the local anesthetics strategy in dentistry 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information beta1 subunit is the predominant isoform in nongastric H-K-ATPase 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information binding and release steps of K+ and H+ in both principal conformations of the ion pump, E1 and P-E2, are electrogenic, whereas the conformation transitions do not contribute significantly to a charge movement wihtin the membrane dielectric 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information carboxy-terminus of the H+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit facilitates the proper folding of the H+,K+-ATPase alpha/beta1 subunit complex allowing translocation to the plasma membrane where K+ uptake occurs, otherwise the complex is destined for degradation 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information CD63 functions as a negative regulator of the colonic H+-K+-ATPase, specifically interacts with carboxy terminus of the enzyme, supression of CD63 protein synthesis in HEK-293 cells increases Rb+ uptake by the HKalpha2/NKbeta1 complex 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information enzyme expression increases during freshwater acclimation but not exposure to hypercapnia 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information infrared spectra on multilayer stacks of native gastric tubulovesicle membranes, membrane tilt does not significantly contribute to the infrared dichroism, even for the largest thicknesses tested 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information Na+,K+-ATPase is likely to represent the most physiologic and efficient subunit for H+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit assembly in distal colon 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information presence of fucosyl residues in N-linked oligosaccharidic chains in glyocoproteins of beta-H,K-ATPase subunits 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information role of the beta subunit in stabilizing conformations of the enzyme with occluded K+ ions, alpha/beta subunit interactions may be required to compensate for the tendency of occluded K+ ions to destabalize the trans-membrane segments and are effective only in the context of correct phospholipid-protein interactions 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information strong evidence that the catalytic unit of C12E8-solubilized gastric H/K-ATPase is a tetraprotomer 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information the non-gastric H,K-ATPase contains similar sorting motifs in close proximity to the 4th transmembrane spanning domain than the gastric H,K-ATPase, short extracellular loop between the third and the 4th transmembrane spanning domain is critical for the pump´s apical delivery 7.2.2.19 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase additional information the salt bridge between Glu820 and Lys791 is essential for high-affinity K+ binding and the E2 preference of the enzyme 7.3.2.5 ABC-type molybdate transporter additional information specifically binds MoO42-/WO42- but not SO42-, mainly because the desolvation penalty of MoO42-/WO42- is significantly less than that of SO42- and, to a lesser extent, because the large and rigid cavity in these proteins attenuates ligand interactions with SO42-, as compared to MoO42-, exclusion of positively charged Lys/Arg side chains in the anion-binding sites of ModA, because Lys/Arg do not contribute to the selectivity of the binding pocket and substantially stabilize the complex between the oxyanion and protein ligands, which in turn would prohibit the rapid release of the bound oxyanion at a certain stage during the transport process 7.3.2.5 ABC-type molybdate transporter additional information transcription of modABC genes is repressed by molybdate 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information BcaP is required for optimal growth in media containing free amino acids as the sole amino acid source 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information conformational changes within HisP that are dependent on the presence of ATP in the binding pocket of the protein, changes are predominantely confined to the alpha-helical subdomain, considerable conformational flexibility in a conserved glutamine-containing loop 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information identification of a GTPase-containing complex for Gap1p sorting in the endosomes, which has a key role in trafficking Gap1p out of the late endosome and may serve as coat proteins in this process, the complex contains the GTPases Gtr1p and Gtr2p, delivery of Gap1p to the plasma membrane depends on specific nucleotide-bound states of the GTPases, Gtr2p interacts with the C-terminal cytosolic domain of Gap1p, a tyrosine-containing motif in this domain is necessary both to bind Gtr2p and to direct sorting of Gap1p to the plasma membrane 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information role of ubiquitination appears to be a signal for delivery of Gap1p to the multivesicular endosome, whereas amino acid abundance appears to control the cycling of Gap1p from the multivesicular endosome to the plasma membrane, Gap1p recycling does not depend on other known pathways for recycling proteins from the endosome to Golgi compartments 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information the aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease PcMtr is unrelated to the amino acid permease family, which includes most amino acid permeases in fungi 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information UfAAT3 encodes a protein with a high degree of sequence similarity to fungal amino acid permeases 7.4.2.1 ABC-type polar-amino-acid transporter additional information VfAAP1 expression increases seed sink strength for nitrogen, improves plant nitrogen status, and leads to higher seed protein 7.4.2.2 ABC-type nonpolar-amino-acid transporter additional information N-I permease is necessary for normal growth of Anabaena sp. on N2, plays a role in the diazotrophic filament specifically in vegetative cells, the products of Anabaena open reading frames all1046, all1047, all1284, alr1834 and all2912 are putative elements of the neutral amino acid permease 7.4.2.2 ABC-type nonpolar-amino-acid transporter additional information the aromatic and neutral aliphatic amino acid permease PcMtr is unrelated to the amino acid permease family, which includes most amino acid permeases in fungi 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information mtHsp70 and Escherichia coli DnaK display different conformational and biochemical properties, chimeric Hsp70s can not complement DnaK function in vivo 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information Pam16 is selectively required for preprotein translocation into the matrix, but not for protein insertion into the inner membrane, Pam16 interacts with Pam18 and is needed for the association of Pam18 with the presequence translocase and for formation of a mtHsp70-Tim44 complex 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information Pam16's J-like domain strongly interacts with Pam18's J domain, leading to a productive interaction of Pam18 with mtHsp70 at the import channel 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information Pam16-Pam18 complex regulates the ATpase activity of mtHsp70, Pam17 is required for the correct organization of the Pam16-Pam18 complex and thus contributes to regulation of mtHsp70 activity 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information Tam41 faciliates mitochondrial protein import by maintaining the functional integrity of the TIM23 protein translocator complex, TIM44 provides an anchor for mtHsp70 to bind to the translocating polypeptide that emerges from the outlet of the TIM23 channel 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information the TIM23 complex is not a static complex but switches between TOM tethering and PAM binding, including the subunit mtHsp70, in a reaction cycle involving Tim21 and Tim17 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information Tim15/Zim17 cooperates with mtHsp70 to faciliate import of presequence-containing proteins into the matrix 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information TIM44 binds to the peptide-binding domain of Hsp70 and thereby recruits it to the outlet of the translocation pore, so that mtHsp70 can bind to the incoming polypeptide chain as soon as it emerges from the channel 7.4.2.3 mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase additional information truncation of the N terminus of TIM17, a subunit of the TIM23 complex, severely diminishes mitochondrial import of preproteins, mitochondrial Hsp70 mediates the vectorial translocation of the preprotein into the matrix 7.6.2.1 P-type phospholipid transporter additional information Drs2p deficiency causes a markedly increased rate of cholesterol transport from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum and redistribution of endogenous ergosterol to intracellular membranes 7.6.2.9 ABC-type quaternary amine transporter additional information betaine and carnitine transport upon low temperature exposure is mediated via three osmolyte transporters including OpuC, carnitine uptake for cryoprotective purposes, OpuB shows no significant contribution to listeral chill tolerance 7.6.2.9 ABC-type quaternary amine transporter additional information functional re-association of a substrate-binding protein-dependent ABC-transporter starting from the isolated subunits 7.6.2.9 ABC-type quaternary amine transporter additional information Na+-betaine symporter that contributes to the salt stress tolerance at alkaline pH 7.6.2.9 ABC-type quaternary amine transporter additional information osmotic control of the OpuA operon allows the cell to sensitively adjust the number of the OpuA transporter to the physiological need of the cell 7.6.2.9 ABC-type quaternary amine transporter additional information the cystathionine beta-synthase module in OpuA constitutes the ionic strength sensor whose activity is modulated by the C-terminal anionic tail