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Literature summary for 3.1.4.4 extracted from
- Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid signalling in plant response to drought and salinity (2009), Plant Cell Environ., 33, 627-635.
Activating Compound
| Activating Compound | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2O2 | isozyme PLDdelta is activated by H2O2 | Arabidopsis thaliana |  |
| additional information | activity of phospholipase D in plants increases under different hyperosmotic stresses, such as dehydration, drought, and salinity, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate | PLDbeta, PLDgamma, PLDdelta, and PLDzeta require PIP2 for activity | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
| phosphoinositide-4,5-bisphosphate | i.e. PIP2, phosphoinositides, particularly PIP2, another key regulator of PLD activation are required by PLDbeta, PLDgamma, PLDdelta, and PLDzeta for activity | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | isozyme PLDdelta-KO cells exhibit a higher rate of H2O2-induced cell death than the wild-type. Unlike PLDalpha1-KO plants, PLDdelta-KO plants are still able to produce the normal levels of reactive oxygen species in response to stresses, such as abscisic acid and freezing. The stomata in epidermal peels from PLDalpha1-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana plants fail to close in response to abscisic acid, whereas external supply of phosphatidic acid, the lipid product of PLD, promotes the stomatal closure in wild-type and PLDalpha1-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana plants. PLDalpha3-KO plants accumulate a similar level of abscisic acid as the wild-type, but display higher levels of abscisic acid response gene expression. The root growth of PLDalpha3-KO seedlings is also more inhibited by abscisic acid treatment than wild-type | Arabidopsis thaliana |
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| plasma membrane | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 5886 | - |
Metals/Ions
| Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ca2+ | dependent on | Arabidopsis thaliana | |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | Arabidopsis thaliana | the different PLDs exhibit distinguishable reaction conditions, substrate preferences and subcellular localization, overview. PLDalpha1 interacts with Galpha protein, a heterotrimeric Galpha protein to prevent closed stomata from opening | ? | - |
? | |
| phosphatidylcholine + H2O | Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
choline + phosphatidic acid | phosphatidic acid binds to ABI1, a PP2C, which functions as a negative regulator in abscisic acid signalling in stomata closure. Phosphatidic acid stimulated NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species production in wild-type and PLDalpha1-deficient cells, cellular and physiological effects of phosphatidic acid, overview | ? | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
- |
- |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
isozymes PLDalpha1, PLDdelta, and PLDepsilon | - |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| leaf | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | the different PLDs exhibit distinguishable reaction conditions, substrate preferences and subcellular localization, overview. PLDalpha1 interacts with Galpha protein, a heterotrimeric Galpha protein to prevent closed stomata from opening | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
? | |
| additional information | in presence of primary alcohols, such as 1-butanol or ethanol, PLD also has a unique ability to transfer phosphatidyl group to a primary alcohol to form phosphatidylalcohol at the expense of phosphatidic acid | Arabidopsis thaliana | ? | - |
? | |
| phosphatidylcholine + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | choline + phosphatidic acid | - |
? | |
| phosphatidylcholine + H2O | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana | choline + phosphatidic acid | phosphatidic acid binds to ABI1, a PP2C, which functions as a negative regulator in abscisic acid signalling in stomata closure. Phosphatidic acid stimulated NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species production in wild-type and PLDalpha1-deficient cells, cellular and physiological effects of phosphatidic acid, overview | ? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| PLD | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PLDalpha1 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PLDalpha3 | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PLDdelta | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PLDepsilon | - |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| metabolism | the sites of phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholiphosphatidic acids D, C, A, and the targets of phosphatidic acid identified in plants that are potentially involved in hyperosmotic stress responses, and regulation of PLD isozymes in hyperosmotic stresses, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | involvement of PLD in response to water deficits and salinity. Isozyme PLDdelta plays an important role in protecting cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. Isozyme PLDalpha1 promotes stomatal closure and reduces water loss. PLDalpha1 and PLDdelta are involved in seedling tolerance to salt stress. PLDalpha3 and PLDepsilon enhance plant growth and hyperosmotic tolerance. The different PLDs regulate the production of phosphatidic acid, a key class of lipid mediators in plant response to environmental stresses. Signalling and regulatory functions of PLD isozymes and phosphatidic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana response to drought and salinity, overview. PLDalpha1 and phosphatidic acid play a positive role in abscisic acid effects on preventing water loss. Involvement of PLDalpha3 in salt stress response, and of isozyme PLDepsilon in N signalling and plant growth under salt stress and water deficiency with genetic alterations of PLDepsilon affecting plant root architecture and biomass production, overview | Arabidopsis thaliana |
| physiological function | PLDalpha1 promotes stomatal closure and reduces water loss. PLDalpha1 and PLDdelta are involved in seedling tolerance to salt stress. PLDalpha3 and PLDepsilon enhance plant growth and hyperosmotic tolerance. The different PLDs regulate the production of phosphatidic acid that is a key class of lipid mediators in plant response to environmental stresses. PLD-produced phosphatidic acids and its molecular targets in hyperosmotic stress responses, overview. PLDdelta plays a role in plant response to reactive oxygen species, dehydration, and salt stresses, while PLDepsilon plays a role in N signalling and plant growth under salt stress and water deficiency, and PLDalpha3 in salt and mild drought responses | Arabidopsis thaliana |
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