Literature summary for 1.1.1.195 extracted from

Zhao, Q.; Tobimatsu, Y.; Zhou, R.; Pattathil, S.; Gallego-Giraldo, L.; Fu, C.; Jackson, L.A.; Hahn, M.G.; Kim, H.; Chen, F.; Ralph, J.; Dixon, R.A.
Loss of function of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 leads to unconventional lignin and a temperature-sensitive growth defect in Medicago truncatula (2013), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 13660-13665.

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Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells	Medicago truncatula
gene cad1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, MtCAD1 is obtained by reverse genetic screening, genotying, RT-PCR analysis of CAD1 transcripts in cad1-1 and cad1-2 mutant and wild-type lines. The coding sequence of CAD1 driven by the 35S promoter is used for complementation of the cad1-1 mutant. The lignin level in the mutant is significantly restored, and the indene signature disappears, in six independent transformation events. MtCAD1 can also rescue the phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana cad4/cad5 double knockout mutant, in which the red coloration in the fibers of the double mutant is no longer visible in the complemented line, and acetyl bromide lignin levels are also partially rescued	Medicago truncatula

Cloned (Comment)

Organism

expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells

Medicago truncatula

gene cad1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, MtCAD1 is obtained by reverse genetic screening, genotying, RT-PCR analysis of CAD1 transcripts in cad1-1 and cad1-2 mutant and wild-type lines. The coding sequence of CAD1 driven by the 35S promoter is used for complementation of the cad1-1 mutant. The lignin level in the mutant is significantly restored, and the indene signature disappears, in six independent transformation events. MtCAD1 can also rescue the phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana cad4/cad5 double knockout mutant, in which the red coloration in the fibers of the double mutant is no longer visible in the complemented line, and acetyl bromide lignin levels are also partially rescued

Medicago truncatula

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
additional information	identification of Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion cad1-1 and cad1-2 mutants of Medicago truncatula that show reduced lignin autofluorescence under UV microscopy and red coloration in interfascicular fibers, Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion-mutagenized Medicago truncatula plants usually contain 20-50 insertions per plant. The phenotype is caused by insertion of retrotransposons into a gene CAD1. Microarray analysis with RNA isolated from stem internodes of the cad1-1 mutant. NMR analysis indicates that the lignin is derived almost exclusively from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde and is therefore strikingly different from classical lignins, which are derived mainly from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Normal growth under standard conditions in the greenhouse or growth chamber, but dwarfed plants when grown at 30°C. Glycome profiling reveals increased extractability of some xylan and pectin epitopes from the cell walls of the cad1-1 mutant but decreased extractability of others, suggesting that aldehyde-dominant lignin significantly alters cell wall structure	Medicago truncatula

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Medicago truncatula	-	-	-
Medicago truncatula	A0A072UJB3	-	-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment)	Organism
nickel affinity column chromatography	Medicago truncatula

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
4-coumarylaldehyde + NADPH + H+	catalytic preference for 4-coumaraldehyde	Medicago truncatula	4-coumaryl alcohol + NADP+	-	?
coniferaldehyde + NADPH + H+	-	Medicago truncatula	coniferyl alcohol + NADP+	-	?
sinapylaldehyde + NADPH + H+	-	Medicago truncatula	sinapyl alcohol + NADP+	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
CAD1	-	Medicago truncatula
cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1	-	Medicago truncatula

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
NADPH	-	Medicago truncatula

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
malfunction	loss of function of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 leads to unconventional lignin and a temperature-sensitive growth defect in Medicago truncatula. Insertion mutants Medicago truncatula show reduced lignin autofluorescence under UV microscopy and red coloration in interfascicular fibers. The phenotype is caused by insertion of retrotransposons into a gene annotated as encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CAD1. NMR analysis indicates that the lignin is derived almost exclusively from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde and is therefore strikingly different from classical lignins, which are derived mainly from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Despite such a major alteration in lignin structure, the plants appear normal under standard conditions in the greenhouse or growth chamber.The plants are dwarfed when grown at 30°C. Glycome profiling reveals an increased extractability of some xylan and pectin epitopes from the cell walls of the cad1-1 mutant but decreased extractability of others, suggesting that aldehyde-dominant lignin significantly alters cell wall structure	Medicago truncatula