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(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
stereochemistry
-
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
mechanism of carboxy-transfer
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
energetics
-
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
mechanism, interaction of subunits
-
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1] = (2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
the enzyme from Acidaminococcus fermentans is a biotinyl-protein, requires Na+, and acts as a sodium pump. Prior to the Na+-dependent decarboxylation, the carboxlate is transferred to biotin in a Na+-independent manner. The conserved lysine, to which biotin forms an amine bond, is located 34 amino acids before the C-terminus, flanked on both sides by two methionine residues, which are conserved in every biotin-dependent enzyme
-
-
-
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(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
(2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
glutaconyal-CoA + Na+[side 1]
crotonyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
glutaryl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
butyryl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
(2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
(2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
(2E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
i.e. glutaconyl-CoA
i.e. crotonyl-CoA
?
4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
i.e. glutaconyl-CoA
i.e. crotonyl-CoA
?
glutaconyl-CoA + Na+[side 1]
but-2-enoyl-CoA + CO2 + Na+[side 2]
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme catalyzes a 3H exchange of [2,4,4-3H]glutaconate with water when acetyl-CoA is present
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
pathway of fermentative benzoate degradation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutaconyl-CoA, i.e. (2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA is decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA by a sodium-ion-dependent membrane-bound glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
glutaconyl-CoA, i.e. (2E)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl-CoA is decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA by a sodium-ion-dependent membrane-bound glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
not: 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA
-
-
?
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physiological function
Gcd couples the biotin-dependent decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA with the generation of an electrochemical Na+ gradient
physiological function
Acidaminococcus fermentans is able to ferment glutamate to ammonia, CO2, acetate, butyrate, and H2. H2 formation is dependent on Na+ in washed cells. According to the model, electrons, generated by NADH oxidation inside of the cytoplasmic membrane, reduce protons outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The entire process can be driven by decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA, which consumes the protons released by NADH oxidation inside the cell. Hydrogen production commences exactly at those Na+ concentrations at which the electrogenic H+/Na+-antiporter glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is converted into a Na+/Na+ exchanger
physiological function
-
decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA is catalysed by a membrane-bound, biotin-dependent enzyme which requires Na+ for activity. The enzyme is able to convert the free energy of decarboxylation into a Na+ gradient
physiological function
sodium-ion pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is composed of four subunits: GcdA, the carboxytransferase (65 kDa), GcdB, the carboxylyase (36 kDa), GcdC, the biotin carrier (24 kDa) and GcdD (14 kDa) of unknown function. The GcdA subunit catalyzes the biotin-dependent formation of crotonyl-CoA from glutaconyl-CoA
physiological function
-
Gcd couples the biotin-dependent decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA with the generation of an electrochemical Na+ gradient
-
physiological function
-
Acidaminococcus fermentans is able to ferment glutamate to ammonia, CO2, acetate, butyrate, and H2. H2 formation is dependent on Na+ in washed cells. According to the model, electrons, generated by NADH oxidation inside of the cytoplasmic membrane, reduce protons outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The entire process can be driven by decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA, which consumes the protons released by NADH oxidation inside the cell. Hydrogen production commences exactly at those Na+ concentrations at which the electrogenic H+/Na+-antiporter glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is converted into a Na+/Na+ exchanger
-
physiological function
-
sodium-ion pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is composed of four subunits: GcdA, the carboxytransferase (65 kDa), GcdB, the carboxylyase (36 kDa), GcdC, the biotin carrier (24 kDa) and GcdD (14 kDa) of unknown function. The GcdA subunit catalyzes the biotin-dependent formation of crotonyl-CoA from glutaconyl-CoA
-
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16000
-
x * 65000 alpha, carboxytransferase + x * 33000, beta, carboxylyase + x * 19000, gamma, biotin carrier + x * 16000, probably carboxylyase, SDS-PAGE
19000
-
x * 65000 alpha, carboxytransferase + x * 33000, beta, carboxylyase + x * 19000, gamma, biotin carrier + x * 16000, probably carboxylyase, SDS-PAGE
33000
-
x * 65000 alpha, carboxytransferase + x * 33000, beta, carboxylyase + x * 19000, gamma, biotin carrier + x * 16000, probably carboxylyase, SDS-PAGE
39000
-
x * 65000, alpha, carboxytransferase, + x * 39000, beta, decarboxylase, + x * 14000, gamma, biotin carrier, + x * 12000, delta, membrane anchor, deduced from gene sequence, expression and purification of alpha leads to a homotrimer, SDS-PAGE
41000
-
4 * 41000, SDS-PAGE
additional information
-
in sucrose density gradient centrifugation the activity is recovered in 2 peaks: MW 470000, possibly dimer and MW 250000, possibly monomer
12000
-
x * 65000, alpha, carboxytransferase, + x * 39000, beta, decarboxylase, + x * 14000, gamma, biotin carrier, + x * 12000, delta, membrane anchor, deduced from gene sequence, expression and purification of alpha leads to a homotrimer, SDS-PAGE
12000
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
120000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, carboxytransferase, carboxylase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium pump, SDS-PAGE
120000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, transferase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium-dependent carboxybiotin decarboxylase, SDS-PAGE
14000
-
x * 65000, alpha, carboxytransferase, + x * 39000, beta, decarboxylase, + x * 14000, gamma, biotin carrier, + x * 12000, delta, membrane anchor, deduced from gene sequence, expression and purification of alpha leads to a homotrimer, SDS-PAGE
14000
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
30000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, carboxytransferase, carboxylase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium pump, SDS-PAGE
30000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, transferase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium-dependent carboxybiotin decarboxylase, SDS-PAGE
35000
-
1 * 120000-140000, alpha, contains biotin + 1 * 60000, beta, + 1 * 35000, gamma, hydrophobic, SDS-PAGE
35000
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
60000
-
1 * 120000-140000, alpha, contains biotin + 1 * 60000, beta, + 1 * 35000, gamma, hydrophobic, SDS-PAGE
60000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, carboxytransferase, carboxylase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium pump, SDS-PAGE
60000
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, transferase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium-dependent carboxybiotin decarboxylase, SDS-PAGE
65000
-
x * 65000, alpha, carboxytransferase, + x * 39000, beta, decarboxylase, + x * 14000, gamma, biotin carrier, + x * 12000, delta, membrane anchor, deduced from gene sequence, expression and purification of alpha leads to a homotrimer, SDS-PAGE
65000
-
x * 65000 alpha, carboxytransferase + x * 33000, beta, carboxylyase + x * 19000, gamma, biotin carrier + x * 16000, probably carboxylyase, SDS-PAGE
65000
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
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tetramer
-
4 * 41000, SDS-PAGE
?
-
-
?
-
1 * 120000-140000, alpha, contains biotin + 1 * 60000, beta, + 1 * 35000, gamma, hydrophobic, SDS-PAGE
?
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, carboxytransferase, carboxylase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium pump, SDS-PAGE
?
-
x * 120000, alpha, biotin carrier + x * 60000, beta, transferase + x * 30000, gamma, sodium-dependent carboxybiotin decarboxylase, SDS-PAGE
?
-
x * 65000, alpha, carboxytransferase, + x * 39000, beta, decarboxylase, + x * 14000, gamma, biotin carrier, + x * 12000, delta, membrane anchor, deduced from gene sequence, expression and purification of alpha leads to a homotrimer, SDS-PAGE
?
enzyme is composed of subunits GcdA (65 kDa), GcdB (36 kDa), GcdC (24 kDa) and GcdD (14 kDa), calculated from sequence
?
-
enzyme is composed of subunits GcdA (65 kDa), GcdB (36 kDa), GcdC (24 kDa) and GcdD (14 kDa), calculated from sequence
-
?
-
x * 65000 alpha, carboxytransferase + x * 33000, beta, carboxylyase + x * 19000, gamma, biotin carrier + x * 16000, probably carboxylyase, SDS-PAGE
heterotetramer
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
heterotetramer
-
1 * 65000 + 1 * 35000 + 1 * 14000 + 1 * 12000, X-ray crystallography
-
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Haertel, U.; Eckel, E.; Koch, J.; Fuchs, G.; Linder, D.; Buckel, W.
Purification of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp., an enzyme involved in the anaerobic degradation of benzoate
Arch. Microbiol.
159
174-181
1993
Pseudomonas sp.
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Purification, characterisation and reconstitution of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase, a biotin-dependent sodium pump from anaerobic bacteria
Eur. J. Biochem.
136
427-434
1983
Acidaminococcus fermentans, [Clostridium] symbiosum, Clostridium tetanomorphum, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
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On the structure and function of glutaconyl-CoA, a biotin dependent sodium pump from anaerobic bacteria
Prog. Biotechnol.
2
111-116
1986
Acidaminococcus fermentans, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
-
brenda
Beatrix, B.; Bendrat, K.; Rospert, S.; Buckel, W.
The biotin-dependent sodium ion pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Fusobacterium nucleatum (subsp. nucleatum)
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154
362-369
1990
Acidaminococcus fermentans, [Clostridium] symbiosum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
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Buckel, W.; Liedke, H.
The sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans. Specific cleavage by n-alkanols
Eur. J. Biochem.
156
251-257
1986
Acidaminococcus fermentans
brenda
Buckel, W.
Substrate stereochemistry of the biotin-dependent sodium pump glutacoynl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans
Eur. J. Biochem.
156
259-263
1986
Acidaminococcus fermentans
brenda
Buckel, W.
Biotin-dependent decarboxylases as bacterial sodium pumps: Purification and reconstitution of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans
Methods Enzymol.
125
547-558
1986
Acidaminococcus fermentans, [Clostridium] symbiosum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
-
brenda
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The sodium ion translocating glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans: cloning and function of the genes forming a second operon
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31
473-487
1999
Acidaminococcus fermentans
brenda
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Sodium ion-translocating decarboxylases
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1505
15-27
2001
Acidaminococcus fermentans
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Energetics and biochemistry of fermentative benzoate degradation by Syntrophus gentianae
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171
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1999
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-
brenda
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Crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase subunit of the bacterial sodium ion pump glutaconyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase
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22
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2003
Acidaminococcus fermentans (Q06700), Acidaminococcus fermentans
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An asymmetric model for Na+-translocating glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylases
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284
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Sodium ion-dependent hydrogen production in Acidaminococcus fermentans
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166
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Acidaminococcus fermentans (Q06700 and Q9ZAA6 and Q9ZAA7 and Q9ZAA8), Acidaminococcus fermentans, Acidaminococcus fermentans DSM 20731 (Q06700 and Q9ZAA6 and Q9ZAA7 and Q9ZAA8)
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Energetics and biochemistry of fermentative benzoate degradation by Syntrophus gentianae
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171
331-337
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Syntrophus gentianae, Syntrophus gentianae DSM 8423
-
brenda
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Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding the carboxytransferase subunit of the biotin-dependent Na+ pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans in Escherichia coli
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211
697-702
1993
Acidaminococcus fermentans (Q06700 and Q9ZAA6 and Q9ZAA7 and Q9ZAA8), Acidaminococcus fermentans, Acidaminococcus fermentans DSM 20731 (Q06700 and Q9ZAA6 and Q9ZAA7 and Q9ZAA8)
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A biotin-dependent sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans
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148
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Acidaminococcus fermentans
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