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Information on EC 5.3.3.12 - L-dopachrome isomerase and Organism(s) Homo sapiens and UniProt Accession P14174

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EC Tree
     5 Isomerases
         5.3 Intramolecular oxidoreductases
             5.3.3 Transposing C=C bonds
                5.3.3.12 L-dopachrome isomerase
IUBMB Comments
A zinc enzyme. Stereospecific for L-dopachrome. Dopachrome methyl ester is a substrate, but dopaminochrome (2,3-dihydroindole-5,6-quinone) is not (see also EC 4.1.1.84, D-dopachrome decarboxylase).
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Homo sapiens
UNIPROT: P14174
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Word Map
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Homo sapiens
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Synonyms
trp-2, dopachrome tautomerase, d-dopachrome tautomerase, macrophage inhibitory factor, macrophage migration-inhibitory factor, dopachrome conversion factor, dopachrome oxidoreductase, tyrosine-related protein 2, dopachrome-rearranging enzyme, brown (b) locus protein, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
macrophage inhibitory factor
-
brown (b) locus protein
-
-
-
-
D-dopachrome isomerase
-
-
D-dopachrome tautomerase
-
-
D-DT
-
-
DCF
-
-
-
-
dopachrome conversion factor
-
-
-
-
dopachrome delta-isomerase
dopachrome DELTA7-DELTA2-isomerase
-
-
-
-
dopachrome oxidoreductase
-
-
-
-
dopachrome tautomerase
dopachrome-rearranging enzyme
-
-
-
-
isomerase, dopachrome DELTA-
-
-
-
-
L-dopachchrome-methyl ester tautomerase
-
-
-
-
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
-
-
SLATY locus protein
-
-
-
-
TRP-2
-
melanogenic enzyme
TRP2
-
-
-
-
tyrosine-related protein 2
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
intramolecular oxidoreduction
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
L-dopachrome keto-enol isomerase
A zinc enzyme. Stereospecific for L-dopachrome. Dopachrome methyl ester is a substrate, but dopaminochrome (2,3-dihydroindole-5,6-quinone) is not (see also EC 4.1.1.84, D-dopachrome decarboxylase).
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
130122-81-5
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-dopachrome
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
4-hydoxyphenylpyruvate
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
D-dopachrome
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine methyl ester
methyl 3-(3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)-L-alaninate
show the reaction diagram
L-dopachrome
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
L-dopachrome
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
show the reaction diagram
-
i.e. 2-carboxy-2,3-dihydroindole-5,6-quinone, the enzyme is strictly specific for the L-enantiomer. The N-terminal Pro is crucial for tautomerase activity
-
-
?
L-dopachrome methyl ester
?
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-dopachrome
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
?
L-dopachrome
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
2-oxo-4-phenyl-3-butynoate
-
a potent site-directed irreversible inhibitor of the phenyl pyruvate tautomerase activity
2-piperidinoethyl isothiocyanate
-
-
3,6-dihydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-indolium
-
a dopachrome derivative, 98% inhibition at 0.5 mM, mechanism of action, overview
3,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-5H-indol-5-one
-
a dopachrome derivative, 92% inhibition at 0.5 mM, mechanism of action, overview
3,6-dihydroxy-5-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
-
a dopachrome derivative, complete inhibition at 0.5 mM, mechanism of action, overview
4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine
-
-
6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-indole-2-carboxylic acid
allyl isothiocyamate
-
-
Benzyl isothiocyanate
-
specific inhibition of MIF tautomerase activity is mediated by selective modification of the N-terminal proline
ethyl isothiocyanate
-
-
haematin
-
50% inhibition at 0.0002 mM
Isothiocyanate
-
inhibits tautomerase activity of MIF. Modification and inhibition of MIF is not involved in the induction of phase 2 gene expression in response to isothiocyanate treatment
methallyl isothiocyanate
-
-
methyl 6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-3,5-dihydro-2H-indole-2-carboxylate
phenethylisothiocyanate
-
inhibits tautomerase activity of MIF
sulforaphane
-
inhibits tautomerase activity of MIF
additional information
-
IC50 VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0031
2-piperidinoethyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0037
allyl isothiocyamate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0008
Benzyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0111
ethyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.0014
methallyl isothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.005 - 0.006
phenethylisothiocyanate
Homo sapiens
-
-
0.001 - 0.002
sulforaphane
Homo sapiens
-
-
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
Uniprot
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
peripheral blood mononuclear cells, expression in wild-type but no enzyme expression in vitiligo patients, overview
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
corticotrop cells
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
retinal pigment epithelium
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
cell line Y79
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
-
a human melanotic melanoma cell line
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
DCT has a hydrophobic transmembrane anchor
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
malfunction
a tautomerase-null protein shows reduced binding affinity to the receptors CD74 and CXCR2, and an impaired ability to induce ERK1/2 MAP kinase activation. Cells expressing the tautomerase-null protein show reduced proliferative capacity, and enzyme-deficient mice show a reduced development in benzo[a]pyrene-induced skin tumors.
physiological function
the enzyme inhibits the migration of macrophages. The enzyme activates the MAP kinase cascade, modulates cell migration, and counter-acts the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids. For many cell types, the enzyme also acts as an important survival or anti-apoptotic factor. the enzyme is essential for the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tissue necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta, prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide by macrophages. The enzyme is necessary for maximal c-jun-N-terminal kinase-dependent AP-1 transactivation and subsequent CXCL8 and VEGF transcription in human lung adenocarcinoma cells
malfunction
physiological function
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
MIF_HUMAN
115
0
12476
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
trimer
additional information
-
structure-function relationship, overview
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
glycoprotein
-
Analysis of DCT tryptic peptides by MALDI-TOF/TOF determines N-glycosylation as a primary post-translational modification
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
P1G
inactive
additional information
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
recombinant enzymne from Sf9 insect cells by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydroxyapatite and anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration
-
recombinant MIF from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration
-
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in HEK-293 cells
-
expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
expression of the truncated enzyme lacking its carboxy-terminal transmembrane region in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cell using a viral transfer vector
-
genotyping of healthy and autoimmune vitiligo individuals, overview
-
overexpressed in WM35 melanoma cell line as model system, endogenously expressing low levels of TRP-2. TRP-2 specifically decreases WM35 cell sensitivity to oxidative stress. Overexpreesion of enzyme in HEK-293 cells has no influence on cell sensitivity to oxidative stress
-
recombinant expression of MIF in HeLa cells and in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
the enzyme is induced by low levels of glucocorticoids in vitro and in vivo
enzyme protein levels and mRNA expression are significantly decreased in subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to acutely inflamed wounds
-
MIF expression is upregulated by cytokines, TNF-alpha and interleukin-I, and by bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides, and exotoxins
-
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
drug development
-
the tautomerase activity of MIF is a target for inhibitor development, overview
medicine
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Udono, T.; Takahashi, K.; Yasumoto, K.; Yoshizawa, M.; Takeda, K.; Abe, T.; Tamai, M.; Shibahara, S.
Expression of tyrosinase-related protein 2/DOPAchrome tautomerase in the retinoblastoma
Exp. Eye Res.
72
225-234
2001
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pisarra, P.; Lupetti, R.; Palumbo, A.; Napolitano, A.; Prota, G.; Parmiani, G.; Anichini, A.; Sensi, M.
Human melanocytes and melanomas express novel mRNA isoforms of the tyrosinase-related protein-2/DOPAchrome tautomerase gene: molecular and functional characterization
J. Invest. Dermatol.
115
48-56
2000
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Suzuki, H.; Takahashi, K.; Yasumoto, K.I.; Amae, S.; Yoshizawa, M.; Fuse, N.; Shibahara, S.
Role of neurofibromin in modulation of expression of the tyrosinase-related protein 2 gene
J. Biochem.
124
992-998
1998
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pennock, J.L.; Behnke, J.M.; Bickle, Q.D.; Devaney, E.; Grencis, R.K.; Isaac, R.E.; Joshua, G.W.; Selkirk, M.E.; Zhang, Y.; Meyer, D.J.
Rapid purification and characterization of L-dopachrome-methyl ester tautomerase (macrophage-migration-inhibitory factor) from Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris and Brugia pahangi
Biochem. J.
335
495-498
1998
Brugia pahangi, Homo sapiens, no activity in Caenorhabditis elegans, no activity in Heligmosomoides polygyrus, no activity in Hymenolepis diminuta, no activity in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, no activity in Schistosoma haematobium, no activity in Schistosoma japonicum, no activity in Schistosoma mansoni, Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris muris
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pak, B.J.; Lee, J.; Thai, B.L.; Fuchs, S.Y.; Shaked, Y.; Ronai, Z.; Kerbel, R.S.; Ben-David, Y.
Radiation resistance of human melanoma analysed by retroviral insertional mutagenesis reveals a possible role for dopachrome tautomerase
Oncogene
23
30-38
2004
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Michard, Q.; Commo, S.; Belaidi, J.P.; Alleaume, A.M.; Michelet, J.F.; Daronnat, E.; Eilstein, J.; Duche, D.; Marrot, L.; Bernard, B.A.
TRP-2 specifically decreases WM35 cell sensitivity to oxidative stress
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
44
1023-1031
2008
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Cross, J.V.; Rady, J.M.; Foss, F.W.; Lyons, C.E.; Macdonald, T.L.; Templeton, D.J.
Nutrient isothiocyanates covalently modify and inhibit the inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
Biochem. J.
423
315-321
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ouertatani-Sakouhi, H.; El-Turk, F.; Fauvet, B.; Roger, T.; Le Roy, D.; Karpinar, D.P.; Leng, L.; Bucala, R.; Zweckstetter, M.; Calandra, T.; Lashuel, H.A.
A new class of isothiocyanate-based irreversible inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor
Biochemistry
48
9858-9870
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Garai, J.; Lorand, T.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) tautomerase inhibitors as potential novel anti-inflammatory agents: current developments
Curr. Med. Chem.
16
1091-1114
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Vavricka, C.J.; Ray, K.W.; Christensen, B.M.; Li, J.
Purification and N-glycosylation analysis of melanoma antigen dopachrome tautomerase
Protein J.
29
204-212
2010
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Bam, M.; Bagchi, T.
Absence of tyrosinase-related protein-2/dopachrome tautomerase transcripts in PBMCs from vitiligo patients
Scand. J. Immunol.
69
366-373
2009
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Merk, M.; Mitchell, R.A.; Endres, S.; Bucala, R.
D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT or MIF-2): doubling the MIF cytokine family
Cytokine
59
10-17
2012
Homo sapiens (P14174), Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Ishimoto, K.; Iwata, T.; Taniguchi, H.; Mizusawa, N.; Tanaka, E.; Yoshimoto, K.
D-dopachrome tautomerase promotes IL-6 expression and inhibits adipogenesis in preadipocytes
Cytokine
60
772-777
2012
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Pasupuleti, V.; Du, W.; Gupta, Y.; Yeh, I.J.; Montano, M.; Magi-Galuzzi, C.; Welford, S.M.
Dysregulated D-dopachrome tautomerase, a hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent gene, cooperates with macrophage migration inhibitory factor in renal tumorigenesis
J. Biol. Chem.
289
3713-3723
2014
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Iwata, T.; Taniguchi, H.; Kuwajima, M.; Taniguchi, T.; Okuda, Y.; Sukeno, A.; Ishimoto, K.; Mizusawa, N.; Yoshimoto, K.
The action of D-dopachrome tautomerase as an adipokine in adipocyte lipid metabolism
PLoS ONE
7
e33402
2012
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Merk, M.; Zierow, S.; Leng, L.; Das, R.; Du, X.; Schulte, W.; Fan, J.; Lue, H.; Chen, Y.; Xiong, H.; Chagnon, F.; Bernhagen, J.; Lolis, E.; Mor, G.; Lesur, O.; Bucala, R.
The D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) gene product is a cytokine and functional homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
108
E577-E585
2011
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Roger, T.; Schlapbach, L.J.; Schneider, A.; Weier, M.; Wellmann, S.; Marquis, P.; Vermijlen, D.; Sweep, F.C.; Leng, L.; Bucala, R.; Calandra, T.; Giannoni, E.
Plasma levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and D-dopachrome tautomerase show a highly specific profile in early life
Front. Immunol.
8
26
2017
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Guo, D.; Guo, J.; Yao, J.; Jiang, K.; Hu, J.; Wang, B.; Liu, H.; Lin, L.; Sun, W.; Jiang, X.
D-dopachrome tautomerase is over-expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acts cooperatively with macrophage migration inhibitory factor to promote cancer growth
Int. J. Cancer
139
2056-2067
2016
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Kim, B.S.; Tilstam, P.V.; Hwang, S.S.; Simons, D.; Schulte, W.; Leng, L.; Sauler, M.; Ganse, B.; Averdunk, L.; Kopp, R.; Stoppe, C.; Bernhagen, J.; Pallua, N.; Bucala, R.
D-dopachrome tautomerase in adipose tissue inflammation and wound repair
J. Cell. Mol. Med.
21
35-45
2017
Homo sapiens
Manually annotated by BRENDA team