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Information on EC 5.1.1.4 - proline racemase

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EC Tree
     5 Isomerases
         5.1 Racemases and epimerases
             5.1.1 Acting on amino acids and derivatives
                5.1.1.4 proline racemase
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UNIPROT: B8LFE4 not found.
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
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L-proline
=
D-proline
=
Synonyms
proline racemase, tcprac, tvprac, prac1, tcpraca, tryprac, tcpracb, proline racemase a, more
SYNONYM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
proline racemase
-
Racemase, proline
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
racemization
-
-
-
-
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
proline racemase
-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY hide
9024-09-3
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT                       
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-proline
D-proline
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
r
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate) hide
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product) hide
LITERATURE
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-proline
D-proline
show the reaction diagram
-
-
-
r
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
competitive inhibitor
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
106
D-proline
40 mM substrate in 0.2 M sodium acetate, for 30 min at 37°C
145
L-proline
40 mM substrate in 0.2 M sodium acetate, for 30 min at 37°C
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.02
pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid
0.005 mM pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, serial concentrations of 20-160 mM L-proline
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
Trypanosoma vivax ILRAD 1392
-
UniProt
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
evolution
phylogenetic and syntenic data support a single horizontal transfer to a Trypanosoma ancestor of a prokaryotic proline racemase implicated in parasite evasion from host defences. TryPRAC homologues as single copy genes per haploid genome in 12 of 15 Trypanosoma species, including Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma erneyi, Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma conorhini and Trypanosoma lewisi, all parasites of mammals. Polymorphisms in TcPRAC genes match Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes: TcI-TcIV and Tcbat have unique genes, while the hybrids TcV and TcVI contain TcPRACA and TcPRACB from parental TcII and TcIII, respectively. PRAC homologues are identified in trypanosomes from anurans, snakes, crocodiles, lizards, and birds. Most trypanosomes have intact PRAC genes. Trypanosoma rangeli possesses only pseudogenes, maybe in the process of being lost. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and their allied species, except the more distantly related Trypanosoma vivax, have completely lost PRAC genes. The genealogy of TryPRAC homologs supports an evolutionary history congruent with the Trypanosoma phylogeny
physiological function
enzyme is a T-cell-independent B-cell mitogen, enzyme displays mitogenic activity towards splenic cells from euthymic Swiss mice, since addition of 0.1 mg/ml of recombinant protein promotes a 13fold increase of thymidine incorporation when compared with untreated cells, mitogenic activity of recombinant enzyme seems to be dependent on the active enzyme, since inhibition with 10 mM pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid prior to its incubation with splenocytes specifically decreases proliferation by 44%, enzyme triggers high levels of B-cell activation, terminal differentiation and antibody secretion
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION?
B8LFE4_TRYVI
345
0
37612
TrEMBL
-
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
40000
recombinant enzyme, determined by SDS-PAGE
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
additional information
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
by affinity chromatography using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose columns
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, genotyping and genetic organization, detailed overview
expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a C-terminal 6-His tag
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY hide
LITERATURE
drug development
enzyme has potential to be used as a drug target for this parasite-based trypanosomiasis
medicine
proline racemase based PCR can be used, preferably in combination with ITS-1 PCR, as a speciesspecific diagnostic test for Trypanosoma vivax infections worldwide
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Chamond, N.; Cosson, A.; Coatnoan, N.; Minoprio, P.
Proline racemases are conserved mitogens: characterization of a Trypanosoma vivax proline racemase
Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.
165
170-179
2009
Trypanosoma vivax (B8LFE4), Trypanosoma vivax
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Caballero, Z.C.; Costa-Martins, A.G.; Ferreira, R.C.; P Alves, J.M.; Serrano, M.G.; Camargo, E.P.; Buck, G.A.; Minoprio, P.; G Teixeira, M.M.
Phylogenetic and syntenic data support a single horizontal transference to a Trypanosoma ancestor of a prokaryotic proline racemase implicated in parasite evasion from host defences
Parasit. Vectors
8
222
2015
no activity in Trypanosoma brucei, no activity in Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma conorhini (A0A0F6YF18), Trypanosoma conorhini, Trypanosoma conorhini TCC025 (A0A0F6YF18), Trypanosoma cruzi (Q4DA80), Trypanosoma cruzi (Q868H8), Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener (Q4DA80), Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener (Q868H8), Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei (A0A0F6VXD6), Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei TCC344 (A0A0F6VXD6), Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma dionisii TCC211, Trypanosoma erneyi (A0A0F6VXE2), Trypanosoma erneyi TCC1946 (A0A0F6VXE2), Trypanosoma grayi, Trypanosoma grayi ANR4, Trypanosoma lewisi (A0A0F6VXM2), Trypanosoma lewisi, Trypanosoma lewisi TCC034 (A0A0F6VXM2), Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma serpentis (A0A0F6SCP6), Trypanosoma serpentis TCC1052 (A0A0F6SCP6), Trypanosoma sp. (A0A0F6VXD9), Trypanosoma sp. TCC1825 / RCF-2014 (A0A0F6VXD9), Trypanosoma sp. TCC339 (A0A0F6YER1), Trypanosoma sp. TCC878 (A0A0F6VXE6), Trypanosoma sp. TCC878 RCF-2014 (A0A0F6VXE6), Trypanosoma vivax (B8LFE4), Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma vivax Y486 (B8LFE4)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team
Fikru, R.; Hagos, A.; Roge, S.; Reyna-Bello, A.; Gonzatti, M.I.; Merga, B.; Goddeeris, B.M.; Buescher, P.
A proline racemase based PCR for identification of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle blood
PLoS ONE
9
e84819
2014
Trypanosoma vivax (B8LFE4), Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma vivax ILRAD 1392 (B8LFE4)
Manually annotated by BRENDA team