Reference on EC 5.1.1.1 - alanine racemase
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REF. 
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Walsh, C.T.
Enzymes in the D-alanine branch of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan assembly
J. Biol. Chem.
264
2393-2396
1989
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Staphylococcus sp.
Babu, U.M.; Johnston, R.B.
D2O-alanine exchange reactions catalyzed by alanine racemase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
58
460-466
1974
Bacillus subtilis
Henderson, L.L.; Johnson, R.B.
Inhibition studies of the enantiomers of beta-chloroalanine on purified alanine racemase from Bacillus subtilis
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
68
793-798
1976
Bacillus subtilis
Wasserman, S.A.; Walsh, C.T.; Botstein, D.
Two alanine racemase genes in Salmonella typhimurium that differ in structure and function
J. Bacteriol.
153
1439-1450
1983
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Wasserman, S.A.; Daub, E.; Grisafi, P.; Botstein, D.; Walsh, C.T.
Catabolic alanine racemase from Salmonella typhimurium: DNA sequence, enzyme purification, and characterization
Biochemistry
23
5182-5187
1984
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Badet, B.; Walsh, C.
Purification of an alanine racemase from Streptococcus faecalis and analysis of its inactivation by (1-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid enantiomers
Biochemistry
24
1333-1341
1985
Enterococcus faecalis
Esaki, N.; Walsh, C.T.
Biosynthetic alanine racemase of Salmonella typhimurium: purification and characterization of the enzyme encoded by the alr gene
Biochemistry
25
3261-3267
1986
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium overproducing
Inagaki, K.; Tanizawa, K.; Badet, B.; Walsh, C.T.; Tanaka, H.; Soda, K.
Thermostable alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: molecular cloning of the gene, enzyme purification, and characterization
Biochemistry
25
3268-3274
1986
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Neidhart, D.J.; Distefano, M.D.; Tanizawa, K.; Soda, K.; Walsh, C.T.; Petsko, G.A.
X-ray crystallographic studies of the alanine-specific racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus
J. Biol. Chem.
262
15323-15326
1987
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Tanizawa, K.; Ohshima, A.; Scheidegger, A.; Inagaki, K.; Tanaka, H.; Soda, K.
Thermostable alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: DNA and protein sequence determination and secondary structure prediction
Biochemistry
27
1311-1316
1988
Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Faraci, W.S.; Walsh, C.T.
Racemization of alanine by the alanine racemase from Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus stearothermophilus: energetic reaction profiles
Biochemistry
27
3267-3276
1988
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Copie, V.; Faraci, W.S.; Walsh, C.T.; Griffin, R.G.
Inhibition of alanine racemase by alanine phosphonate: detection of an imine linkage to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the enzyme-inhibitor complex by solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance
Biochemistry
27
4966-4970
1988
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Lacoste, A.M.; Darriet, M.; Neuzil, E.; Le Goffic, F.
Inhibition of alanine racemase by vinylglycine and its phosphonic analogue: a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
16
606-608
1988
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa A237
-
Faraci, W.S.; Walsh, C.T.
Mechanism of inactivation of alanine racemase by beta,beta,beta-trifluoroalanine
Biochemistry
28
431-437
1989
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Duncan, K.; Faraci, W.S.; Matteson, D.S.; Walsh, C.T.
(1-Aminoethyl)boronic acid: a novel inhibitor for Bacillus stearothermophilus alanine racemase and Salmonella typhimurium D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
Biochemistry
28
3541-3549
1989
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Toyama, H.; Esaki, N.; Yoshimura, T.; Tanizawa, K.; Soda, K.
Thermostable alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus: subunit dissociation and unfolding
J. Biochem.
110
279-283
1991
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Sawada, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Hayashi,S.; Ryu, M.; Hasegawa, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.; Takahashi, S.
Kinetics of thermostable alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
58
807-811
1994
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
-
Yokoigawa, K.; Kawai, H.; Endo, K.; Lim, Y.H.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.
Thermolabile alanine racemase from a psychrotroph, Pseudomonas fluorescens: purification and properties
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
57
93-97
1993
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Soda, K.; Tanizawa, K.
Thermostable alanine racemase. Its structural stability
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
585
386-393
1990
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Soda, K.; Esaki, N.
Pyridoxal enzymes acting on D-amino acids
Pure Appl. Chem.
66
709-714
1994
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria), Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) YM-1
-
Thornberry, N.A.; Bull, H.G.; Taub, D.; Greenlee, W.J.; Patchett, A.A.; Cordes, E.H.
Halovinylglycines. Efficient irreversible inhibitors of E. coli alanine racemase
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
109
7543-7544
1987
Escherichia coli
-
Toyama, H.; Tanizawa, K.; Wakayama, M.; Lee, Q.L.; Yoshimura, T.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.
Limited proteolysis of thermostable alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus
Agric. Biol. Chem.
55
2881-2882
1991
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
-
Yoshimura, T.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.
Structure and function of alanine racemase
Bull. Inst. Chem. Res. Kyoto Univ.
70
378-384
1992
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
-
Okubo, Y.; Tomioka, R.; Yokoigawa, K.; Kawai, H.
Lability of alanine racemase from a psychrotroph
J. Home Econ. Jpn.
46
1135-1140
1995
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Pseudomonas fluorescens
-
Fujita, E.; Okuma, E.; Abe, H.
Partial purification and properties of alanine racemase from the muscle of black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon
Fish. Sci.
63
440-445
1997
Penaeus monodon
-
Hoffmann, K.; Schneider-Scherzer, E.; Kleinkauf, H.; Zocher, R.
Purification and characterization of eucaryotic alanine racemase acting as key enzyme in cyclosporin biosynthesis
J. Biol. Chem.
269
12710-12714
1994
Tolypocladium inflatum
Thornberry, N.A.; Bull, H.G.; Taub, D.; Wilson, K.E.; Gimenez-Gallego, G.; Rosegay, A.; Soderman, D.D.; Patchett, A.A.
Mechanism-based inactivation of alanine racemase by 3-halovinylglycines
J. Biol. Chem.
266
21657-21665
1991
Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli B / ATCC 11303
Zboinska, E.; Sztajer, H.; Lejczak, B.; Kafarski, P.
Antibacterial activity of phosphono dipeptides based on 1-amino-1-methylethanephosphonic acid
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
58
23-28
1990
Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens
Shaw, J.P.; Petsko, G.A.; Ringe, D.
Determination of the structure of alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus at 1.9-A resolution
Biochemistry
36
1329-1342
1997
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Galaktos, N.G.; Walsh, C.T.
Specific proteolysis of native alanine racemases from Salmonella typhimurium: identification of the cleavage site and characterization of the clipped two-domain proteins
Biochemistry
26
8475-8480
1987
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Okubo, Y.; Yokoigawa, K.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.; Kawai, H.
Characterization of psychrophilic alanine racemase from Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
256
333-340
1999
Peribacillus psychrosaccharolyticus (Q9S5V6), Peribacillus psychrosaccharolyticus
Yokoigawa, K.; Hirasawa, R.; Ueno, H.; Okubo, Y.; Umesako, S.; Soda, K.
Gene cloning and characterization of alanine racemases from Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella sonnei
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
288
676-684
2001
Shigella flexneri (P0A6B5), Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii (P0A6B6), Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae (Q932V0), Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei (Q93HP9), Shigella sonnei
Stamper, G.F.; Morollo, A.A.; Ringe, D.; Stamper, C.G.
Reaction of alanine racemase with 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid forms a stable external aldimine
Biochemistry
37
10438-10445
1998
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Morollo, A.A.; Petsko, G.A.; Ringe, D.
Structure of a Michaelis complex analogue: propionate binds in the substrate carboxylate site of alanine racemase
Biochemistry
38
3293-3301
1999
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Geobacillus stearothermophilus
LeMagueres, P.; Im, H.; Dvorak, A.; Strych, U.; Benedik, M.; Krause, K.L.
Crystal structure at 1.45 A resolution of alanine racemase from a pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, contains both internal and external aldimine forms
Biochemistry
42
14752-14761
2003
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Q9HTQ2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Spies, M.A.; Toney, M.D.
Multiple hydrogen kinetic isotope effects for enzymes catalyzing exchange with solvent: application to alanine racemase
Biochemistry
42
5099-5107
2003
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Fenn, T.D.; Stamper, G.F.; Morollo, A.A.; Ringe, D.
A side reaction of alanine racemase: transamination of cycloserine
Biochemistry
42
5775-5783
2003
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Seow, T.K.; Inagaki, K.; Tamura, T.; Soda, K.; Tanaka, H.
Alanine racemase from an acidophile, Acidiphilium organovorum: purification and characterization
Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.
62
242-247
1998
Acidiphilium organovorum, Acidiphilium organovorum 13H
Shibata, K.; Shirasuna, K.; Motegi, K.; Kera, Y.; Abe, H.; Yamada, R.
Purification and properties of alanine racemase from crayfish Procambarus clarkii
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
126
599-608
2000
Procambarus clarkii
Strych, U.; Huang, H.C.; Krause, K.L.; Benedik, M.J.
Characterization of the alanine racemases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Curr. Microbiol.
41
290-294
2000
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Okubo, Y.; Yokoigawa, K.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.; Misono, H.
High catalytic activity of alanine racemase from psychrophilic Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus at high temperatures in the presence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
192
169-173
2000
Peribacillus psychrosaccharolyticus
Strych, U.; Penland, R.L.; Jimenez, M.; Krause, K.L.; Benedik, M.J.
Characterization of the alanine racemases from two mycobacteria
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
196
93-98
2001
Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P9WQA9), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (P9WQA9)
Uo, T.; Yoshimura, T.; Tanaka, N.; Takegawa, K.; Esaki, N.
Functional characterization of alanine racemase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe: a eucaryotic counterpart to bacterial alanine racemase
J. Bacteriol.
183
2226-2233
2001
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (O59828), Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Kurokawa, Y.; Watanabe, A.; Yoshimura, T.; Esaki, N.; Soda, K.
Transamination as a side-reaction catalyzed by alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus
J. Biochem.
124
1163-1169
1998
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Kim, S.S.; Yu, Y.G.
Molecular cloning of an extremely thermostable alanine racemase from Aquifex pyrophilus and enzymatic characterization of the expressed protein
J. Biochem. Mol. Biol.
33
82-88
2000
Aquifex pyrophilus
-
Cheng, Y.Q.; Walton, J.D.
A eukaryotic alanine racemase gene involved in cyclic peptide biosynthesis
J. Biol. Chem.
275
4906-4911
2000
Bipolaris zeicola (Q9UW18), Bipolaris zeicola
Watanabe, A.; Yoshimura, T.; Mikami, B.; Hayashi, H.; Kagamiyama, H.; Esaki, N.
Reaction mechanism of alanine racemase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: X-ray crystallographic studies of the enzyme bound with N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)alanine
J. Biol. Chem.
277
19166-19172
2002
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Uo, T.; Ueda, M.; Nishiyama, T.; Yoshimura, T.; Esaki, N.
Purification and characterization of alanine racemase from hepatopancreas of black-tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon
J. Mol. Catal. B
12
137-144
2001
Penaeus monodon
-
Watanabe, A.; Yoshimura, T.; Hee Lim, Y.; Kurokawa, Y.; Soda, K.; Esaki, N.
Stereochemistry of the hydrogen abstraction from pyridoxamine phosphate catalyzed by alanine racemase of Bacillus stearothermophilus
J. Mol. Catal. B
12
145-150
2001
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
-
Yoshikawa, N.; Dhomae, N.; Takio, K.; Abe, H.
Purification, properties, and partial amino acid sequences of alanine racemase from the muscle of the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
133
445-453
2002
Penaeus monodon
Moore, B.C.; Leigh, J.A.
Markerless mutagenesis in Methanococcus maripaludis demonstrates roles for alanine dehydrogenase, alanine racemase, and alanine permease
J. Bacteriol.
187
972-979
2005
Methanococcus maripaludis
Nagata, Y.; Ito, M.; Toizaki, S.; Sugizaki, T.; Yamada, T.
A D-amino acid dehydrogenase and an alanine racemase in a hyperthermophile Pyrobaculum islandicum
Viva Orig.
30
199-203
2002
Pyrobaculum islandicum
-
Bron, P.A.; Hoffer, S.M.; Van, S.II.; De Vos, W.M.; Kleerebezem, M.
Selection and characterization of conditionally active promoters in Lactobacillus plantarum, using alanine racemase as a promoter probe
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
70
310-317
2004
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
Noda, M.; Matoba, Y.; Kumagai, T.; Sugiyama, M.
A novel assay method for an amino acid racemase reaction based on circular dichroism
Biochem. J.
389
491-496
2005
Streptomyces lavendulae, Escherichia coli
LeMagueres, P.; Im, H.; Ebalunode, J.; Strych, U.; Benedik, M.J.; Briggs, J.M.; Kohn, H.; Krause, K.L.
The 1.9 A crystal structure of alanine racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a conserved entryway into the active site
Biochemistry
44
1471-1481
2005
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P9WQA9), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (P9WQA9)
Fenn, T.D.; Holyoak, T.; Stamper, G.F.; Ringe, D.
Effect of a Y265F mutant on the transamination-based cycloserine inactivation of alanine racemase
Biochemistry
44
5317-5327
2005
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Abe, H.; Yoshikawa, N.; Sarower, M.G.; Okada, S.
Physiological function and metabolism of free D-alanine in aquatic animals
Biol. Pharm. Bull.
28
1571-1577
2005
Penaeus japonicus
Yokoyama, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Sato, M.; Kan-No, N.; Nakano, T.; Yamaguchi, T.; Nagahisa, E.
Alanine racemase activity in the microalga Thalassiosira sp
Fish. Sci.
71
924-930
2005
Thalassiosira sp.
-
Noda, M.; Kawahara, Y.; Ichikawa, A.; Matoba, Y.; Matsuo, H.; Lee, D.G.; Kumagai, T.; Sugiyama, M.
Self-protection mechanism in D-cycloserine-producing Streptomyces lavendulae. Gene cloning, characterization, and kinetics of its alanine racemase and D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase, which are target enzymes of D-cycloserine
J. Biol. Chem.
279
46143-46152
2004
Escherichia coli, Streptomyces lavendulae (Q65YW7), Streptomyces lavendulae
Noda, M.; Matoba, Y.; Kumagai, T.; Sugiyama, M.
Structural evidence that alanine racemase from a D-cycloserine-producing microorganism exhibits resistance to its own product
J. Biol. Chem.
279
46153-46161
2004
Streptomyces lavendulae, Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Ju, J.; Misono, H.; Ohnishi, K.
Directed evolution of bacterial alanine racemases with higher expression level
J. Biosci. Bioeng.
100
246-254
2005
Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium
Ju, J.; Yokoigawa, K.; Misono, H.; Ohnishi, K.
Cloning of alanine racemase genes from Pseudomonas fluorescens strains and oligomerization states of gene products expressed in Escherichia coli
J. Biosci. Bioeng.
100
409-417
2005
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens TM5-2
Mustata, G.; Briggs, J.M.
Cluster analysis of water molecules in alanine racemase and their putative structural role
Protein Eng. Des. Sel.
17
223-234
2004
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Nishimura, K.; Tomoda, Y.; Nakamoto, Y.; Kawada, T.; Ishii, Y.; Nagata, Y.
Alanine racemase from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Amino Acids
32
59-62
2007
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Yan, X.; Gai, Y.; Liang, L.; Liu, G.; Tan, H.
A gene encoding alanine racemase is involved in spore germination in Bacillus thuringiensis
Arch. Microbiol.
187
371-378
2007
Bacillus thuringiensis (Q208U6), Bacillus thuringiensis
Huang, H.C.; Jupiter, D.; Qiu, M.; Briggs, J.M.; Vanburen, V.
Cluster analysis of hydration waters around the active sites of bacterial alanine racemase using a 2-ns MD simulation
Biopolymers
89 (3)
210-219
2007
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Cassimjee, K.E.; Trummer, M.; Branneby, C.; Berglund, P.
Silica-immobilized His(6)-tagged enzyme: Alanine racemase in hydrophobic solvent
Biotechnol. Bioeng.
99 (3)
712-716
2007
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Strych, U.; Davlieva, M.; Longtin, J.P.; Murphy, E.L.; Im, H.; Benedik, M.J.; Krause, K.L.
Purification and preliminary crystallization of alanine racemase from Streptococcus pneumoniae
BMC Microbiol.
7
40
2007
Streptococcus pneumoniae (P0A2W8), Streptococcus pneumoniae
Panizzutti, R.; de Souza Leite, M.; Pinheiro, C.M.; Meyer-Fernandes, J.R.
The occurrence of free D-alanine and an alanine racemase activity in Leishmania amazonensis
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
256
16-21
2006
Leishmania amazonensis
Yokoyama, T.; Mimura, Y.; Sato, M.; Nagahisa, E.
Purification and some properties of alanine racemase from the marine gastropod Cellana grata
Fish. Sci.
72
195-201
2006
Cellana grata
-
Major, D.T.; Gao, J.
A combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical study of the reaction mechanism and alpha-amino acidity in alanine racemase
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
128
16345-16357
2006
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Spies, M.A.; Toney, M.D.
Intrinsic primary and secondary hydrogen kinetic isotope effects for alanine racemase from global analysis of progress curves
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
129
10678-10685
2007
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Oikawa, T.; Tauch, A.; Schaffer, S.; Fujioka, T.
Expression of alr gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 in Escherichia coli and molecular characterization of the recombinant alanine racemase
J. Biotechnol.
125
503-512
2006
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Halouska, S.; Chacon, O.; Fenton, R.J.; Zinniel, D.K.; Barletta, R.G.; Powers, R.
Use of NMR metabolomics to analyze the targets of d-cycloserine in mycobacteria: role of d-alanine racemase
J. Proteome Res.
6 (12)
4608 - 4614
2007
Mycolicibacterium smegmatis
Saito, M.; Nishimura, K.; Hasegawa, Y.; Shinohara, T.; Wakabayashi, S.; Kurihara, T.; Ishizuka, M.; Nagata, Y.
Alanine racemase from Helicobacter pylori NCTC 11637: purification, characterization and gene cloning
Life Sci.
80
788-794
2007
Helicobacter pylori (Q1XG01), Helicobacter pylori
Ono, K.; Yanagida, K.; Oikawa, T.; Ogawa, T.; Soda, K.
Alanine racemase of alfalfa seedlings (Medicago sativa L.): First evidence for the presence of an amino acid racemase in plants. [Erratum to document cited in CA144:463092]
Phytochemistry
67
856-860
2006
Medicago sativa, Medicago sativa L.
Francois, J.A.; Kappock, T.J.
Alanine racemase from the acidophile Acetobacter aceti
Protein Expr. Purif.
51
39-48
2007
Acetobacter aceti (A1XDT8), Acetobacter aceti
Au, K.; Ren, J.; Walter, T.S.; Harlos, K.; Nettleship, J.E.; Owens, R.J.; Stuart, D.I.; Esnouf, R.M.
Structures of an alanine racemase from Bacillus anthracis (BA0252) in the presence and absence of (R)-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid (L-Ala-P)
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
F64
327-333
2008
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
Huang, H.; Jupiter, D.; Qiu, M.; Briggs, J.M.; VanBuren, V.
Cluster analysis of hydration waters around the active sites of bacterial alanine racemase using a 2-ns MD simulation
Biopolymers
89
210-219
2008
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Yoshimura, T.; Goto, M.
D-amino acids in the brain: structure and function of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent amino acid racemases
FEBS J.
275
3527-3537
2008
Bacillus subtilis, Bipolaris zeicola, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Tolypocladium inflatum, Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Pierce, K.J.; Salifu, S.P.; Tangney, M.
Gene cloning and characterization of a second alanine racemase from Bacillus subtilis encoded by yncD
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
283
69-74
2009
no activity in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis (P10725), Bacillus subtilis (P94494), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis 168 (P10725), Bacillus subtilis 168 (P94494), no activity in Bacillus subtilis DN1686
Chesnokova, O.N.; McPherson, S.A.; Steichen, C.T.; Turnbough, C.L.
The spore-specific alanine racemase of Bacillus anthracis and its role in suppressing germination during spore development
J. Bacteriol.
191
1303-1310
2009
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
Yoshikawa, N.; Okada, S.; Abe, H.
Molecular characterization of alanine racemase in the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus
J. Biochem.
145
249-258
2008
Penaeus japonicus (B9WYE8), Penaeus japonicus
Priyadarshi, A.; Lee, E.H.; Sung, M.W.; Kim, J.H.; Ku, M.J.; Kim, E.E.; Hwang, K.Y.
Overexpression, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the alanine racemase from Enterococcus faecalis v583
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
18
55-58
2008
Enterococcus faecalis
Wu, D.; Hu, T.; Zhang, L.; Chen, J.; Du, J.; Ding, J.; Jiang, H.; Shen, X.
Residues Asp164 and Glu165 at the substrate entryway function potently in substrate orientation of alanine racemase from Escherichia coli: Enzymatic characterization with crystal structure analysis
Protein Sci.
17
1066-1076
2008
Escherichia coli (P0A6B4), Escherichia coli
Ju, J.; Qi, J.; Xu, S.; Ohnishi, K.; Benedik, M.J.; Xue, Y.; Ma, Y.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of alkaline alanine racemase from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
65
166-168
2009
Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus (B3VI72), Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus OF4 (B3VI72)
Jamindar, D.; Gutheil, W.G.
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for Marfeys derivatives of L-Ala, D-Ala, and D-Ala-D-Ala: application to the in vivo confirmation of alanine racemase as the target of cycloserine in Escherichia coli
Anal. Biochem.
396
1-7
2010
Escherichia coli
Rubinstein, A.; Major, D.T.
Understanding catalytic specificity in alanine racemase from quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical simulations of the arginine 219 mutant
Biochemistry
49
3957-3964
2010
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724)
Priyadarshi, A.; Lee, E.H.; Sung, M.W.; Nam, K.H.; Lee, W.H.; Kim, E.E.; Hwang, K.Y.
Structural insights into the alanine racemase from Enterococcus faecalis
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1794
1030-1040
2009
Escherichia coli (P0A6B4), Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Haemophilus influenzae (P45257), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P9WQA9), Helicobacter pylori (Q1XG01), Enterococcus faecalis v583 (Q837J0), Enterococcus faecalis v583, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Q9HTQ2), Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (P9WQA9)
Kanodia, S.; Agarwal, S.; Singh, P.; Agarwal, S.; Singh, P.; Bhatnagar, R.
Biochemical characterization of alanine racemase -a spore protein produced by Bacillus anthracis
BMB Rep.
42
47-52
2009
Bacillus anthracis
Counago, R.M.; Davlieva, M.; Strych, U.; Hill, R.E.; Krause, K.L.
Biochemical and structural characterization of alanine racemase from Bacillus anthracis (Ames)
BMC Struct. Biol.
9
53
2009
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
Ju, J.; Xu, S.; Wen, J.; Li, G.; Ohnishi, K.; Xue, Y.; Ma, Y.
Characterization of endogenous pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent alanine racemase from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4
J. Biosci. Bioeng.
107
225-229
2009
Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus (B3VI72), Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus OF4 (B3VI72)
Im, H.; Sharpe, M.L.; Strych, U.; Davlieva, M.; Krause, K.L.
The crystal structure of alanine racemase from Streptococcus pneumoniae, a target for structure-based drug design
BMC Microbiol.
11
116
2011
Streptococcus pneumoniae (P0A2W8), Streptococcus pneumoniae
Ju, J.; Xu, S.; Furukawa, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Misono, H.; Minamino, T.; Namba, K.; Zhao, B.; Ohnishi, K.
Correlation between catalytic activity and monomer-dimer equilibrium of bacterial alanine racemases
J. Biochem.
149
83-89
2011
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens LRB3W1, Pseudomonas fluorescens TM5-2, Pseudomonas putida KT 2240
Anthony, K.G.; Strych, U.; Yeung, K.R.; Shoen, C.S.; Perez, O.; Krause, K.L.; Cynamon, M.H.; Aristoff, P.A.; Koski, R.A.
New classes of alanine racemase inhibitors identified by high-throughput screening show antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PLoS ONE
6
e20374
2011
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Zajdowicz, S.L.; Jones-Carson, J.; Vazquez-Torres, A.; Jobling, M.G.; Gill, R.E.; Holmes, R.K.
Alanine racemase mutants of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei and use of alanine racemase as a non-antibiotic-based selectable marker
PLoS ONE
6
e21523
2011
Burkholderia mallei (Q62JA4), Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei (Q63ME6), Burkholderia pseudomallei (Q63SZ2), Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344 (Q62JA4), Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 (Q63ME6), Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 (Q63SZ2)
Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Shi, Y.
Expression, purification, and characterization of alanine racemase from Pseudomonas putida YZ-26
World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
28
267-274
2012
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida YZ-26
Scaletti, E.R.; Luckner, S.R.; Krause, K.L.
Structural features and kinetic characterization of alanine racemase from Staphylococcus aureus (Mu50)
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
68
82-92
2012
Staphylococcus aureus (P63479), Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 (P63479)
Nguyen, D.D.; Ngo, H.P.; Hong, M.K.; Pham, T.V.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, J.J.; Kwon, D.B.; Lee, S.H.; Kang, L.W.
Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of alanine racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-23
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
69
1041-1044
2013
Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-23
Palani, K.; Burley, S.K.; Swaminathan, S.
Structure of alanine racemase from Oenococcus oeni with bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
69
15-19
2013
Oenococcus oeni (Q04DI1), Oenococcus oeni, Oenococcus oeni PSU-1 (Q04DI1)
Dong, H.; Xu, S.; Lu, X.; He, G.; Zhao, R.; Chen, S.; Fu, S.; Ju, J.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of a thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
69
660-662
2013
Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis (Q8RAK6)
Zhu, L.; Tao, R.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Lin, X.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, H.; Jiang, W.; Yang, S.
Removal of L-alanine from the production of L-2-aminobutyric acid by introduction of alanine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
90
903-910
2011
Bacillus subtilis
di Salvo, M.L.; Florio, R.; Paiardini, A.; Vivoli, M.; D'Aguanno, S.; Contestabile, R.
Alanine racemase from Tolypocladium inflatum: a key PLP-dependent enzyme in cyclosporin biosynthesis and a model of catalytic promiscuity
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
529
55-65
2013
Tolypocladium inflatum
Venir, E.; Del Torre, M.; Cunsolo, V.; Saletti, R.; Musetti, R.; Stecchini, M.L.
Involvement of alanine racemase in germination of Bacillus cereus spores lacking an intact exosporium
Arch. Microbiol.
196
79-85
2014
Bacillus cereus, Bacillus cereus DSA 1
Xue, Z.; Hu, Y.; Xu, S.; Ohnishi, K.; Ma, Y.; Ju, J.; Zhao, B.
Characterization and preliminary mutation analysis of a thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4
Extremophiles
17
611-621
2013
Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis (Q8R860)
Kato, S.; Hemmi, H.; Yoshimura, T.
Lysine racemase from a lactic acid bacterium, Oenococcus oeni: structural basis of substrate specificity
J. Biochem.
152
505-508
2012
Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P10724), Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Awasthy, D.; Bharath, S.; Subbulakshmi, V.; Sharma, U.
Alanine racemase mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis require D-alanine for growth and are defective for survival in macrophages and mice
Microbiology
158
319-327
2012
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P9WQA9), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (P9WQA9)
Asojo, O.A.; Nelson, S.K.; Mootien, S.; Lee, Y.; Rezende, W.C.; Hyman, D.A.; Matsumoto, M.M.; Reiling, S.; Kelleher, A.; Ledizet, M.; Koski, R.A.; Anthony, K.G.
Structural and biochemical analyses of alanine racemase from the multidrug-resistant Clostridium difficile strain 630
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
70
1922-1933
2014
Clostridioides difficile (Q180W0), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridioides difficile 630 (Q180W0), Clostridioides difficile 630
Davis, E.; Scaletti-Hutchinson, E.; Opel-Reading, H.; Nakatani, Y.; Krause, K.L.
The structure of alanine racemase from Acinetobacter baumannii
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
70
1199-1205
2014
Acinetobacter baumannii (D0C5Y6), Acinetobacter baumannii
Prosser, G.A.; Rodenburg, A.; Khoury, H.; de Chiara, C.; Howell, S.; Snijders, A.P.; de Carvalho, L.P.
Glutamate racemase is the primary target of beta-chloro-D-alanine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
60
6091-6099
2016
Bacillus subtilis (P94556), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (P9WPW9), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus subtilis 168 (P94556), Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25618 / H37Rv (P9WPW9)
Nakatani, Y.; Opel-Reading, H.K.; Merker, M.; Machado, D.; Andres, S.; Kumar, S.S.; Moradigaravand, D.; Coll, F.; Perdigao, J.; Portugal, I.; Schoen, T.; Nair, D.; Devi, K.R.U.; Kohl, T.A.; Beckert, P.; Clark, T.G.; Maphalala, G.; Khumalo, D.; Diel, R.; Klaos, K.; Aung, H.L.; Cook, G.M.; Parkhill, J.; Peaco, S.J.; Swaminathan, S.; Viveiros, M.; Niemann,S.; Krause, K.L.; Kser, C.U.
Role of alanine racemase mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis D-cycloserine resistance
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
61
e01575-17
2017
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tassoni, R.; van der Aart, L.T.; Ubbink, M.; van Wezel, G.P.; Pannu, N.S.
Structural and functional characterization of the alanine racemase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
483
122-128
2017
Streptomyces coelicolor (O86786), Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces coelicolor ATCC BAA-471 / A3(2) / M145 (O86786)
Dong, H.; Hu, T.; He, G.; Lu, D.; Qi, J.; Dou, Y.; Long, W.; He, X.; Ju, J.; Su, D.
Structural features and kinetic characterization of alanine racemase from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
497
139-145
2018
Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus (B3VI72), Alkalihalophilus pseudofirmus OF4 (B3VI72)
Wang, Y.; Yang, C.; Xue, W.; Zhang, T.; Liu, X.; Ju, J.; Zhao, B.; Liu, D.
Selection and characterization of alanine racemase inhibitors against Aeromonas hydrophila
BMC Microbiol.
17
122-138
2017
Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila (A0KL98), Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila HBNUAh01 / ATCC 7966 / DSM 30187 / JCM 1027 / KCTC 2358 / NCIMB 9240 (A0KL98)
Wei, Y.; Qiu, W.; Zhou, X.D.; Zheng, X.; Zhang, K.K.; Wang, S.D.; Li, Y.Q.; Cheng, L.; Li, J.Y.; Xu, X.; Li, M.Y.
Alanine racemase is essential for the growth and interspecies competitiveness of Streptococcus mutans
Int. J. Oral Sci.
8
231-238
2016
Streptococcus mutans serotype c (Q8DSF4), Streptococcus mutans serotype c ATCC 700610 / UA159 (Q8DSF4)
Shrestha, R.; Lockless, S.W.; Sorg, J.A.
A Clostridium difficile alanine racemase affects spore germination and accommodates serine as a substrate
J. Biol. Chem.
292
10735-10742
2017
Clostridioides difficile (Q180W0), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridioides difficile 630 (Q180W0)
Azam, M.A.; Jayaram, U.
Inhibitors of alanine racemase enzyme a review
J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.
31
517-526
2016
Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus cereus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Enterococcus faecalis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Methanococcus maripaludis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, no activity in Homo sapiens, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Escherichia coli (P0A6B4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Q9HUN4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1 (Q9HUN4)
Liu, D.; Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Jiao, H.; Ju, J.; Zhao, B.
Biochemical characteristics of an alanine racemase from Aeromonas hydrophila HBNUAh01
Microbiology
84
202-209
2015
Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila (A0KL98), Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila HBNUAh01 (A0KL98)
-
Sun, X.; He, G.; Wang, X.; Xu, S.; Ju, J.; Xu, X.
Crystal structure of a thermostable alanine racemase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 reveals the role of Gln360 in substrate selection
PLoS ONE
10
e0133516
2015
Caldanaerobacter subterraneus subsp. tengcongensis (Q8RAK6)
Liu, S.; Wei, Y.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, K.; Peng, X.; Ren, B.; Chen, V.; Cheng, L.; Li, M.
Function of alanine racemase in the physiological activity and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans
Sci. Rep.
8
5984
2018
Streptococcus mutans serotype c (Q8DSF4), Streptococcus mutans serotype c ATCC 700610 / UA159 (Q8DSF4)
Kobayashi, J.; Yukimoto, J.; Shimizu, Y.; Ohmori, T.; Suzuki, H.; Doi, K.; Ohshima, T.
Characterization of Lactobacillus salivarius alanine racemase short-chain carboxylate-activation and the role of A131
SpringerPlus
4
639
2015
Ligilactobacillus salivarius (Q1WV14), Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Ligilactobacillus salivarius UCC 118 (Q1WV14)
Ferla, M.P.; Brewster, J.L.; Hall, K.R.; Evans, G.B.; Patrick, W.M.
Primordial-like enzymes from bacteria with reduced genomes
Mol. Microbiol.
105
508-524
2017
Escherichia coli (P06721), Escherichia coli, Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique (Q4FME3), Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique, Wolbachia pipientis (Q73GL9), Thermotoga maritima (Q9X0Z7), Thermotoga maritima, Wolbachia pipientis wMel (Q73GL9), Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique HTCC1062 (Q4FME3), Thermotoga maritima DSM 3109 (Q9X0Z7), Thermotoga maritima ATCC 43589 (Q9X0Z7), Thermotoga maritima JCM 10099 (Q9X0Z7)
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