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EC Tree
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Bacillus anthracis The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota
Synonyms
alanine racemase,
alr-2 , d-alanine racemase, alrbax, mbalr2, alrtt, l-alanine racemase, alraba, cdalr, cbl/alr,
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alanine racemase
Q81VF6
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dal1
Q81VF6
gene name of AlrBax
L-Alanine racemase
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L-Alanine:D-alanine racemase
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Racemase, alanine
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racemization
Q81VF6
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alanine racemase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein.
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L-alanine
D-alanine
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r
L-leucine
D-leucine
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activity is 20% compared with L-alanine, other amino acids are not racemized
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r
L-alanine
D-alanine
Q81VF6
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r
L-alanine
D-alanine
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r
L-alanine
D-alanine
Q81VF6
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enzyme provides D-Ala as a required compound for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall, Tolypocladium niveum requires alanine racemase for cyclosporin biosynthesis
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r
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L-alanine
D-alanine
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r
L-alanine
D-alanine
Q81VF6
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r
L-alanine
D-alanine
Q81VF6
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enzyme provides D-Ala as a required compound for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall, Tolypocladium niveum requires alanine racemase for cyclosporin biosynthesis
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r
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pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
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PLP is inherently bound to the enzyme, removal of PLP inactivates the enzyme, adding PLP restores the activity, addition of 10 microM PLP to native enzyme slightly enhances activity
pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Q81VF6
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pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
Q81VF6
C-terminal region of 1 subdomain: Arg138 donates a hydrogen bond to the phenolic O atom of PLP, Arg224 donates a hydrogen bond to the pyridinyl N atom of PLP, Lys41 forms an aldimine linkage with the PLP, eliminating water to form the Schiff base, C-terminal atoms of second subunit Ser209, Gly226 and Ile227 stabilize the PLP phosphate with the help of Ser209 O(gamma), Tyr45 O(eta) and Tyr359 O(eta)
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(R)-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid
Q81VF6
in combination with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
hydroxylamine
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non-competitive inhibition kinetics
propionate
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propionate influences both Km (affinity for substrate) and Vmax (enzyme catalysis)
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additional information
Q81VF6
Vmax of racemization of L- to D-alanine is 101 micromol/min/mg
additional information
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Vmax of racemization of L- to D-alanine is 101 micromol/min/mg
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Q81VF6
SwissProt
brenda
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brenda
Q81VF6
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brenda
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brenda
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Q81VF6
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brenda
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metabolism
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plays a role in spore germination and cell wall biosynthesis
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43660
Q81VF6
immunoblotting
43700
Q81VF6
2 * 43700, dynamic light scattering (DLS)
43810
Q81VF6
mass-spectrometry
93000
Q81VF6
dynamic light scattering (DLS)
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dimer
Q81VF6
crystallography
dimer
Q81VF6
2 * 43700, dynamic light scattering (DLS)
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enzyme is subjected to a reductive-methylation procedure
Q81VF6
using the vapor diffusion method with sitting drops
Q81VF6
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deltaalr
Q81VF6
mutant with knocked out alanine racemase gene alr (2 alanine racemase-genes have been found in Bacillus anthracis jet)
D48A
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no effect on the enzyme activity
K41A
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completely inactive
Y270A
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impaired enzyme activity
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25 - 85
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between 60 and 70°C 50% of the enzyme activity is lost, at 85°C 50% of the protein molecules are denatured, the residual activity is 4%
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amplified by PCR, cloned and overexpressed with pOPINB in Escherichia coli Rosetta pLysS cells, His-tagged product
Q81VF6
analyzation of alanine racemase-transcripts (RT-PCR) during growth and sporulation of wild-type shows low transcription level during early and higher during late sporulation states, analyzed expression level (immunoblotting) shows only alanine racemase during late sporulating states, growth rate of alr-gene knockout mutant and wild-type are identical, mutant only produces half as many spores as wild-type, mutant and wild-type show same resistance against heat, lysozyme and organic solvents, germination takes place in mutant at lower levels of L-alanine (a suggested germination activator) than in wild-type (D-alanine ist suggested to inhibit germination when unfavourable growth conditions), conversion of phase-bright spores to phase-dark germinating cells takes already place within mother cells of the alr mutant (phase dark to phase light), not in wild-type cells resulting in non-resistant mutant-germinants and resistant wild-type-spores respectively
Q81VF6
subcloned in a D-alanine auxotrophic Escherichia coli strain MB2795 and in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)
Q81VF6
expressed as recombinant monomeric protein in Escherichia coli
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pharmacology
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potential candidate for the development of a recombinant vaccine
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Au, K.; Ren, J.; Walter, T.S.; Harlos, K.; Nettleship, J.E.; Owens, R.J.; Stuart, D.I.; Esnouf, R.M.
Structures of an alanine racemase from Bacillus anthracis (BA0252) in the presence and absence of (R)-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid (L-Ala-P)
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
F64
327-333
2008
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
brenda
Chesnokova, O.N.; McPherson, S.A.; Steichen, C.T.; Turnbough, C.L.
The spore-specific alanine racemase of Bacillus anthracis and its role in suppressing germination during spore development
J. Bacteriol.
191
1303-1310
2009
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
brenda
Kanodia, S.; Agarwal, S.; Singh, P.; Agarwal, S.; Singh, P.; Bhatnagar, R.
Biochemical characterization of alanine racemase -a spore protein produced by Bacillus anthracis
BMB Rep.
42
47-52
2009
Bacillus anthracis
brenda
Counago, R.M.; Davlieva, M.; Strych, U.; Hill, R.E.; Krause, K.L.
Biochemical and structural characterization of alanine racemase from Bacillus anthracis (Ames)
BMC Struct. Biol.
9
53
2009
Bacillus anthracis (Q81VF6), Bacillus anthracis
brenda