This enzyme is a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family, other members of which are EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) and EC 4.3.1.23 (tyrosine ammonia-lyase) and EC 4.3.1.25 (phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase). The enzyme contains the cofactor 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO), which is common to this family . This unique cofactor is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of the three amino-acid residues alanine, serine and glycine . The enzyme from some species is highly specific for phenylalanine [7,8].
This enzyme is a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family, other members of which are EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) and EC 4.3.1.23 (tyrosine ammonia-lyase) and EC 4.3.1.25 (phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase). The enzyme contains the cofactor 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO), which is common to this family [3]. This unique cofactor is formed autocatalytically by cyclization and dehydration of the three amino-acid residues alanine, serine and glycine [9]. The enzyme from some species is highly specific for phenylalanine [7,8].
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purification-mass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
Arabidopsis thaliana Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) proteins KFB01, KFB20, and KFB50 physically interact with four PAL isozymes (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, PAL4) as shown in a yeast-two-hybrid system and tandem affinity protein purificationmass spectrometry
AtPAL isogenes differentially respond to environmental stresses and AtPAL1 and AtPAL2 have functional specialization in environmentally triggered phenolic synthesis
the enzyme is involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The gateway enzyme plays a key role in mediating carbon flux from primary metabolism into the phenylpropanoid pathway
AtPAL isogenes differentially respond to environmental stresses and AtPAL1 and AtPAL2 have functional specialization in environmentally triggered phenolic synthesis
the enzyme is involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The gateway enzyme plays a key role in mediating carbon flux from primary metabolism into the phenylpropanoid pathway
AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules
transgenic roots of Coleus blumei, harbouring the Arabidopsis thaliana PAL1 gene, under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, show disparate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities ranging from 67 to 350%, compared to wild-type roots. Growth rates significantly differ, with the lowest in transgenic roots exerting augmented phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Transgenic roots with high phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity have lower growth rates, lower amounts of total phenolics, rosmarinic acid, i.e. the major phenolic compound in Coleus blumei and chlorogenic acid, but increased amounts of caffeic acid. There is no increase in total phenolics and rosmarinic acid content after feeding transgenic roots with casein enzymatic hydrolysate and L-tyrosine
reconstructed phenylpropanoid pathway in engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the biosynthesis of a wide range of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, including trans-cinnamic acid, (2RS)-pinocembrin, styrene, pinosylvin or (2S)-naringenin
AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules
the enzyme is specifically advantageous for the production of 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine, an important intermediate for the synthesis of angiotensin 1-converting enzyme inhibitors
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids Part I Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL)
Dressen, A.; Hilberath, T.; Mackfeld, U.; Rudat, J.; Pohl, M.
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids. Part II Application in different reactor concepts for the production of (S)-2-chloro-phenylalanine