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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments This enzyme replenishes oxaloacetate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle when operating in the reverse direction. The reaction proceeds in two steps: formation of carboxyphosphate and the enolate form of pyruvate, followed by carboxylation of the enolate and release of phosphate.
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Arabidopsis thaliana The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
pepck, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pepc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pepcase, pep carboxylase, c4 pepc, pepc1, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, pep-carboxylase,
more
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bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
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Carboxylase, phosphopyruvate (phosphate)
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phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase
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plant-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
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PEP carboxylase
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PEPC
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
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-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -
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phosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding phosphate; phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)
This enzyme replenishes oxaloacetate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle when operating in the reverse direction. The reaction proceeds in two steps: formation of carboxyphosphate and the enolate form of pyruvate, followed by carboxylation of the enolate and release of phosphate.
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phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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?
phosphate + oxaloacetate
H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
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?
phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
phosphate + oxaloacetate
phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-
phosphate + oxaloacetate
phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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?
phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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ir
phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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?
phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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?
phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-
phosphate + oxaloacetate
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ir
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Mg2+
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absolute dependence
Mn2+
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absolute dependence
additional information
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Cd2 + toxicity leads to PEPC up-regulation, iron deficiency also up-regulates PEPC activity
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additional information
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not inhibited by phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, lyso-phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine
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D-glucose 6-phosphate
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0.054 - 0.34
phosphoenolpyruvate
0.054
phosphoenolpyruvate
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isozyme PPC1, at pH 8.5
0.18
phosphoenolpyruvate
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phosphorylated isozyme PPC, at pH 7.3
0.34
phosphoenolpyruvate
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dephosphorylated isozyme PPC1, at pH 7.3
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0.52
L-aspartate
Arabidopsis thaliana
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dephosphorylated isozyme PPC1
1.14
L-aspartate
Arabidopsis thaliana
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phosphorylated isozyme PPC1
0.2
L-malate
Arabidopsis thaliana
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0.3
L-malate
Arabidopsis thaliana
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dephosphorylated isozyme PPC1
0.68
L-malate
Arabidopsis thaliana
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phosphorylated isozyme PPC1
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0.034
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clarified extract, at pH 8.5
22.3
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after 660fold purification, at pH 8.5
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
additional information
highest activity is detected in roots, which shows expression of the four existing PEPC genes
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SwissProt
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transcript detected in
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transcript detected in
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transcript detected
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BTPC shows limited expression during pollen development
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only detected in
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transcript detected
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transcripts accumulate to higher levels in roots compared to shoots, PPC3 is the main PEPC isoform expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana roots
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transcripts accumulate to higher levels in roots compared to shoots
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additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots. Atppc4 shows the highest induction in response to both stresses.
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additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots. Atppc4 shows the highest induction in response to both stresses.
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additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots. Atppc4 shows the highest induction in response to both stresses.
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additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots. Atppc4 shows the highest induction in response to both stresses.
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additional information
Atppc2 transcripts are found in all Arabidopsis organs suggesting that it is a housekeeping gene. Salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
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additional information
Atppc2 transcripts are found in all Arabidopsis organs suggesting that it is a housekeeping gene. Salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
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additional information
Atppc2 transcripts are found in all Arabidopsis organs suggesting that it is a housekeeping gene. Salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
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additional information
Atppc2 transcripts are found in all Arabidopsis organs suggesting that it is a housekeeping gene. Salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
brenda
additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
brenda
additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
brenda
additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
brenda
additional information
salt and drought exert a differential induction of PEPC gene expression in roots
brenda
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BTPC localizes in vegetative cell cytoplasm
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the enzyme partially localizes to membranes
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physiological function
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BTPC accelerates the metabolic flow for the synthesis of storage substances during pollen maturation
physiological function
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PEPC is involved in atmospheric CO2 fixation, C/N interaction and anaplerotic C-flux, energy supply for symbiotic bacteria, carbon storage in cell vacuoles, root malate/citrate excretion for abiotic stress acclimation, seed germination, seed development, and cell expansion
physiological function
a double mutant lacking both isoforms Ppc1/Ppc2 exhibits a severe growth-arrest phenotype. The Ppc1/Ppc2 mutant accumulates more starch and sucrose than wild-type plants when seedlings are grown under normal conditions. Decreased PEPC activity in the mutant greatly reduces the synthesis of malate and citrate and severely suppresses ammonium assimilation. Nitrate levels in the double mutant are significantly lower than those in wild-type plants due to the suppression of ammonium assimilation. Starch and sucrose accumulation can be prevented and nitrate levels can be maintained by supplying the Ppc1/Ppc2 mutant with exogenous malate and glutamate
physiological function
an isoform PPC3 mutant has a growth-arrest phenotype and is affected in phosphate and salt-stress responses
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CAPP4_ARATH
1032
0
116586
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 1 )
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107000
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4 * 107000, native enzyme, gel filtration
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homotetramer
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4 * 107000, native enzyme, gel filtration
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phosphoprotein
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purified PPC1 is phosphorylated at Ser-11, in vivo phosphorylation of isoform PPC1 during phosphate stress also activates this enzyme at pH 7.3 by significantly lowering its Km(phosphoenolpyruvate) value and sensitivity to inhibition by L-malate and L-Asp, while increasing its activation by D-glucose-6-phosphate
phosphoprotein
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the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase gene product PPCk1 is responsible for leaf PEPC phosphorylation
phosphoprotein
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class-1 PEPC phosphorylation uniformly results in enzyme activation at physiological pH
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7 - 8.5
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PEPC activity at pH 7.0 is approximately 50% of that occurring at pH 8.5
701501
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ammonium sulfate precipitation, butyl-Sepharose column chromatography, Fractogel EMD DEAE-650 colum chromatography, Mono Q column chromatography, and Superdex-200 gel filtration
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expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal His-tag
expressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal His-tag
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BTPC expression initiates after the last mitosis before pollen germination
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Sanchez, R.; Flores, A.; Cejudo, F.J.
Arabidopsis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes encode immunologically unrelated polypeptides and are differentially expressed in response to drought and salt stress
Planta
223
901-909
2006
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q5GM68), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q84VW9), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q8GVE8), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MAH0)
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Dharmarajan, L.; Kraszewski, J.L.; Mukhopadhyay, B.; Dunten, P.W.
Expression, purification and crystallization of an archaeal-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F
65
1193-1196
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Meimoun, P.; Gousset-Dupont, A.; Lebouteiller, B.; Ambard-Bretteville, F.; Besin, E.; Lelarge, C.; Mauve, C.; Hodges, M.; Vidal, J.
The impact of PEPC phosphorylation on growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana: molecular and physiological characterization of PEPC kinase mutants
FEBS Lett.
583
1649-1652
2009
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Monreal, J.; McLoughlin, F.; Echevarra, C.; Garca-Maurio, S.; Testerink, C.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from C4 leaves is selectively targeted for inhibition by anionic phospholipids
Plant Physiol.
152
634-638
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays
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O'Leary, B.; Park, J.; Plaxton, W.C.
The remarkable diversity of plant PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase): recent insights into the physiological functions and post-translational controls of non-photosynthetic PEPCs
Biochem. J.
436
15-34
2011
Arabidopsis thaliana, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus, Ricinus communis, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Citrus sinensis, Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Hordeum vulgare, Lotus japonicus, Lupinus albus, Solanum lycopersicum, Musa cavendishii, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum aestivum
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Igawa, T.; Fujiwara, M.; Tanaka, I.; Fukao, Y.; Yanagawa, Y.
Characterization of bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase expressed in male gametophyte of higher plants
BMC Plant Biol.
10
200
2010
Arabidopsis thaliana, Lilium longiflorum
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Shi, J.; Yi, K.; Liu, Y.; Xie, L.; Zhou, Z.; Chen, Y.; Hu, Z.; Zheng, T.; Liu, R.; Chen, Y.; Chen, J.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Arabidopsis leaves plays a crucial role in carbon and nitrogen metabolism
Plant Physiol.
167
671-681
2015
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q5GM68), Arabidopsis thaliana (Q9MAH0)
brenda
Feria, A.B.; Bosch, N.; Sanchez, A.; Nieto-Ingelmo, A.I.; de la Osa, C.; Echevarria, C.; Garcia-Maurino, S.; Monreal, J.A.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and PEPC-kinase (PEPC-k) isoenzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana role in control and abiotic stress conditions
Planta
244
901-913
2016
Arabidopsis thaliana (Q84VW9), Arabidopsis thaliana
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