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Information on EC 4.1.1.28 - aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase and Organism(s) Mus musculus and UniProt Accession O88533
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4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseIUBMB Comments
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. The enzyme also acts on some other aromatic L-amino acids, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine.
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Word Map
- 4.1.1.28
-
dopaminergic
- serotonin
- parkinsonism
-
monoamine
- striatum
- catecholamine
-
neurotransmitter
- carbidopa
- noradrenaline
- levodopa
- norepinephrine
- benserazide
- 5-hydroxytryptamine
-
substantia
-
dopac
-
serotonergic
- tryptamine
-
nigrostriatal
- catharanthus
- catechol-o-methyltransferase
- roseus
- beta-hydroxylase
-
5-hydroxyindoleacetic
-
homovanillic
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
catecholaminergic
- dyskinesia
- dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
- alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
-
5-hiaa
- pargyline
- strictosidine
-
monoaminergic
-
raphe
-
l-dopa-induced
- l-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- apomorphine
-
antiparkinsonian
- gamma-butyrolactone
-
tuberoinfundibular
-
autoreceptors
- 3-methoxytyramine
- quinpirole
- entacapone
-
catecholamine-synthesizing
-
dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
non-dopaminergic
- phenylethanolamine
- pharmacology
- analysis
-
6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned
- medicine
- drug development
- synthesis
- tolcapone
The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Mus musculus
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota, Archaea
Synonyms
dopa decarboxylase, aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, l-dopa decarboxylase, l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase, l-amino-acid decarboxylase, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
AADC
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
DDC
Decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid
-
-
-
-
Dihydroxyphenylalanine-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
DOPA DC
-
-
-
-
DOPA decarboxylase
DOPA-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
L-5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
L-Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
L-DOPA decarboxylase
L-Tryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
Tryptophan decarboxylase
TYDC
-
-
-
-
Tyrosine/Dopa decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
AADC
-
-
-
-
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
DDC
-
-
-
-
DOPA decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
L-DOPA decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
Tryptophan decarboxylase
-
-
-
-
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
decarboxylation
decarboxylation
-
-
-
-
PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
KEGG
-
-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -
SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
Aromatic-L-amino-acid carboxy-lyase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. The enzyme also acts on some other aromatic L-amino acids, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine.
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9042-64-2
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
biosynthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters and serotonin
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, substrate alleviates the clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
clozapine modulates AAAD activity in striatum and enhances exogenous L-DOPA decarboxylation in intact mice and mice lesioned with1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Kinetic analysis of AAAD at 1 h showed an increase in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate L-DOPA and the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with no changes for Km. Dopamine D4 and 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A antagonists also increase AAAD activity in striatum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DDC is involved in the synthesis of dopamine, serotonin and acts as an androgen receptor co-regulator protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the key step in the formation of the aromatic amines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine is catalyzed by a single enzyme
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
biosynthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters and serotonin
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, substrate alleviates the clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
clozapine modulates AAAD activity in striatum and enhances exogenous L-DOPA decarboxylation in intact mice and mice lesioned with1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Kinetic analysis of AAAD at 1 h showed an increase in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate L-DOPA and the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with no changes for Km. Dopamine D4 and 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A antagonists also increase AAAD activity in striatum
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DDC is involved in the synthesis of dopamine, serotonin and acts as an androgen receptor co-regulator protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the key step in the formation of the aromatic amines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine is catalyzed by a single enzyme
-
-
?
COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Na+
-
inverse correlation between DDC activity and sodium reabsorption in the kidney, confirming the hypothesis that dopamine inhibits sodium absorption
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
-
MPTP, after 7 days of treatment, AAAD activities are decreased by more than 50% in the mouse striatum
annexin 5
-
endogenous inhibitor, identified and purified from human placenta presented in the membrane function, shows 30.4% inhibition by incubation of the human placenta samples in the presence of 0.34 unit ddc from mouse kidney homogenate. The inhibitor exhibits an optimum activity at 50 mM NaCl, pH 6.5, is heat labile and is deactivated by boiling. After incubation of the placental homogenate with proteinase K, inhibitory activity is partially abolished, suggesting that a population of inhibitor molecules is embedded in the membrane.
-
testosterone propionate
-
repetitive treatment of female mice with testosterone propionate for 2 weeks elicits a marked decrease in renal DCC activity
additional information
-
in castrated male mice, DCC activity decreases in all parts of the small intestine, reaching values similar to those in females
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
cGMPdependent protein kinase Ialpha
phosphorylates and activates neuronal AAAD, maximal increase of activity is obtained at about 100-175 units during a 10 min incubation at 30°C
-
forskolin
-
intracerebroventricularly injection enhances the enzyme activity, a response, that can be blocked by selective inhibitors of protein kinase A
phorbol-12,13-myristic acid
-
intracerebroventricularly injection enhances the enzyme activity, a response, that can be blocked by selective inhibitors of protein kinase A
additional information
-
activation in vivo occurs in response to the acute action of physiological stimuli, drugs that act at neurotransmitter receptors, or modulation of the activity of endogenous kinases and phospatases
-
additional information
-
the early activation of AAAD is followed by a late, longer lasting (hours) response, which is accompanied by an increase of mRNA and protein
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.034
L-Dopa
in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, 0.1 mM pargyline, 0.17 mM ascorbic acid, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 0.01 mMM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and 0.5 mM L-Dopa, at 30°C
Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.000036
annexin 5
-
inhibitor purified from mouse kidney homogenate ddc, classical non-competitive inhibitor
-
additional information
additional information
-
Samples containing varying amounts of the purified molecule are incubated in the presence of 0.34 U Ddc from mouse kidney homogenate at room temperature for 15 min. This results in an inhibitor quantity-dependent increase of Ddc activity inhibition. The inhibitory activity reaches saturation, when 1.8 microg of purified inhibitor are added to the reaction. Samples containing 0.9 microg of the purified inhibitor are incubated in the presence of 0.34 U Ddc from mouse kidney homogenate for varying time periods at room temperature, prior to estimation of their inhibitory activity. The purified molecule causes a time-dependent inhibition of Ddc, while there is no inhibitory activity at 0 min. The inhibitory activity is seen to reach a maximum effect at 30 min, before declining.
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
2076 nmol CO2/h/g wet female adrenal gland tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
21 nmol CO2/h/g wet female skeletal muscle tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
21 nmol CO2/h/g wet male testis tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
2174 nmol CO2/h/g wet male small intestine tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
2322 nmol CO2/h/g wet male adrenal gland tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
27 nmol CO2/h/g wet male skeletal muscle tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
310 nmol CO2/h/g wet male heart tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
3200 nmol CO2/h/g wet male liver tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
3247 nmol CO2/h/g wet female kidney tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
34 nmol CO2/h/g wet female ovary tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
3410 nmol CO2/h/g wet female liver tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
384 nmol CO2/h/g wet female small intestine tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
42 nmol CO2/h/g wet male prostate tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
457 nmol CO2/h/g wet male pancreas tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
476 nmol CO2/h/g wet female heart tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
533 nmol CO2/h/g wet female pancreas tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
636 nmol CO2/h/g wet male kidney tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
798 nmol CO2/h/g wet male brain, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
853 nmol CO2/h/g wet female brain tissue, 0.1 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1.3 mM L-dopa, 0.03 mM dopa, DL-3,4-alanine
additional information
-
enzyme activity is closely associated with substrate response and is a determining factor for the formation of dopamine
additional information
-
estrogen ablation or treatment with estradiol does not affect DDC activity
additional information
-
in kidney, DNA and protein levels of DDC are remarkably higher in females than in males (sexual dimorphism)
additional information
-
in striatum and retina, kinetic activation of AAAD is rapid, short-lasting and characterized by changes in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate and the cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
additional information
-
in the small intestine, male mice display higher levels of activity than females (sexual dimorphism)
additional information
-
sexual dimorphism of DCC in kidney has physiological relevance in sodium homeostasis
additional information
-
treatment of female mice with testosterone propionate elicits a robust increase in DCC activity in duodenum and jejunum, which is weaker in the ileum
additional information
-
treatment of females with testosterone propionate for short periods of time (24 and 48 h) does not significantly affect renal DCC activity, although levels of mRNA produces a marked decrease in the kidney
additional information
-
treatment of males with the antiandrogen flutamide for short periods of time (24 and 48 h) does not significantly affect renal DCC activity, although levels of mRNA produces a marked increase in the kidney
pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
parental allele identity is inferred via a G3A single-nucleotide polymorphism between the Mus musculus C57BL6 (B6) and Mus musculus castaneus CAST/Ei (CAST) strains in exon 6 at nucleotide 645
UniProt
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
novel imprinted dopa decarbylase gene on chromosome 11 is a 2kb transcript variant that initiates from an alternative first exon in intron 1 of the canonical Ddc transcript, it is paternally expressed in trabecular cardiomyocytes of the embryonic and neonatal heart. Imprinted gene expression is progressively downregulated in the heart during postnatal development and occurs only at low basal levels in the adult heart.
-
fat pad, detection of enzyme protein despite of absence of the mRNA sinal after reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
-
abdomen, detection of enzyme protein despite of absence of the mRNA sinal after reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
-
stellate and cervical. Exposure of the mice to repeated stress produces significant elevation of the AADC mRNA levels in stellate ganglia
-
detection of enzyme protein despite of absence of the mRNA sinal after reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
-
detection of enzyme protein despite of absence of the mRNA sinal after reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
-
clozapine modulates AAAD activity in striatum and enhances exogenous L-DOPA decarboxylation in intact mice and mice lesioned with1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Kinetic analysis of AAAD at 1 h showed an increase in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate L-DOPA and the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with no changes for Km. Dopamine D4 and 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A antagonists also increase AAAD activity in striatum
-
obtained from normal individuals just after sacrifice by carbon dioxide
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
neuronal AAAD plays a role in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, indoleamines and trace amines in the nervous system
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). DDC_MOUSE
480
0
53874
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 2)
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
54000
-
predicted from amino acid sequence and determined by Western Blot analysis
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
either protein A-agarose column chromatography or anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel filtration
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
medicine
medicine
-
novel approaches in the fight against the pathological conditions that the enzyme is implicated in such as cancer, schizophrenia, psychosis and Parkinson's disease
medicine
-
the presence of a natural occurring ddc inhibitor in a peripheral tissue, may have interesting implications for future pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as inhibition of peripheral ddc, as well as, therapeutic approaches of neoplasias that are characterized by elevated levels of Ddc expression
REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Lindstrm, P.
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase activity in mouse pancreatic islets
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
884
276-281
1986
Mus musculus
Poulikakos, P.; Vassilacopoulou, D.; Fragoulis, E.G.
L-DOPA decarboxylase association with membranes in mouse brain
Neurochem. Res.
26
479-485
2001
Mus musculus
Neff, N.H.; Wemlinger, T.A.; Duchemin, A.M.; Hadjiconstantinou, M.
Clozapine modulates aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity in mouse striatum
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
317
480-487
2006
Mus musculus
Kubovcakova, L.; Krizanova, O.; Kvetnansky, R.
Identification of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase gene expression in various mice tissues and its modulation by immobilization stress in stellate ganglia
Neuroscience
126
375-380
2004
Mus musculus, Mus musculus C57BL / 129SV
Seta, Y.; Kataoka, S.; Toyono, T.; Toyoshima, K.
Immunohistochemical localization of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in mouse taste buds and developing taste papillae
Histochem. Cell Biol.
127
415-422
2007
Mus musculus
Hadjiconstantinou, M.; Neff, N.H.
Enhancing aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity: implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinsons disease
CNS Neurosci. Ther.
14
340-351
2008
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus
Lopez-Contreras, A.J.; Galindo, J.D.; Lopez-Garcia, C.; Castells, M.T.; Cremades, A.; Penafiel, R.
Opposite sexual dimorphism of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase in the kidney and small intestine of mice
J. Endocrinol.
196
615-624
2008
Mus musculus
Menheniott, T.R.; Woodfine, K.; Schulz, R.; Wood, A.J.; Monk, D.; Giraud, A.S.; Baldwin, H.S.; Moore, G.E.; Oakey, R.J.
Genomic imprinting of Dopa decarboxylase in heart and reciprocal allelic expression with neighboring Grb10
Mol. Cell. Biol.
28
386-396
2008
Mus musculus (O88533), Mus musculus
Vassiliou, A.G.; Fragoulis, E.G.; Vassilacopoulou, D.
Detection, purification and identification of an endogenous inhibitor of L-dopa decarboxylase activity from human placenta
Neurochem. Res.
34
1089-1100
2008
Mus musculus
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