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Information on EC 3.4.23.48 - plasminogen activator Pla and Organism(s) Yersinia pestis and UniProt Accession P17811
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3.4.23.48 plasminogen activator PlaSpecify your search results
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The taxonomic range for the selected organisms is: Yersinia pestis
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Reaction Schemes
Converts human Glu-plasminogen to plasmin by cleaving the Arg560-/-Val peptide bond that is also hydrolysed by the mammalian u-plasminogen activator and t-plasminogen activator. Also cleaves arginyl bonds in other proteins
Synonyms
coagulase, plasminogen activator pla, pla protease, plasminogen activator protease pla, beta-pla, 
more
topSYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Converts human Glu-plasminogen to plasmin by cleaving the Arg560-/-Val peptide bond that is also hydrolysed by the mammalian u-plasminogen activator and t-plasminogen activator. Also cleaves arginyl bonds in other proteins
distribution of residues within the active site cleft strongly suggests that the arginine side chain of the substrate will bind in a deep, negatively charged pocket formed by Pla residues E29, D204, D206, and E217. The two valine residues C-terminal to the scissile bond will likely bind in the shallow, hydrophobic pocket located on the other side of the plane formed by the active site residues D84, H208, and the nucleophilic water molecule
REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hydrolysis of peptide bond
-
-
-
-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
101028-08-4
-
SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
YapE + H2O
?
Yersinia pestis autotransporter YapE protein
cleavage of YapE occurs in Yersinia pestis but not in the enteric Yersinia species, and requires the omptin Pla
-
?
YapG + H2O
?
Yersinia pestis autotransporter YapG protein
sites K512, (K548-R549) and K594-R595 represent the primary cleavage sites of YapG, whereas sites K'558 and K'604 represent the secondary alternative cleavage sites
-
?
C3 protein of complement system + H2O
fragments of C3 protein of complement system
-
-
-
?
complement C3 + H2O
?
-
Pla proteolyzes complement C3 which may amiliorate the host inflammatory response by abolishing its chemoattractant properties
-
-
?
human Glu-plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla activates Glu-plasminogen to plasmin, in vitro, TFPI is found to be a much better substrate for Pla than plasminogen
-
-
?
human tissue factor pathway inhibitor + H2O
?
-
Pla can proteolytically degrade TFPI, completely abrogating its anticoagulant function. In vitro, TFPI is found to be a much better substrate for Pla than plasminogen
-
-
?
Yersinia outer proteins + H2O
fragments of Yersinia outer proteins
-
-
-
?
zymogen factor VII + H2O
factor VIIa
-
Pla proteolytically converts zymogen factor VII to the active form, factor VIIa. Pla activates factor VII about twice as fast as it activates plasminogen
-
-
?
alpha2-antiplasmin + H2O
?
alpha2AP is the main inhibitor of free plasmin in the circulation. Pla cleaves and inactivates alpha2AP by a single, rapid cut. It appears likely that the R376-M377 bait peptide bond is targeted by Pla
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
identification and analysis of small-peptide substrates and inhibitors of plasminogen activator Pla by use of parallel synthesis and positional scanning
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
plasminogen activator Pla shown to be essential to cause primary pneumonic plague, minor importance determined for dissemination during pneumonic plague than during bubonic plague, inhibition of plasminogen activator Pla expression shown to prolong survival of infected mice
-
-
?
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 + H2O
?
inactivation. PAI-1 is the primary physiological inhibitor of uPA and t-PA and a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Pla rapidly inactivates PAI-1 by a single cleavage of the bait peptide at R346-M347. In circulation, most PAI-1 is bound to vitronectin, which is also degraded by Pla
-
-
?
TAFI + H2O
TAFIa + ?
TAFI is secreted into plasma as a procarboxypeptidase, it is a regulatory protein linking the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and TAFI is protective in septic yersionosis. Pla cleaves at the C-terminal region of TAFI and reduces its activation to TAFIa
-
-
?
tissue factor pathway inhibitor + H2O
?
TFPI is a major anticoagulant and forms stable TFPI-FXa complexes that block blood clotting. Enzyme Pla cleaves the tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI
-
-
?
alpha2-antiplasmin + H2O
?
-
Pla inactivates the main physiologic inhibitor of plasmin
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla also expresses a weak coagulase activity
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
activates plasminogen by cleaving the Arg560-Val561 bond
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla has the additional ability to bind to the basement membrane component type IV collagen rendering adhesive properties to Yersina pestis cells
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla belongs to the omptin family of enterobacterial surface proteases and is responsible for the highly efficient invasion of the plague bacterium from the subcutaneous infection site into the circulation
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
plasminogen activator is a surface virulence factor that contributes to the highly imvasive nature of the pathogen by binding various tissue matrix components
-
-
?
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 + H2O
?
-
PAI-1 is cleaved and inactivated by the Pla protease of Yersinia pestis in the lung airspace of C57BL/6 mice
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plasminogen activator Pla is essential for the spread of Yersinia pestis from the subcutaneous infection site into circulation, and the proteolytic activation of plasminogen is involved in virulence function. In addition to proteolysis plasminogen activator Pla promotes bacterial adhesion to mammalian extracellular matrices and epithelial cells as well as bacterial invasion into eukayotic cells. Laminin functions as an adhesion target for plasminogen activator Pla, which also expresses a lower adhesion affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycan. the adhesion targets are not directly degraded by plasminogen activator Pla, but Pla-mediated generation of plasmin leads to their degradation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plasminogen activator plays a pivotal role in internalisation of bacteria by HeLa cells. Intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangement is involved in Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator mediated HeLa cell invasion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no degradation of Val-Leu-Lys-p-nitroanilide. Plasminogen activator degrades outer membrane proteins of Yersinia cell surface and exhibits a weak coagulase activity. In addition to proteolysis plasminogen activator Pla promotes bacterial adhesion to mammalian extracellular matrices and epithelial cells as well as bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells. Laminin functions as an adhesion target for plasminogen activator Pla, which also expresses a lower adhesion affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycan. The adhesion targets are not directly degraded by plasminogen activator Pla, but Pla-mediated generation of plasmin leads to their degradation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the invasion of alveolar macrophages by Yersinia pestis depends both in vitro and in vivo on the expression of plasminogen activator Pla. Macrophages and transfectants expressing C-type lectin receptor DEC-205, but not their negative counterparts, phagocytose plasminogen activator Pla-expressing Yersinia pestis and Escherichia coli K12 more efficiently than Pla-negative controls. The interactions between Pla-expressing bacteria and DEC-205-expressing transfectants or alveolar macrophages can be inhibited by an anti-DEC-205 antibody. The blockage of the Pla-DEC-205 interaction reduces the dissemination of Yersinia pestis in mice
-
-
?
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
alpha2-antiplasmin + H2O
?
alpha2AP is the main inhibitor of free plasmin in the circulation. Pla cleaves and inactivates alpha2AP by a single, rapid cut. It appears likely that the R376-M377 bait peptide bond is targeted by Pla
-
-
?
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 + H2O
?
inactivation. PAI-1 is the primary physiological inhibitor of uPA and t-PA and a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Pla rapidly inactivates PAI-1 by a single cleavage of the bait peptide at R346-M347. In circulation, most PAI-1 is bound to vitronectin, which is also degraded by Pla
-
-
?
TAFI + H2O
TAFIa + ?
TAFI is secreted into plasma as a procarboxypeptidase, it is a regulatory protein linking the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and TAFI is protective in septic yersionosis. Pla cleaves at the C-terminal region of TAFI and reduces its activation to TAFIa
-
-
?
tissue factor pathway inhibitor + H2O
?
TFPI is a major anticoagulant and forms stable TFPI-FXa complexes that block blood clotting. Enzyme Pla cleaves the tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI
-
-
?
YapE + H2O
?
Yersinia pestis autotransporter YapE protein
cleavage of YapE occurs in Yersinia pestis but not in the enteric Yersinia species, and requires the omptin Pla
-
?
YapG + H2O
?
Yersinia pestis autotransporter YapG protein
sites K512, (K548-R549) and K594-R595 represent the primary cleavage sites of YapG, whereas sites K'558 and K'604 represent the secondary alternative cleavage sites
-
?
C3 protein of complement system + H2O
fragments of C3 protein of complement system
-
-
-
-
?
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 + H2O
?
-
PAI-1 is cleaved and inactivated by the Pla protease of Yersinia pestis in the lung airspace of C57BL/6 mice
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla also expresses a weak coagulase activity
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
activates plasminogen by cleaving the Arg560-Val561 bond
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla has the additional ability to bind to the basement membrane component type IV collagen rendering adhesive properties to Yersina pestis cells
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
Pla belongs to the omptin family of enterobacterial surface proteases and is responsible for the highly efficient invasion of the plague bacterium from the subcutaneous infection site into the circulation
-
-
?
plasminogen + H2O
plasmin + ?
-
plasminogen activator is a surface virulence factor that contributes to the highly imvasive nature of the pathogen by binding various tissue matrix components
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plasminogen activator Pla is essential for the spread of Yersinia pestis from the subcutaneous infection site into circulation, and the proteolytic activation of plasminogen is involved in virulence function. In addition to proteolysis plasminogen activator Pla promotes bacterial adhesion to mammalian extracellular matrices and epithelial cells as well as bacterial invasion into eukayotic cells. Laminin functions as an adhesion target for plasminogen activator Pla, which also expresses a lower adhesion affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycan. the adhesion targets are not directly degraded by plasminogen activator Pla, but Pla-mediated generation of plasmin leads to their degradation
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plasminogen activator plays a pivotal role in internalisation of bacteria by HeLa cells. Intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangement is involved in Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator mediated HeLa cell invasion
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the invasion of alveolar macrophages by Yersinia pestis depends both in vitro and in vivo on the expression of plasminogen activator Pla. Macrophages and transfectants expressing C-type lectin receptor DEC-205, but not their negative counterparts, phagocytose plasminogen activator Pla-expressing Yersinia pestis and Escherichia coli K12 more efficiently than Pla-negative controls. The interactions between Pla-expressing bacteria and DEC-205-expressing transfectants or alveolar macrophages can be inhibited by an anti-DEC-205 antibody. The blockage of the Pla-DEC-205 interaction reduces the dissemination of Yersinia pestis in mice
-
-
?
METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Ca2+
-
plasminogen activator is upregulated at 37°C with calcium (2.4fold) and at 37°C without Ca2+ (2.8fold) compared to the case at 26°C with calcium
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Aprotinin
inhibits the recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 or DELTAcroP mutant strain of Citrobacter rodentium, in vivo. Docking model of the aprotinin-omptin complex. Lys15 of aprotinin interacts with Glu27 and Asp208 (OmpT numbering), which are the two negatively charged residues that form the S1 specificity pocket of omptins
additional information
potential small-peptide inhibitors of plasminogen activator Pla screened by parallel synthesis and positional scanning, selected small-peptide substrates analyzed by examining ability to inhibit the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in a fibrin plate assay and by application of a fluorimetric assay
-
additional information
-
potential small-peptide inhibitors of plasminogen activator Pla screened by parallel synthesis and positional scanning, selected small-peptide substrates analyzed by examining ability to inhibit the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin in a fibrin plate assay and by application of a fluorimetric assay
-
additional information
-
WSLLTPAand YPYIPLT inhibit laminin binding activity of plasmonogen activator
-
ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
bacterial lipopolysaccharide
-
LPS is required for the enzymatic activity of omptins, and in particular, LPS with short O-antigen side chains (rough LPS) is required for omptin activity toward many exogenous macromolecular substrates. It is thought that an extended O-antigen side chain (smooth LPS) sterically interferes with substrate binding
-
KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0035
human Glu-plasminogen
-
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
-
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
kinetics of infection summarized, lack of plasminogen activator Pla shown to delay the time to death resulting from respiratory infection of mice, plasminogen activator Pla shown to control proliferation of Yersinia pestis in the lungs but is not essential for bacteria to disseminate, aborted inflammation and activated lung repair shown in absence of expression of plasminogen activator Pla
additional information
-
kinetics of infection summarized, lack of plasminogen activator Pla shown to delay the time to death resulting from respiratory infection of mice, plasminogen activator Pla shown to control proliferation of Yersinia pestis in the lungs but is not essential for bacteria to disseminate, aborted inflammation and activated lung repair shown in absence of expression of plasminogen activator Pla
additional information
peptide synthesis described, DABCYL/EDANS quencher/fluorophor system used, minimal substrate length determined, positional scan approach applied, peptide sequences tested as substrates and functional inhibitors listed, kinetics of cleavage of identified fluorescent substrates shown, fluorimetric assay and fibrinolytic assay applied, analysis of six-residue peptides and optimization studies of potential tripeptide substrates performed, inhibitory activity od selectetes small-peptides analyzed
additional information
-
peptide synthesis described, DABCYL/EDANS quencher/fluorophor system used, minimal substrate length determined, positional scan approach applied, peptide sequences tested as substrates and functional inhibitors listed, kinetics of cleavage of identified fluorescent substrates shown, fluorimetric assay and fibrinolytic assay applied, analysis of six-residue peptides and optimization studies of potential tripeptide substrates performed, inhibitory activity od selectetes small-peptides analyzed
TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
26 - 37
-
plasminogen activator is upregulated at 37°C with calcium (2.4fold) and at 37°C without Ca2+ (2.8fold) compared to the case at 26°C with calcium
ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
-
SwissProt
non-pigmented avirulent strain of Yersinia pestis KIM, substrain D28, expressing plasminogen activator Pla and its pPCP-cured version, substrain D47
SwissProt
wild-type strain CO92, isogenic strain lacking Pla (CO92 DELTA-pla) and complemented CO92 DELTA-pla strain
SwissProt
SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
malfunction
metabolism
plasminogen is an abundant circulating zymogen of the serine protease plasmin, which is the key enzyme in fibrinolysis. The physiological plasminogen activation by uPA (EC 3.4.21.73) or tPA (EC 3.4.21.68) is a single cut at the peptide bond R560-V561, which yields the two-chain active plasmin enzyme. Pla rapidly cleaves the same peptide as do the human physiological activators, and the formed plasmin remains enzymatically active as Pla does not degrade the B chain of plasmin that contains the protease catalytic domain
physiological function
malfunction
physiological function
evolution
comparative analysis of the sequences of the pro-omptin Pla with other omptin family proteases, such as PgtE from Salmonella enterica (EC 3.4.23.49), SopA from Shigella flexneri, and OmpT and OmpP from Escherichia coli reveals the location of predicted linear B-cell epitopes in either identical positions or in a very close proximity to all nine Pla epitopes predicted from library, and identified serologically using human anti-Pla antisera, overview
malfunction
deletion of Pla results in a decreased Yersinia pestis bacterial burden in the host lung and failure to progress into the lethal proinflammatory phase of disease. Deletion of Pla does not alter adherence to and/or secretion into THP-1 cells. Infection of human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS) with the knockout DELTApla strain results in significantly reduced Yersinia outer protein (Yop) translocation early after infection and continuing to 4 hours-post-infection. And deletion of Pla results in decreased Yersinia pestis T3S into alveolar macrophages in vivo during pneumonic plague. Addition of Pla to Yersinia pestis lacking all five known adhesins partially restores adherence and Yop delivery to macrophages derived from the human monocytic cell line THP-1 and human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells, suggesting that Pla may contribute to adherence and Yop translocation in vitro
malfunction
introducing the single point mutation D206A into the active site of Pla suffices to render fully virulent Yersinia pestis susceptible to primed T-cells
physiological function
cleavage of Yersinia pestis autotransporter YapE by protease Pla is required to mediate bacterial aggregation and adherence to eukaryotic cells. Post-translation modification of YapE appears to be specific to Yersinia pestis. It was acquired along with the acquisition ofplasmid pPCP1 during the divergence of Yersinia pestis from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and is the first evidence of a mechanism to regulate bacterial adherence
physiological function
Pla of the enteropathogen Yersinia pestis is a surface-exposed, transmembrane beta-barrel proteases of the omptin family that exhibit a complex array of interactions with the hemostatic systems in vitro, the protease is an established virulence factor. Pla favors fibrinolysis by direct activation of plasminogen, inactivation of the serpins plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and alpha2-antiplasmin, inactivation of the thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and activation of single-chain urokinase. Inactivation of alpha2AP enables proteolysis by the Pla-generated plasmin. The enzymatic activity of the protease is strongly influenced by the environment-induced variations in lipopolysaccharide that binds to the beta-barrel. The protease cleaves the tissue factor pathway inhibitor and thus also expresses procoagulant activity. Some of the functions observed for Pla, such as adhesiveness to laminin and invasiveness into human cells as well as efficient plasmin generation are not shown by PgtE (EC 3.4.23.49) or OmpT. Pla is adapted to support efficient plasminogen activation in the bubonic plague and to enhance bacterial survival in the lungs
physiological function
the activity of the plasminogen activator protease Pla is the key to the progression of infection of Yersinia pestis in humans. Enzyme Pla facilitates type 3 secretion into primary alveolar macrophages but not into the commonly used THP-1 cell line. Analysis of the role of Pla in promoting optimal type 3 secretion using primary human tissue with relevant host cell heterogeneity in human precision-cut lung slices, a model of living tissue. Pla is a key player in the early host/pathogen interactions and a key virulence factor. Pla plays a role in adherence to alveolar macrophages that may not be detected using immortalized cell lines
physiological function
the plasminogen activator Pla is a protease that promotes fibrin degradation and prevents T cell-mediated defense against fully virulent Yersinia pestis. Pla functions to thwart fibrin-dependent T-cell-mediated defense against plague by promoting fibrinolysis. The presence of primed CD8 T-cells can suffice to protect against a lethal dose (LD) of a virulent Yersinia pestis strain rendered deficient in Pla activity in a fibrin-dependent manner
malfunction
-
eliminating Pla expression in a fully virulent Yersinia pestis strain decreases its LD50 by 6 orders of magnitude in a mouse model of bubonic plague
malfunction
-
Pla deficient Yersinia pestis disseminate to regional lymph nodes after subcutaneous inoculation but do not cause the lymphadenopathy observed with wild-type Yersinia pestis infections
malfunction
-
survival of mice infected with Pla-deficient Yersinia pestis is greater than cohorts infected with wild-type Yersinia Pestis. Survival advantage is negated, if fibrinogen knockout mice are infected instead, directly implicating the host coagulation system as a target for Pla's role in virulence
physiological function
-
1. Pla expression results in attenuated inflammatory cell recruitment (particularly neutrophils) to infected lesions 2. Pla expression causes a structural derangement of infected lymph tissue characterized by lymphadenitis, necrosis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and disorganized masses of infiltrating bacteria. 3. Pla expression promotes the systemic dissemination of the infection
physiological function
-
Pla works to accelerate the initiation phase of blood clotting by activating the first enzyme in blood clotting (factor VIIa) and inactivating its most important protease inhibitor in plasma (TFPI). This is highly reminiscent of the ability of Pla to activate plasminogen to plasmin and to inactivate its plasma inhibitor, alpha2-antiplasmin
physiological function
-
the outer membrane plasminogen activator Pla of Yersinia pestis is a central virulence factor in plague
physiological function
-
Yersinia pestis binding to fibronectin is mediated through Ail protein and plasminogen activator Pla
physiological function
-
the plasminogen activator Pla single and the Braun lipoprotein Lpp Pla double mutant are unable to survive efficiently in murine and human macrophages. The levels of Pla and its associated protease activity are not affected in the Lpp single mutant, and, likewise, deletion of the Pla gene from wild-type does not alter Lpp levels. The ability of the Lpp Pla double mutant to be phagocytized by macrophages, to stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, and to activate the nitric oxide killing pathways of the host cells remains unaltered when compared to the wild-type-infected macrophages. Macrophages infected with either the wild-type or the Lpp Pla double mutant are equally efficient in their uptake of zymosan particles
physiological function
-
plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an in vivo target of the Pla protease in the lungs during pneumonic plague. PAI-1 is a key regulator of the pulmonary innate immune response and contributes to the regulation of cytokine production and promotion of neutrophil recruitment during Yerisnia pestis respiratory infection. The inactivation of PAI-1 by Yersinia pestis alters the host environment to promote virulence. PAI-1 restricts the proliferation of Yersinia pestis in the absence of enzyme Pla
UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
SEQUENCE
LOCALIZATION PREDICTION
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable).
The reliability class of the localization prediction ranges from 1 (very reliable) to 5 (not reliable). PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
31000
-
plasminogen activator Pla exhibits three molecular forms: alpha-Pla with an MW of 35000 Da, beta-Pla of 33000 Da and gamma-Pla with 31000 Da. the formation of beta-Pla from alpha-Pla results from autoprocessing at the residue Lys262. gamma-Pla most likely represents full-size mature Pla that has folded differently from alpha-Pla
32600
-
alpha-Pla, x * 32600, a transient 34600 Da primary Pla product is processed upon insertion into the outer membrane to yield alpha-Pla, deduced from nucleotide sequence
33000
-
plasminogen activator Pla exhibits three molecular forms: alpha-Pla with an MW of 35000 Da, beta-Pla of 33000 Da and gamma-Pla with 31000 Da. the formation of beta-Pla from alpha-Pla results from autoprocessing at the residue Lys262. gamma-Pla most likely represents full-size mature Pla that has folded differently from alpha-Pla
35000
-
plasminogen activator Pla exhibits three molecular forms: alpha-Pla with an MW of 35000 Da, beta-Pla of 33000 Da and gamma-Pla with 31000 Da. the formation of beta-Pla from alpha-Pla results from autoprocessing at the residue Lys262. gamma-Pla most likely represents full-size mature Pla that has folded differently from alpha-Pla
SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
?
-
alpha-Pla, x * 32600, a transient 34600 Da primary Pla product is processed upon insertion into the outer membrane to yield alpha-Pla, deduced from nucleotide sequence
additional information
additional information
-
Pla occurs in 3 processed forms of alpha-Pla, beta-Pla and gamma-Pla, of which alpha-Pla with an apparant molecular mass of 37000 Da, corresponds to full-size mature Pla, and beta-Pla and gamma-Pla with molecular weights of 31000 Da and 35000 Da respectively, are thought to result from processing of alpha-Pla, beta-Pla may result from an autoprocessing event
additional information
-
Pla occurs in 3 processed forms of alpha-Pla, beta-Pla and gamma-Pla, of which alpha-Pla with an apparant molecular mass of 37000 Da, corresponds to full-size mature Pla, and beta-Pla and gamma-Pla with molecular weights of 31000 Da and 35000 Da respectively, are thought to result from processing of alpha-Pla, beta-Pla may result from an autoprocessing event
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
proteolytic modification
-
plasminogen activator Pla is autoprocessed at the C-terminus. This does not enhance plasminogen activation
CRYSTALLIZATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
co-crystal structure of lipopolysaccharide-free Pla in complex with the activation loop peptide of human plasminogen, its natural substrate. The structure shows that in the absence of lipopolysaccharide, the peptide substrate binds deep within the active site groove and displaces the nucleophilic water molecule, leading to inactivation
comparison of the structure of Pla and the modeled structure of protease Epo of the plant pathogenic Erwinia pyrifoliae
wild-type, to 1.9 A, and inactive mutant D86A, to 2.5 A resolution, respectively. The structure shows a water molecule located between active site residues D84 and H208, and a number of other water molecules. The R211 side-chain in loop L4 is close to the nucleophilic water and possibly involved in the stabilization of the oxyanion intermediate. Subtle conformational changes of H208 result from the binding of lipopolysaccharide to the outside of the barrel, explaining the unusual dependence of omptins on lipopolysaccharide for activity
molecular dynamics simulation of interaction with plasminogen. After a total of 8 ns, the predicted docked complex of plasminogen-palsminogen activator Pla shows the relaxation of the beta-barrel structure of Pla and the progressive approximation and stabilization between the cleavage site of plasmnogen into the extracellular loops of Pla, followed by the increase in the number of H bonds
-
PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
D206A
site-directed mutagenesis, introducing the single point mutation into the active site of Pla suffices to render fully virulent Yersinia pestis susceptible to primed T-cells. The protective capacity of YopE-specific CD8 T cells against CO92 Pla-D206A is abrogated in mice with low levels of tissue factor activity as well as in PAI-1/TAFI double knockout mice. In addition, YopE-specific CD8 T cells poorly protect wild-type mice treated with Coumadin, a pharmacologic anticoagulant that reduces production of fibrin
D206A
S99A
T259I
-
the substitution impairs fibrinolytic activity and plasminogen activation
additional information
additional information
swapping of ten amino acid residues at two surface loops of Pla and membrane protease Epo of the plant pathogenic Erwinia pyrifoliae introduces plasminogen activation capacity in Epo and inactivates the function in Pla
additional information
-
the acyltransferase gene mutant lpxM has an altered activity of plasminogen activator Pla
PURIFICATION (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
purification of a His6-tagged fusion protein from Escherichia coli and reconstitution with lipopolysaccharide to an enzymatically active form. Purified His-tagged enzyme is coated onto fluorescent micro-particles and expresses plasminogen activity. The enzyme molecules have intrinsic adhesive properties. The purified transmembrane proteins coated onto fluorescence micro-particles can be used for functional assays
-
CLONED (Commentary)
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
BL21-DE3 used as a host to express recombinant protein, cloning into pBluescript SK+ to produce plasmid pBLA4L
gene pla, recombinant expression in a DELTAcroP mutant strain of Citrobacter rodentium and in Escherichia coli strain BL21
tetracycline-responsive promoter system in Yersinia pestis applied to control primary pneumonic plague progression after activation/inhibition of plasminogen activator Pla expression
the mutant enzyme T259I is expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 Blue cells and in Yersinia pestis strain KIM D34
-
EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
medicine
the enzyme is a target for vaccine development. B-cell epitope mapping with Human Sera, three-dimensional modeling, omptins allergenicity and antigenicity prediction, overviw
analysis
medicine
-
the Lpp Pla double mutant of Yersinia pestis CO92 is highly attenuated and it retains the ability to elicit innate and subsequent acquired immune responses in the host similar to that of wild-type CO92, which are highly desirable in a live-attenuated vaccine candidate
analysis
-
multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis using the Yersinia pestis pla gene coding for plasminogen activator and the ypo2088 gene. Assays are both sensitive and specific, the lower detection limit is 10-100 fg of extracted total DNA
analysis
-
development of a highly sensitive one-step PLA-enzyme immunoassay and an immunostrip, usable as a rapid test under field conditions. The PLA-immunometric tests allow a rapid and easy detection of Yersinia pestis in environmental and flea samples
REF.
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TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Kienle, Z.; Emody, L.; Svanborg, C.; O'Toole, P.W.
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Yersinia pestis
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Lahteenmaki, K.; Virkola, R.; Saren, A.; Emody, L.; Korhonen, T.K.
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Yersinia pestis
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Yersinia pestis
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Mammalia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis, Streptococcus uberis
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Yersinia pestis
Lobo, L.A.
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Yersinia pestis
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1
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Yersinia pestis
-
Benedek, O.; Khan, A.S.; Schneider, G.; Nagy, G.; Autar, R.; Pieters, R.J.; Emody, L.
Identification of laminin-binding motifs of Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator by phage display
Int. J. Med. Microbiol.
295
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Yersinia pestis
Chromy, B.A.; Choi, M.W.; Murphy, G.A.; Gonzales, A.D.; Corzett, C.H.; Chang, B.C.; Fitch, J.P.; McCutchen-Maloney, S.L.
Proteomic characterization of Yersinia pestis virulence
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187
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2005
Yersinia pestis
Benedek, O.; Nagy, G.; Emody, L.
Intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangement involved in Yersinia pestis plasminogen activator (Pla) mediated HeLa cell invasion
Microb. Pathog.
37
47-54
2004
Yersinia pestis
Agarkov, A.; Chauhan, S.; Lory, P.J.; Gilbertson, S.R.; Motin, V.L.
Substrate specificity and screening of the integral membrane protease Pla
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
18
427-431
2008
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis
Lathem, W.W.; Price, P.A.; Miller, V.L.; Goldman, W.E.
A plasminogen-activating protease specifically controls the development of primary pneumonic plague
Science
315
509-513
2007
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis
Matero, P.; Pasanen, T.; Laukkanen, R.; Tissari, P.; Tarkka, E.; Vaara, M.; Skurnik, M.
Real-time multiplex PCR assay for detection of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
APMIS
117
34-44
2009
Yersinia pestis
Zhang, S.S.; Park, C.G.; Zhang, P.; Bartra, S.S.; Plano, G.V.; Klena, J.D.; Skurnik, M.; Hinnebusch, B.J.; Chen, T.
Plasminogen activator Pla of Yersinia pestis utilizes murine DEC-205 (CD205) as a receptor to promote dissemination
J. Biol. Chem.
283
31511-31521
2008
Yersinia pestis
Yun, T.; Morrissey, J.
Polyphosphate and omptins: Novel bacterial procoagulant agents
J. Cell. Mol. Med.
13
4146-4153
2009
Yersinia pestis
Tsang, T.M.; Felek, S.; Krukonis, E.S.
Ail binding to fibronectin facilitates Yersinia pestis binding to host cells and Yop delivery
Infect. Immun.
78
3358-3368
2010
Yersinia pestis
Haiko, J.; Kukkonen, M.; Ravantti, J.J.; Westerlund-Wikstroem, B.; Korhonen, T.K.
The single substitution I259T, conserved in the plasminogen activator Pla of pandemic Yersinia pestis branches, enhances fibrinolytic activity
J. Bacteriol.
191
4758-4766
2009
Yersinia pestis
Feodorova, V.; Pankina, L.; Savostina, E.; Kuznetsov, O.; Konnov, N.; Sayapina, L.; Dentovskaya, S.; Shaikhutdinova, R.; Ageev, S.; Lindner, B.; Kondakova, A.; Kocharova, N.; Senchenkova, S.; Holst, O.; Pier, G.; Knirel, Y.; Anisimov, A.; Motin, V.
Yersinia pestis live vaccine with improved characteristics
Procedia Vaccinol.
1
97-100
2009
Yersinia pestis
-
Haiko, J.; Laakkonen, L.; Westerlund-Wikstroem, B.; Korhonen, T.K.
Molecular adaptation of a plant-bacterium outer membrane protease towards plague virulence factor Pla
BMC Evol. Biol.
11
43
2011
Yersinia pestis (P17811)
Eren, E.; Murphy, M.; Goguen, J.; van den Berg, B.
An active site water network in the plasminogen activator pla from Yersinia pestis
Structure
18
809-818
2010
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis
Eren, E.; Van Den Berg, B.
Structural basis for activation of an integral membrane protease by lipopolysaccharide
J. Biol. Chem.
287
23971-23976
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Yersinia pestis (P17811)
Ruback, E.; Lobo, L.A.; Franca, T.C.; Pascutti, P.G.
Structural analysis of Pla protein from the biological warfare agent Yersinia pestis: docking and molecular dynamics of interactions with the mammalian plasminogen system
J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.
31
477-484
2013
Yersinia pestis
Lane, M.C.; Lenz, J.D.; Miller, V.L.
Proteolytic processing of the Yersinia pestis YapG autotransporter by the omptin protease Pla and the contribution of YapG to murine plague pathogenesis
J. Med. Microbiol.
62
1124-1134
2013
Yersinia pestis (P17811)
van Lier, C.J.; Tiner, B.L.; Chauhan, S.; Motin, V.L.; Fitts, E.C.; Huante, M.B.; Endsley, J.J.; Ponnusamy, D.; Sha, J.; Chopra, A.K.
Further characterization of a highly attenuated Yersinia pestis CO92 mutant deleted for the genes encoding Braun lipoprotein and plasminogen activator protease in murine alveolar and primary human macrophages
Microb. Pathog.
80
27-38
2015
Yersinia pestis
Lawrenz, M.B.; Pennington, J.; Miller, V.L.
Acquisition of omptin reveals cryptic virulence function of autotransporter YapE in Yersinia pestis
Mol. Microbiol.
89
276-287
2013
Yersinia pestis (P17811)
Simon, S.; Demeure, C.; Lamourette, P.; Filali, S.; Plaisance, M.; Creminon, C.; Volland, H.; Carniel, E.
Fast and simple detection of Yersinia pestis applicable to field investigation of plague foci
PLoS ONE
8
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2013
Yersinia pestis
Brannon, J.R.; Burk, D.L.; Leclerc, J.M.; Thomassin, J.L.; Portt, A.; Berghuis, A.M.; Gruenheid, S.; Le Moual, H.
Inhibition of outer membrane proteases of the omptin family by aprotinin
Infect. Immun.
83
2300-2311
2015
Yersinia pestis (P17811)
Smiley, S.T.; Szaba, F.M.; Kummer, L.W.; Duso, D.K.; Lin, J.S.
Yersinia pestis Pla protein thwarts T cell defense against plague
Infect. Immun.
87
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2019
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pestis D27 (P17811)
Banerjee, S.K.; Huckuntod, S.D.; Mills, S.D.; Kurten, R.C.; Pechous, R.D.
Modeling pneumonic plague in human precision-cut lung slices highlights a role for the plasminogen activator protease in facilitating type 3 secretion
Infect. Immun.
87
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2019
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis
Korhonen, T.K.
Fibrinolytic and procoagulant activities of Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica
J. Thromb. Haemost.
13 Suppl 1
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Yersinia pestis (P17811)
Eddy, J.L.; Schroeder, J.A.; Zimbler, D.L.; Caulfield, A.J.; Lathem, W.W.
Proteolysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by Yersinia pestis remodulates the host environment to promote virulence
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2016
Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pestis CO92
Feodorova, V.A.; Lyapina, A.M.; Zaitsev, S.S.; Khizhnyakova, M.A.; Sayapina, L.V.; Ulianova, O.V.; Ulyanov, S.S.; Motin, V.L.
New promising targets for synthetic omptin-based peptide vaccine against Gram-negative pathogens
Vaccines (Basel)
7
E36
2019
Yersinia pestis (P17811), Yersinia pestis CO92 (P17811)
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